Hyperkinetic disorder/ADHD is a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity more frequent and severe than typical for a child's development stage. It was first described in 1854. ADHD prevalence is about 0.7% among primary school children, occurring 4 times more in boys than girls. Characteristics include developmentally inappropriate inattention, hyperactivity, and possibly progressing to conduct disorder. While no single cause is known, potential contributing factors include genetic, biochemical, perinatal, dietary, and social factors such as family dysfunction. Diagnosis involves a medical evaluation, psychiatric assessment, and observations from parents and teachers to determine if symptoms have negatively impacted the child's life for at least 6 months in multiple settings

1. HYPERKINETIC
DISORDER/ADHD{Attention –Deficit
/Hyper-Activity Disorder

2. • Hyperkinitic disorder( Attention –Deficit
/Hyper-Activity Disorder or ADHD in DSM IV)
is a persistant pattern of in attention and or
hyperactivity more frequent and severe than
is typical of children at a similar level of
development
• This syndrome was first described by heinrich
hoff in 1854

3. EPIDERMIOLOGY
• A prevalence of 0.7 percent was
found among primary school
children (Taylor et al 1991) ADHD
is four times more common in
boys than in girls

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF ADHD
• Neurological disorders
• Marked by developmentally in
appropriate and in some cases
,hyperactivity
• May progress to conduct disorder

5. ETIOLOGY
• A specific causes of ADHD is not
known .There are however a
number of factors that may
contribute to ADHD .They include
genetic, bio chemical ,Perinatal, diet,
and social factors

6. ETIOLOGY

7. • BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS :
–Deficiency in the level of
dopamine and nor-epinephrine
has been attributed in the over
activity seen in ADHD

8. • PERINATAL FACTORS:
– Alcohol and tobacco smoke expousure during
pregnancy
– Hypoxia(lack of oxygen to the fetus)
– Premature birth
– Head injuries
– Infections during pregnancy ,at birth and in the early
child hood such as measles , varicella , rubella
,enterovirus 71, and streptococcal bacterial infection

9. • DIETARY FACTORS:
– Artificial food colors
– Preservative sodium benzoate
• SOCIAL FACTORS:
– Family dysfunction
– Inadequacies in the educational system
– Relation ship with care givers
– Violence and emotional abuse
– Complex post traumatic stress disorder
– Sensory integration dysfunction

10. RISK FACTORS FOR ADHD
• Drug exposure in utero
• Birth complications
• Low birth weight
• Lead poisoning

11. TYPES

33. IN SCHOOL
• Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in
seat
• Answer only the first two questions ,often blurts
out answers to questions before they? have been
completed
• Unable to be called on in school and may respond
before every one else
• Has difficulty awaiting turn in games of group
situtions often loses things necessary for tasks or
activities at school

34. HOME
• Explosive or irritable
• Emotionally labile and earily set off to laughter or
tears
• Mood unpredictable
• Impulsiveness and an in ability to delay
gratification
• Often talks excessively
• Often engages in physically dangerous activities
without considering possible conseguencs

35. DIAGNOSIS
• Complete medical evaluation ,when emphasis on
a neurological examination ,hearing and vision
• Psychiatric evaluation :To assess intellectual
ability , academic achievement, and potential
learning disorders problem
• Detailed prenatal history and early
developmental history
• Direct observation ,teachers school report,
parents report.

36. CRITERIA FOR AN ADD/ADHD
DIAGNOSIS
• CRITERIA FOR AN ADD/ADHD DIAGNOSIS
• Early onset: Symptoms must have been present before age
7
• Duration: A combination of symptoms must have been
present for at least 6 months
• Settings : The symptoms must be present in two are more
settings, such as home, school and other social settings
• Impact: The symptoms must have a negative impact on the
individual’s school, family and or social life
• Developmental level : The symptoms are not due to the
child’s normal development
• Alternative explanation