LEUKEMIA

1. LEUKEMIA(BLOOD CANCER
)

2. DEFINITION
Un Controlled neoplastic
proliferation of leucocyte
precursors.

3. Incidence
 Most common malignancy of children less than 15
years of age
 Peak incidence is at 4years of age

4. causes
 virus- papilloma virus, epstein- Barr virus.
 Radiations
 Exporure to chemical and drug like
1. Benzene
2. Dilantin

5.  ACUTE LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA :
Acute lymphoid or acute lymphotic leukemia is
the most commonly diagnosed cancer in children
which accounts for 80 %of all childhood leukemia
acute lymphocytic leukemia develops when
lymphoid cell line is affected

6. Causes:
viruses
irradication
exposure to certain toxic chemicals
drugs
certain predisposition

7.  Types of acute lymphoid leukemia
 T cell
 B cell
 Pre B cell
 Null cell

8.  T cell leukemia:
 It is seen in 10-15% cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia
 It is seen in older children , particularly males
Signs and symptoms
Mediastinal mass, Hepato spleenomegaly,high WBC count,
CNS involvement may be seen ,poor prognosis

9. B cell:
 It is seen in 1-2% children will acute lymphoid leukaemia
 It is an aggressive form and has poor prognosis
Pre B cell:
It has good prognosis and responds well to therapy

10.  Null cell leukemia:
 The most common type of children ALL occuring in 75%
 It has better prognosis that other types

11.  ACUTE NON LYMPHOID /ACUTE MYELOID
LEUKEMIA
Acute non lymphocytic leukemia is
abnormal proliferation of monocytes and
myclocytes in bonr marrow
It is present approximately 15% children
withleukemia ,it has a poor prognosis

12.  Types of TML
Acute myeloblastic
Acute promyelocytic
Acute myelo monocytic
Acute monocytic
Acute erythrocytic

13. Signs and symptoms
 Recurrent chronic infection
 Fatigue
 Lymphadenomegaly
 Bone or joint pain
 Pallor
 Frequent bruising
 Gingival hypertrophy may be present
 Features of CNS involved like
 Head ache
 Blurred vision fundamental haemorrhage
 paresis

14. Diagnostic evaluation
 History and physical examination
 Peripheral blood smear
 Bone marrow examination
 Blood investigation several
 Radiology examination
 Lumbar puncture
 Chromosomal studies

15. Treatment
 Treatment of leukaemia involves the use of
chemotherapeutic agents with as without cranial
irradiation
 Chemotherapy
 Induction phase
 Consolidation phase
 Maintaince therapy