6) What is the definition of an acid? What is the definition of a base? Why is a hydrogen ion also called a proton? Is a hydrogen ion the same as H + or is it H ? 7) What is the definition of a buffer? Explain the effects of buffers on pH change. 8) What is the pH scale? Which numbers indicate acids? Which numbers indicate bases? 9) How is the pH of a solution related to the ratio of hydrogen ions to hydroxide ions? 10) What are the three major molecular bonds in living systems? Which is strongest? Which is weakest? 11) What is the difference between a polar covalent bond and a nonpolar covalent bond? 12) What are the building blocks of a carbohydrate? What is the difference between a monosaccharide, a disaccharide and a polysaccharide? Name a few molecules of each. What do sugar molecules look like drawn out? .