fg

6. gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨ 1
cÖZz¨cKvi
Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi
[†jLK cwiwPwZ : Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi cwðge‡½i †gw`bxcyi †Rjvi exiwmsn MÖv‡g 26 †k †m‡Þ¤^i 1820
mv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb KjKvZv ms¯‹…Z K‡j‡Ri QvÎ| cÖ_‡g ms¯‹…Z I c‡i Bs‡iwR fvlvq cvwÊZ¨ AR©b
K‡i wZwb eû m¤§vb I L¨vwZ jvf K‡ib| Dwbk eQi eq‡m we‡kl cix¶vq mvdj¨ AR©b K‡i wZwb
Ôwe`¨vmvMiÕ Dcvwa jvf K‡ib| e`vb¨Zvi Rb¨ RbmvaviY Zuv‡K Ô`qvi mvMiÕ AvL¨v †`q| GKvav‡i
gnvcwÊZ, wk¶vwe`, mgvR ms¯‹viK I L¨vZbvgv †jLKiƒ‡c cÖwZôv jvf mvaviYZ Kg e¨w³i †¶‡ÎB N‡U|
1841 mv‡j wZwb †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri cÖavb cwÊZ wbhy³ nb| wZwb 1851 mv‡j ms¯‹…Z K‡j‡Ri Aa¨¶
c‡` DbœxZ nb| wZwbB cÖ_g Ôevsjv M‡`¨i Af¨š—ixY k„•Ljv Avwe®‹vi K‡ib Ges M`¨ fvlvq hwZ wPývw`
h_vh_fv‡e cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| d‡j Zuvi M`¨ n‡q I‡V ˆkjxm¤úbœ| GRb¨ Zvu‡K ejv nq evsjv M‡`¨i RbK|Õ
evsjv eY©mg~n myk„•Ljfv‡e mvwR‡q wkï‡`i evsjv eY©gvjvi cÖ_g mv_©K MÖš’ 1855 mv‡j †jLv Zuvi ÔeY©
cwiPqÕ| G MÖš’ AvRI evsjv fvlv wk¶vi †¶‡Î w`Kwb‡`©kK| Ô†eZvj cÂweskwZÕ, ÔkKzš—jvÕ, ÔmxZvi ebevmÕ
Ôwe`¨vmvMi PwiZÕ, Ôåvwš—wejvmÕ cÖf…wZ MÖš’ Zvui cÖavb iPbv| Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi 1891 mv‡j g„Zz¨eiY
K‡ib|]
Avjx Be‡b AveŸvm bv‡g GK e¨w³ gvgyb bvgK Lwjdvi wcÖqcvÎ wQ‡jb| wZwb ewjqv wMqv‡Qb, Avwg
GKw`b Aciv‡nè Lwjdvi wbK‡U ewmqv AvwQ Ggb mg‡q, n¯—c`e× GK e¨w³ Zuvnvi m¤§y‡L bxZ
nB‡jb| Lwjdv Avgvi cÖwZ GB AvÁv Kwi‡jb, Zzwg G e¨w³‡K Avcb Avj‡q jBqv wMqv i“× Kwiqv
ivwL‡e Ges Kj¨ Avgvi wbKU Dcw¯’Z Kwi‡e| Z`xq fve `k©‡b ¯úó cÖZxZ nBj, wZwb H e¨w³i
Dci AZ¨š— µz× nBqv‡Qb| Avwg Zuvnv‡K Avcb Avj‡q Avwbqv AwZ mveav‡b i“× Kwiqv ivwLjvg,
KviY hw` wZwb cvjvBqv hvb, Avgv‡K Lwjdvi †Kv‡c cwZZ nB‡Z nB‡e|
wKqr¶Y c‡i, Avwg Zuvnv‡K wRÁvwmjvg, Avcbvi wbevm †Kv_vq? wZwb ewj‡jb, †Wgv¯‹vm Avgvi
Rb¥¯’vb; H bM‡ii †h As‡k e„nr gmwR` Av‡Q, Z_vq Avgvi evm| Avwg ewjjvg, †Wgv¯‹vm bM‡ii,
we‡klZ †h As‡k Avcbvi evm Zvnvi Ici, RM`xk¦‡ii ïf`„wó _vKzK| H As‡ki Awaevmx GK e¨w³
GKmgq Avgvi cÖvY`vb w`qvwQ‡jb|
Avgvi GB K_v ïwbqv, wZwb mwe‡kl Rvwbevi wbwgË, B”Qv cÖKvk Kwi‡j, Avwg ewj‡Z Avi¤¢ Kwijvg :
eû ermi c~‡e© †Wgv¯‹v‡mi kvmbKZ©v c`Pz¨Z nB‡j, whwb Z`xq c‡` AwawôZ nb, Avwg Zuvnvi
mgwfe¨vnv‡i Z_vq wMqvwQjvg| c`Pz¨Z kvmbKZ©v eûmsL¨K ˆmb¨ jBqv Avgvw`M‡K AvµgY Kwi‡jb|
Avwg cÖvYf‡q cvjvBqv, GK m¤£vš— †jv‡Ki evwo‡Z cÖweó nBjvg Ges M„n¯^vgxi wbKU wMqv, AwZ KvZi
eP‡b cÖv_©bv Kwijvg, Avcwb K…cv Kwiqv Avgvi cÖvY i¶v Ki“b| Avgvi cÖv_©bvevK¨ ïwbqv M„n¯^vgx
Avgvq Afq cÖ`vb Kwi‡jb| Avwg Z`xq Avev‡m, GKgvm Kvj wbf©‡q I wbivc‡` Ae¯’vb Kwijvg|
GKw`b AvkÖq`vZv Avgvq ej‡jb, G mg‡q A‡bK †jvK evM`v` hvB‡Z‡Qb| ¯^‡`‡k cÖwZMg‡bi c‡¶
Avcwb Bnv A‡c¶v AwaK myweavi mgq cvB‡eb bv| Avwg m¤§Z nBjvg| Avgvi m‡½ wKQzgvÎ A_©
wQj bv, j¾vekZ Avwg Zuvnvi wbKU †m K_v e¨³ Kwi‡Z cvwijvg bv| wZwb, Avgvi AvKvi cÖKvi
`k©‡b, Zvnv eywS‡Z cvwi‡jb, wKš‘ ZrKv‡j wKQz bv ewjqv, †gŠbvej¤^b Kwiqv iwn‡jb|

7. 2 gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨
wZwb Avgvi Rb¨ †h mg¯— D‡`¨vM Kwiqv ivwLqvwQ‡jb, cÖ¯’vb w`e‡m Zvnv †`wLqv Avwg we¯§qvcbœ
nBjvg| GKwU DrK…ó Ak¦ mymw¾Z nBqv Av‡Q, Avi GKwU A‡k¦i c„‡ô Lv`¨mvgMÖx ¯’vwcZ nBqv‡Q,
Avi c‡_ Avgvi cwiPh©v Kwievi wbwgË, GKwU f…Z¨ cÖ¯’vbv‡_© cÖ¯‘Z nBqv iwnqv‡Q| cÖ¯’vb mgq
Dcw¯’Z nB‡j, †mB `qvgq, m`vkq, AvkÖq`vZv Avgvi n‡¯— GKwU ¯^Y©gy`ªvi _wj w`‡jb Ges Avgv‡K
hvÎx‡`i wbK‡U jBqv †M‡jb| Zb¥‡a¨ hvnv‡`i mwnZ Zuvnvi AvZ¥xqZv wQj, Zuvnv‡`i m‡½ Avjvc
KivBqv w`‡jb| Avwg AvcbKvi emwZ ¯’v‡b GB mg¯— DcKvi cÖvß nBqvwQjvg| G Rb¨ c„w_ex‡Z hZ
¯’vb Av‡Q H ¯’vb Avgvi me©v‡c¶v wcÖq|
GB wb‡`©k Kwiqv, `ytL cÖKvkc~e©K Avwg ewjjvg, Av‡¶‡ci welq GB, Avwg G ch©š— †mB `qvgq
AvkÖq`vZvi KLbI †Kv‡bv D‡Ïk¨ cvBjvg bv| hw` Zuvnvi wbKU †Kv‡bv As‡k K…ZÁZv cÖ`k©‡bi
Aemi cvB, Zvnv nB‡j g„Zz¨Kv‡j Avgvi †Kv‡bv †¶vf _v‡K bv| GB K_v ïwbevgvÎ, wZwb AwZkq
Avn¬vw`Z nBqv ewj‡jb, Avcbvi gb¯‹vg c~Y© nBqv‡Q| Avcwb †h e¨w³i D‡j−L Kwi‡jb, †m GB| GB
nZfvM¨B Avcbv‡K, GK gvmKvj Avcb Avj‡q ivwLqvwQj|
Zuvnvi GB K_v ïwbqv, Avwg PgwKqv DwVjvg, mwe‡kl Awfwb‡ek mnKv‡i, wKqr¶Y wbix¶Y Kwiqv,
Zvnv‡K wPwb‡Z cvwijvg; Avn¬v‡` cyjwKZ nBqv AkÖ“c~Y© bq‡b Avwj½b Kwijvg; Zuvnvi n¯— I c`
nB‡Z †jŠnk„•Lj Lywjqv w`jvg Ges Kx `yN©Ubvµ‡g wZwb Lwjdvi †Kv‡c cwZZ nBqv‡Qb, Zvnv
Rvwbevi wbwg‡Ë wbZvš— e¨MÖ nBjvg| ZLb wZwb ewj‡jb, KwZcq bxPcÖK…wZi †jvK Cl©vekZ kΓZv
Kwiqv Lwjdvi wbKU Avgvi Ici DrKU †`vlv‡ivc Kwiqv‡Q; Z¾b¨ Z`xq Av‡`kµ‡g nVvr Aei“×
I GLv‡b AvbxZ nBqvwQ; Avwmevi mgq ¯¿x, cyÎ, Kb¨vw`‡Mi mwnZ †`Lv Kwi‡Z †`q bvB; †eva Kwi
Avgvi cÖvY`Ê nB‡e| AZGe, Avcbvi wbKU webxZ ev‡K¨ cÖv_©bv GB, Avcwb AbyMÖn Kwiqv Avgvi
cwievie‡M©i wbKU GB msev` cvVvBqv w`‡eb| Zvnv nB‡j Avwg h‡_ó DcK…Z nBe|
Zuvnvi GB cÖv_©bv ïwbqv Avwg ewjjvg, bv, bv, Avcwb GK gyn~‡Z©i Rb¨I cÖvYbv‡ki Avk¼v Kwi‡eb
bv; Avcwb GB gyn~Z© nB‡Z ¯^vaxb; GB ewjqv cv‡_q¯^iƒc mnmª ¯^Y©gy`ªvi GKwU _wj Zvnvi n‡¯— w`qv
ewjjvg, Avcwb Awej‡¤^ cÖ¯’vb Ki“b Ges †mœnv¯ú` cwievie‡M©i mwnZ wgwjZ nBqv msmvihvÎv
m¤úbœ Ki“b| Avcbv‡K Qvwoqv w`jvg, G Rb¨ Avgvi Ici Lwjdvi gg©vwš—K †µva I †Øl Rwb¥‡e,
Zvnv‡Z m‡›`n bvB| wKš‘ hw` Avcbvi cÖvY i¶v Kwi‡Z cvwi, Zvnv nB‡j †m Rb¨ Avwg AYygvÎ
`ytwLZ nBe bv|
Avgvi cÖ¯—ve ïwbqv wZwb ewj‡jb, Avcwb hvnv ewj‡Z‡Qb, Avwg KLbB Zvnv‡Z m¤§Z nB‡Z cvwie
bv| Avwg GZ bxPvkq I ¯^v_©ci bwn †h, wKQzKvj c~‡e©, †h cÖv‡Yi i¶v KwiqvwQ, Avcb cÖvYi¶v‡_©
G¶‡Y †mB cÖv‡Yi webv‡ki KviY nBe| Zvnv KLbI nB‡e bv| hvnv‡Z Lwjdv Avgvi Ici A‡µva
nb, Avcwb `qv Kwiqv Zvnvi h‡_vchy³ †Póv †`Lyb; Zvnv nB‡jB Avcbvi cÖK…Z K…ZÁZv cÖ`k©b Kiv
nB‡e| hw` Avcbvi †Póv mdj bv nq, Zvnv nB‡jI Avgvi †Kv‡bv †¶vf _vwK‡e bv|
ciw`b cÖvZtKv‡j Avwg Lwjdvi wbKU Dcw¯’Z nBjvg| wZwb wRÁvmv Kwi‡jb, †m †jvKwU †Kv_vq,
Zvnv‡K AvwbqvQ? GB ewjqv, wZwb NvZK‡K WvKvBqv, cÖ¯‘Z nB‡Z Av‡`k w`‡jb| ZLb Avwg Zuvnvi
Pi‡Y cwZZ nBqv webxZ I KvZi eP‡b ewjjvg, ag©veZvi, H e¨w³i wel‡q Avgvi wKQz e³e¨ Av‡Q|
AbygwZ nB‡j mwe‡k‡l mg¯— Avcbv‡K †MvPi Kwi| GB K_v ïwbevgvÎ Zuvnvi †Kvcvbj cÖR¡wjZ nBqv
DwVj| wZwb †ivli³ bq‡b ewj‡jb, Avwg kc_ Kwiqv ewj‡ZwQ, hw` Zzwg Zvnv‡K Qvwoqv w`qv _vK,
GB `‡Ê †Zvgvi cÖvY`Ê nB‡e| ZLb Avwg ewjjvg, Avcwb B”Qv Kwi‡j, GB gyn~‡Z© Avgvi I Zvnvi

8. gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨ 3
cÖvY`Ê Kwi‡Z cv‡ib Zvnvi m‡›`n wK| wKš‘ Avwg †h wb‡e`b Kwi‡Z B”Qv Kwi‡ZwQ, K…cv Kwiqv Zvnv
ïwb‡j Avwg PwiZv_© nB|
GB K_v ïwbqv Lwjdv D×Z eP‡b ewj‡jb, Kx ewj‡Z PvI, ej| ZLb †m e¨w³ †Wgv¯‹vm bM‡i
Kxiƒ‡c AvkÖq`vb I cÖvYi¶v KwiqvwQ‡jb Ges G¶‡Y Zvnv‡K Qvwoqv w`‡Z Pvwn‡j, Avwg AeavwiZ
wec‡` cwoe, G Rb¨ Zvnv‡Z †Kv‡bvg‡Z m¤§Z nB‡jb bv, GB `yB wel‡q mwe‡kl wb‡`©k Kwiqv
ewjjvg, ag©veZvi, †h e¨w³i Giƒc cÖK…wZ I Giƒc gwZ, A_©vr †h e¨w³ Ggb `qvkxj, c‡ivcKvix,
b¨vqcivqY I mw؇ePK wZwb KLbB `yivPvi b‡nb| bxPcÖK…wZ ciwnsmyK `yivZ¥viv, Cl©vekZ Ag~jK
†`vlv‡ivc Kwiqv Zvnvi me©bvk Kwi‡Z D`¨Z nBqv‡Q, bZzev hvnv‡Z cÖvY`Ê nB‡Z cv‡i, wZwb Giƒc
†Kv‡bv †`v‡l `~wlZ nB‡Z cv‡ib, Avgvi Giƒc †Kva I wek¦vm nq bv| G †¶‡Î Avcbvi †hiƒc
Awfi“wP nq Ki“b|
Lwjdv gnvgwZ I AwZ DbœZwPË cyi“l wQ‡jb| wZwb GB mKj K_v KY©‡MvPi Kwiqv wKqr¶Y
†gŠbvej¤^b Kwiqv iwn‡jb; Abš—i cÖmbœ e`‡b ewj‡jb, †m e¨w³ †h Giƒc `qvkxj I b¨vqcivqY Bnv
AeMZ nBqv Avwg AwZkq Avn¬vw`Z nBjvg| wZwb cÖvY`Ê nB‡Z Ae¨vnwZ cvB‡jb| ewj‡Z †M‡j
†Zvgv nB‡ZB Zvnvi cÖvYi¶v nBj| G¶‡Y Zvnv‡K Awej‡¤^ GB msev` `vI I Avgvi wbK‡U jBqv
AvBm|
GB K_v ïwbqv Avn¬v‡`i mvM‡i gMœ nBqv Avwg mZ¡i M„‡n cÖZ¨vMgbc~e©K Zuvnv‡K Lwjdvi m¤§y‡L
Dcw¯’Z Kwijvg| Lwjdv Ae‡jvKbgvÎ, cÖxwZ-cÖdzj−‡jvP‡b, mv`i eP‡b m¤¢vlY Kwiqv ewj‡jb, Zzwg
†h Giƒc cÖK…wZi †jvK Zvnv Avwg c~‡e© AeMZ wQjvg bv| `yógwZ `yivPviw`‡Mi evK¨ wek¦vm Kwiqv
AKvi‡Y †Zvgvi cÖvY`Ê Kwi‡Z D`¨Z nBqvwQjvg| G¶‡Y Bnvi wbK‡U †Zvgvi cÖK…Z cwiPq cvBqv,
mvwZkq cÖxwZcÖvß nBqvwQ| Avwg AbygwZ w`‡ZwQ, Zzwg Avcb Avj‡q cÖ¯’vb Ki| GB ewjqv Lwjdv
Zuvnv‡K gnvg~j¨ cwi”Q`, mymw¾Z `k Ak¦, `k L”Pi, `k Dóª Dcnvi w`‡jb Ges †Wgv¯‹v‡mi
ivRcÖwZwbwai bv‡g GK Aby‡ivacÎ I cv‡_q¯^iƒc eûmsL¨K A_© w`qv Zvnv‡K we`vq Kwi‡jb|
kãv_© I UxKv : cÖZz¨cKvi- DcKvixi cÖwZ DcKvi| Awfi“wP- B”Qv| mgwfe¨vnv‡i- m‡½ wb‡q|
wb®‹…wZ- gyw³| †Kvcvbj- †µv‡ai Av¸b| cÖZxwZ- wek¦vm| cwi”Q`- †cvkvK| cÖxwZ-cÖdzj−‡jvP‡b-
eÜz‡Z¡i Abyf~wZ‡Z Avbw›`Z †Pv‡L| †gŠbvej¤^b- bxieZv cvjb| Ae¨vnwZ- gyw³, Qvov cvIqv|
AeavwiZ- wbwÊZ| cÖZ¨vMgb- wd‡i Avmv| †ivlvi³ bq‡b- †µv‡a jvj †Pv‡L| Ae‡jvKbgvÎ-
†`LvgvÎ| m¤¢vlY- m‡¤^vab| DrKU- AZ¨š— cÖej, Zxeª| Ai“×- ew›`| wbix¶Y- g‡bv‡hvM| Lwjdv-
cÖwZwbwa| nhiZ gyn¤§` (m.)-Gi c‡i gymwjg iv‡óªi me©cÖavb kvmbKZ©v‡K Lwjdv ejv n‡Zv| wZwb
GKvav‡i iv‡R¨i cÖavb kvmK I ag©‡bZv wQ‡jb|
†Wgv¯‹vm- `v‡g¯‹| Gwkqvi GKwU cÖvPxb kni| nhiZ Beªvwn‡gi (Av) hy‡Mi c~‡e© GLv‡b kni M‡o
D‡VwQj e‡j Rvbv hvq| ci ci GB kniwU Avwewmbxq I cviwmK‡`i AwaKv‡i wQj| kniwU wLªóc~e©
64 A‡ã †ivgvb‡`i n¯—MZ nq Ges 635 wLªóv‡ã ¯’vqxfv‡e Avevi kvmbvaxb nq| eZ©gv‡b `v‡g¯‹
wmwiqvi ivRavbx|

9. 4 gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨
gvgyb- Avj gvgyb bv‡gB mgwaK cwiwPZ| Zuvi c~Y© bvg Aveyj AveŸvm Ave`yj−vn Avj gvgyb (786-
833) wZwb wQ‡jb mßg AveŸvmxq Lwjdv Ges nvi“bi ikx‡`i wØZxq cyÎ| 813 wLªóv‡ã wZwb wb‡R‡K
Lwjdv †NvlYv K‡ib| wZwb mvwnZ¨, ms¯‹…wZ, weÁvb I `k©‡bi we‡kl AbyivMx wQ‡jb Ges gy³eyw×i
PP©vq Drmvn w`‡Zb| Zuvi Avg‡j evM`v` wkíKjv I ÁvbweÁv‡bi PP©vi †K‡›`ª cwiYZ nq| wZwb
evqZzj wnKgvn bv‡g mvwnZ¨ wkí GKv‡Wwg cÖwZôv K‡ib| Zuvi Avg‡j cÖRvMY AZ¨š— myLx I
mg„w×kvjx wQj|
evM`v`- Biv‡Ki ivRavbx, ZvBwMÖm b`xi Dfq Zx‡i Ges dzivZ ev BD‡d«wZm b`xi cuwPk gvBj
Dˇi Aew¯’Z| AveŸvmxq Lwjdv gbmyi 763 wLªóv‡ã bMiwU cÖwZôv K‡ib| Lwjdv nvi“bi ikx‡`i
mgq evM`v` gymwjg mf¨Zvi Ab¨Zg †kÖô bMix‡Z cwiYZ nq| eZ©gv‡b Biv‡Ki ivRavbx|
cvV cwiwPwZ : ÔcÖZz¨cKviÕ iPbvwU AvL¨vbgÄyix wØZxq fvM †_‡K mOKjb Kiv n‡h‡Q| Ck¦iP›`ª
we`¨vmvM‡ii ÔAvL¨vbgÄixÕ iwPZ nq 1868 wLªóv‡ã| we‡k¦i bvbv †`‡ki BwZnvm cÖwm× e¨w³i
Rxe‡bi †MŠie`xß NUbvB G MÖ‡š’i wewfbœ iPbvi DcRxe¨| ÔcÖZz¨cKviÕ Avjx AveŸvm bvgK GK
e¨w³i cÖwZ-DcKv‡ii Kvwnbx| Lwjdv gvgy‡bi mgqKv‡j `v‡g‡¯‹i R‰bK kvmbKZ©v c`Pz¨Z nb|
bZzb kvmbKZ©v gvgy‡bi GKRb wcÖqcvÎ wQ‡jb Avjx Be‡b AveŸvm| wZwb ¯’vbxq GKRb m¤ªvš— e¨w³i
AvkÖqjvf K‡i Rxeb i¶v K‡ib| cieZx©Kv‡j Avjx Be‡b AveŸv‡mi AvkÖq`vZv H m¤£vš— e¨w³wU
Lwjdv gvgy‡bi ˆmb¨`j KZ…©K ew›` nb Ges Lwjdvi wb‡`©‡k Avjx Be‡b AveŸv‡mi M„‡n Zv‡K Aš—ixY
ivLvi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| Avjx Be‡b AveŸvm ew›` e¨w³i mwVK cwiPq Rvb‡Z †c‡i DcKvixi DcKv‡ii
Rb¨ wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi SzuwK MÖnY K‡ib Ges Lwjdvi Kv‡Q Zvi gyw³i Rb¨ mycvwik K‡ib| e¯‘Z G
iPbvq `yRb gnr e¨w³i Kvwnbx ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, G‡`i GKRb wbt¯^v_© DcKvix, Ab¨Rb mK…ZÁ
cÖZz¨cKvix| Lwjdvi gnË¡I G iPbvq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
Abykxjbx
Kg©-Abykxjb
1. †Kv‡bv e¨w³ DcKvix‡K DcKvi K‡i‡Qb Ggb †Kv‡bv NUbv †Zvgvi Rvbv _vK‡j Zv †jL|
2. Ôgyw³hy‡×i mgq A‡bK ivRvKvi DcKvixi eis ¶wZB K‡i‡Q|ÕÑGiKg GKwU NUbvi weeiY `vI|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| Lwjdv gvgyb †Kv_vKvi kvmbKZ©v wQ‡jb ?
K. evM`v` L. `v‡g¯‹
M. wmwiqv N. Bivb
2| Ôc„w_ex‡Z hZ ¯’vb Av‡Q H ¯’vb Avgvi me©v‡c¶v wcÖqÕ Ñ GLv‡b †Kvb&& ¯’v‡bi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q ?
i. ew›`i Rb¥¯’vb
ii. †Wgv¯‹vm bMi
iii. evM`v`

10. gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨ 5
wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK ?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
†m we¯§qven Kvwnbx ïwbqv b„cwZ gy» nB‡jb| eûw`‡bi we‡Ølfve `~‡i †Mj, fw³‡Z Aš—i Av`ª©
nBj| †cÖ‡gi Rq nBj| b„cwZi K‡É nv‡Z‡gi RqMvb| Zuvnvi KÉ †fw`qv DwÌZ nBj Ñ ab¨
nv‡Zg, ab¨ Zvnvi Kzj !
3| b„cwZi gva¨‡g ÔcÖZy¨cKviÕ M‡íi Lwjdvi †Kvb&& ˆewkó¨ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q ?
K. e`vb¨Zv L. gnvbyfeZv
M. `vbkxjZv N. JwPZ¨‡eva
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
Pzwii Awf‡hv‡M wKQz‡jvK R‰bK e¨w³‡K †Pqvig¨v‡bi BDwbqb cwil‡` nvwRi Ki‡jv| NUbvi
weeiY ï‡b wZwb †PŠwK`vi AvgRv`‡K †W‡K wb‡`©k w`‡jb ew›`‡K Zvi evwo‡Z ivL‡Z|
NUbvµ‡g wZwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡jb ew›` e¨w³ Avi †KD bq, †m `k eQi Av‡M AvgRv‡`i mš—vb‡K
moK `yN©Ubv †_‡K euvwP‡qwQj, wbR M„‡n wb‡q wM‡q AvnZ mš—v‡bi †mev K‡iwQj| wKš‘ AvgRv`
wb‡Ri ¶wZ n‡e †f‡e bv †Pbvi fvb K‡i Pzc K‡i iBj|
K. we`vqKv‡j Lwjdv Avj gvgyb ew›`‡K KZwU Ak¦ Dcnvi w`‡qwQ‡jb ?
L. Lwjdv gvgyb wKQz¶Y †gŠb n‡q wQ‡jb †Kb ?
M. DÏxc‡Ki ew›`i NUbv cÖZz¨cKvi M‡íi †Kvb NUbvi K_v ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`b ? e¨vL¨v
Ki|
N. AvgRv` I Avjx Be‡b AveŸvm DfqB ew›` KZ…©K DcK…Z n‡jI Giv G‡K Ac‡ii
cÖwZwbwa n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i wb Ñ we‡k−lY Ki|

11. 6 gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨
cvjv‡gŠ
mÄxeP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq
[†jLK cwiwPwZ : mÄxeP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq 1834 mv‡j PweŸk ciMYvi KuvVvjcvov MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb
mvwnZ¨mgªvU ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi m‡nv`i| wZwb †gw`bxcyi †Rjv ¯‹zj I ûMjx K‡j‡R wk¶vjvf K‡ib
Ges wb‡Ri †Póvq Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨, weÁvb I BwZnv‡m AmvaviY cvwÊZ¨ AR©b K‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb †WcywU
g¨vwR‡÷ªU wn‡m‡e evsjvi wewfbœ AÂj I wenv‡ii cvjv‡gŠ‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡ib| wZwb K_vmvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡e
L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Dcb¨vm : gvaexjZv, RjcÖZvc Puv`; MíMÖš’ : iv‡gk¦‡ii A`„ó, `vwgbx|
mÄxeP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi cvjv‡gŠ ågYKvwnbx Zuvi †kÖô iPbv| 1889 mv‡j wZwb g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|]
eûKvj nBj Avwg GKevi cvjv‡gŠ cÖ‡`‡k wMqvwQjvg, cÖZ¨vMgb Kwi‡j ci †mB A‡ji e„Ëvš—
wjwLevi wbwgË `yB-GK Rb eÜzevÜe Avgv‡K cybtcyb Aby‡iva Kwi‡Zb, Avwg ZLb Zuvnv‡`i Dcnvm
KwiZvg| G¶‡Y Avgvq †Kn Aby‡iva K‡i bv, A_P Avwg †mB e„Ëvš— wjwL‡Z ewmqvwQ| Mí Kiv G
eq‡mi †ivM, †Kn ïbyb ev bv-ïbyb, e„× Mí K‡i|
A‡bK w`‡bi K_v wjwL‡Z ewmqvwQ, mKj ¯§iY nq bv| c~‡e© wjwL‡j hvnv wjwLZvg, G¶‡Y †h ZvnvB
wjwL‡ZwQ GgZ b‡n| c~‡e© †mB mKj wbR©b ce©Z, KzmywgZ Kvbb cÖf…wZ †h-P‡¶ †`wLqvwQjvg, †m P¶z
Avi bvB| GLb ce©Z †Kej cÖ¯—igq, eb †Kej KÈKvKxY©, Awaevmxiv †Kej K`vPvix ewjqv ¯§iY
nq|
hLb cvjv‡gŠ Avgvi hvIqv GKvš— w¯’i nBj, ZLb Bb&&j¨vÛ UªvwÄU †Kv¤úvwbi WvKMvwo fvov Kwiqv
ivwÎ †`o cÖn‡ii mgq ivwbMÄ nB‡Z hvÎv Kwijvg| cÖv‡Z eivKi b`xi c~e©cv‡i Mvwo _vwgj| b`x
AwZ ¶z`ª, ZrKv‡j AígvÎ Rj wQj, mK‡jB nuvwUqv cvi nB‡Z‡Q, Mvwo †Vwjqv cvi Kwi‡Z nB‡e,
AZGe MvoIqvb Kzwj WvwK‡Z †Mj|
GgZ mgq Kzwj‡`i KZK¸wj evjK evwjKv Avwmqv Avgvi Mvwo †Nwij| Ômv‡ne GKwU cqmv, mv‡ne
GKwU cqmv|Õ GB ewjqv wPrKvi Kwi‡Z jvwMj|
Zvnv‡`i m‡½ GKwU `yB ermi eq¯‹ wkïI Avwmqv AvKv‡ki w`‡K gyL Zzwjqv nvZ cvwZqv `uvovBj|
†Kb nvZ cvwZj Zvnv †m Rv‡b bv, mK‡j nvZ cvwZqv‡Q †`wLqv †mI nvZ cvwZj| Avwg Zvnvi n‡¯—
GKwU cqmv w`jvg, wkï Zvnv †dwjqv w`qv Avevi nvZ cvwZj, Ab¨ evjK †m cqmv KzovBqv jB‡j
wkïi fwMbxi mwnZ Zvnvi Zzgyj Kjn evwaj| GB mgq Avgvi Mvwo Aci cv‡i wMqv DwVj|
eivKi nB‡Z `yB-GKwU ¶z`ª cvnvo †`Lv hvq| e½evmx‡`i †Kej gvV †`Lv Af¨vm, g„wËKvi mvgvb¨
¯—~c †`wL‡jB Zvnv‡`i Avb›` nq| AZGe †mB ¶z`ª cvnvo¸wj †`wLqv-†h ZrKv‡j Avgvi h‡_ó
Avb›` nB‡e Bnv Avi Avðh© Kx ?
Aciv‡nœ †`wLjvg GKwU my›`i ce©‡Zi wbKU w`qv Mvwo hvB‡Z‡Q| GZ wbKU w`qv hvB‡Z‡Q †h,
ce©Z¯’ ¶z`ª ¶z`ª cÖ¯—‡ii Qvqv ch©š— †`Lv hvB‡Z‡Q| MvoIqvb‡K Mvwo _vgvB‡Z ewjqv Avwg bvwgjvg|
MvoIqvb wRÁvmv Kwij, Ô†Kv_v hvB‡eb ?Õ Avwg ewjjvg, ÔGKevi GB ce©‡Z hvBe|Õ †m nvwmqv
ewjj, Ôcvnvo GLvb nB‡Z A‡bK `~i, Avcwb mܨvi g‡a¨ Z_vq †cŠuwQ‡Z cvwi‡eb bv|Õ Avwg G-K_v

12. gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨ 7
†Kv‡bvi~‡c wek¦vm Kwijvg bv| Avwg ¯úó †`wL‡ZwQjvg, cvnvo AwZ wbKU, Z_v hvB‡Z Avgvi cuvP
wgwbUI jvwM‡e bv, AZGe MvoIqv‡bi wb‡la bvÑïwbqv Avwg ce©Zvwfgy‡L Pwjjvg| cuvP wgwb‡Ui
¯’‡j 15 wgwbUKvj `ª“Zc`we‡¶‡c †Mjvg, Z_vwc ce©Z c~e©g‡Zv †mB cuvP wgwb‡Ui c_ ewjqv †eva
nB‡Z jvwMj| ZLb Avgvi åg eywS‡Z cvwiqv Mvwo‡Z wdwiqv Avwmjvg| ce©Z m¤^‡Ü `~iZv w¯’i Kiv
ev½vjxi c‡¶ eo KwVb, Bnvi cÖgvY cvjv‡gŠ wMqv Avwg cybtcyb cvBqvwQjvg|
ciw`em cÖvq `yB cÖn‡ii mgq nvRvwievM †cŠuwQjvg| Z_vq wMqv ïwbjvg, †Kv‡bv m¤£vš— e½evmxi
evUx‡Z Avgvi Avnv‡ii Av‡qvRb nB‡Z‡Q|
†h e½evmxi M„‡n AvwZ_¨ ¯^xKvi Kwi‡Z hvB‡ZwQjvg, Z_vq wMqv Mvwo _vwg‡j Avwg Mvwo nB‡Z
AeZiY Kwijvg| Avgv‡K †`wLqv Zuvnviv mK‡jB mv`‡i AMÖmi nB‡jb| bv wPwbqv huvnvi Awfev`b
Avwg me©v‡MÖ MÖnY KwiqvwQjvg, wZwbB evUxi KZ©v| †mLv‡b wZb kZ †jvK _vwK‡jI Avgvi `„wó
†evanq cÖ_‡gB Zuvnvi gy‡Li cÖwZ cwoZ| †mi~c cÖmbœZve¨ÄK Iô Avwg AwZ Aí †`wLqvwQ| ZLb
Zuvnvi eqtµg †evanq cÂvk AZxZ nBqvwQj, e„‡×i ZvwjKvq Zuvnvi bvg DwVqvwQj, Z_vwc Zuvnv‡K
eo my›`i †`wLqvwQjvg| †evanq †mB cÖ_g Avwg e„ׇK my›`i †`wL|
†h mg‡qi K_v ewj‡ZwQ, Avwg ZLb wb‡R hyev; AZGe †m eq‡m e„ׇK my›`i †`Lv ag©m½Z b‡n|
wKš‘ †m w`em Gi~c ag©wei“× Kvh© NwUqvwQj| G¶‡Y Avwg wb‡R e„×, Kv‡RB cÖvq e„ׇK my›`i †`wL|
GKRb gnvbyfe ewjqvwQj †h, gbyl¨ e„× bv nB‡j my›`i nq bv|
Avnviv‡š— wekÖvgM„‡n ewmqv evjKw`‡Mi mwnZ Mí Kwi‡Z Kwi‡Z evjK‡`i kqbNi †`wL‡Z DwVqv
†Mjvg| NiwU wej¶Y cwimi, Zvnvi Pvwi †Kv‡Y PvwiLvwb LvU cvZv, ga¨¯’‡j Avi-GKLvwb LvU
iwnqv‡Q| wRÁvmv Kivq evj‡Kiv ewjj, ÔPvwi †Kv‡Y Avgiv PvwiRb kqb Kwi, Avi ga¨¯’‡j gv÷vi
gnvkq _v‡Kb|Õ GB e‡›`ve¯— †`wLqv eo cwiZ…ß nBjvg| w`evivÎ Qv·`i Kv‡Q wk¶K _vKvi
Avek¨KZv A‡b‡K ey‡Sb bv|
evjK‡`i kqbNi nB‡Z ewnM©Z nBqv Avi-GKN‡i †`wL, GK Kuvw` mycK¡ gZ©gvb i¤¢v †`v`yj¨gvb
iwnqv‡Q, Zvnv‡Z GKLvwb KvMR Szwj‡Z‡Q| cwoqv †`wLjvg, wbZ¨ hZ K`jx Kuvw` nB‡Z e¨q nq,
ZvnvB Zvnv‡Z wjwLZ nBqv _v‡K ! †jv‡K mPivPi Bnv‡K ¶z`ª `„wó, †QvUbRi BZ¨vw` e‡j : wKš‘ Avwg
Zvnv †Kv‡bvi~‡c fvwe‡Z cvwijvg bv| †hi~c Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi e‡›`ve¯— †`wLjvg, Zvnv‡Z ÔKjvKuvw`i
wnmveÕ †`wLqv eis Av‡iv PgrK…Z nBjvg| hvnv‡`i `„wó ¶z`ª Zvnviv †Kej mvgvb¨ wel‡qi cÖwZB `„wó
iv‡L, Ab¨ welq †`wL‡Z cvq bv| wKš‘ Avwg huvnvi K_v ewj‡ZwQ, †`wLjvg Zuvnvi wbKU e„nr m~²
mKjB mgfv‡e cwijw¶Z nBqv _v‡K| A‡b‡K Av‡Qb, eo eo welq †gvUvgywU †`wL‡Z cv‡ib, wKš‘
m~² wel‡qi cÖwZ Zuvnv‡`i `„wó G‡Kev‡i c‡o bv| Zuvnv‡`i cÖksmv Kwi bv| huvnviv e„nr m~² GKÎ
†`wLqv Kvh© K‡ib, Zvunv‡`iB cÖksmv Kwi|
Avwg fvweqvwQjvg cvjv‡gŠ cÖej kni, my‡Li ¯’vb| ZLb RvwbZvg bv †h cvjv‡gŠ kni b‡n, GKwU
cÖKvÊ ciMbvgvÎ| kni †m A‡jB bvB, bMi `~‡i _vKzK, Z_vq GKLvwb MÊMÖvgI bvB, †Kej cvnvo
I R½‡j cwic~Y©|
iuvwP nB‡Z cvjv‡gŠ hvB‡Z hvB‡Z hLb evnKM‡Yi wb‡`©kg‡Zv `~i nB‡Z cvjv‡gŠ †`wL‡Z cvBjvg,
ZLb Avgvi †eva nBj †hb g‡Z© †gN Kwiqv‡Q| Avwg A‡bK¶Y `uvovBqv †mB g‡bvni `„k¨ †`wL‡Z

13. 8 gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨
jvwMjvg| H AÜKvi †gNg‡a¨ GLbB hvBe GB g‡b Kwiqv Avgvi KZB Avn¬v` nB‡Z jvwMj|
KZ¶‡Y †cŠuwQe g‡b Kwiqv Avevi KZB e¨¯— nBjvg|
cvjv‡gŠ cÖ‡ek Kwiqv †`wLjvg b`x, MÖvg mKjB Av‡Q, `~i nB‡Z Zvnv wKQzB †`Lv hvq bvB| cvjv‡gŠ
ciMbvq cvnvo AmsL¨, cvnv‡oi ci cvnvo, Zvnvi ci cvnvo, Avevi cvnvo; †hb wePwjZ b`xi
msL¨vZxZ Zi½|
†mLv‡b GKevi GKwU cvnvo †`wLqv PgrK…Z nBqvwQjvg| †mwU GKwkjv, mgy`‡q GKLvwb cÖ¯—i| Zvnv‡Z
G‡Kev‡i †Kv_vI KYvgvÎ g„wËKv bvB, mgy`q cwi®‹vi SiSi Kwi‡Z‡Q| Zvnvi GK¯’vb A‡bK `~i ch©š—
dvwUqv wMqv‡Q, †mB dvUvi Dci e„nr GK Ak¦ÌMvQ Rwb¥qv‡Q| ZLb g‡b nBqvwQj, Ak¦Ìe„¶ eo iwmK,
GB bxim cvlvY nB‡ZI imMÖnY Kwi‡Z‡Q| wKQzKvj c‡i Avi GKw`b GB Ak¦ÌMvQ Avgvi g‡b
cwoqvwQj, ZLb fvweqvwQjvg e„¶wU eo †kvlK, Bnvi wbKU bxim cvlv‡YiI wb¯—vi bvB|
Aciv‡nœ cvjv‡gŠ‡q cÖ‡ek Kwiqv Dfqcvk¦©¯’ ce©Z‡kÖwY †`wL‡Z †`wL‡Z ebga¨ w`qv hvB‡Z jvwMjvg|
eb eY©bvq †hi~c Ôkvj Zvj Zgvj, wnš—vjÕ kywbqvwQjvg, †mi~c wKQzB †`wL‡Z cvBjvg bv| Zv, wnš—vj
G‡Kev‡iB bvB, †Kej kvjeb, Ab¨ eb¨ MvQI Av‡Q| kv‡ji g‡a¨ cÖKvÊ MvQ GKwUI bvB,
mKj¸wjB Avgv‡`i †`wk K`¤^e„‡¶i g‡Zv, bvnq wKQz eo; wKš‘ Zvnv nB‡jI R½j AwZ `yM©g,
†Kv_vqI Zvnvi †Q` bvB, GBRb¨ fqvbK| GBi~c eb w`qv hvB‡Z hvB‡Z GK ¯’v‡b nVvr KvôNÈvi
we¯§qKi kã KY©‡MvPi nBj, KvôNÈv c~‡e© †gw`bxcyi A‡j †`wLqvwQjvg| M„ncvwjZ cï e‡b c_
nvivB‡j, kãvbymiY Kwiqv Zvnv‡`i AbymÜvb Kwi‡Z nq, GBRb¨ MjNÈvi DrcwË| KvôNÈvi kã
ïwb‡j cªv‡Yi wfZi †Kgb K‡i| cvnvo R½‡ji g‡a¨ †m k‡ã Av‡iv †hb Aembœ K‡i; wKš‘ mKj‡K
K‡i wK bv, Zvnv ewj‡Z cvwi bv|
Aí wej‡¤^B Aa©ï®‹ Z…Yve„Z GKwU ¶z`ª cÖvš—i †`Lv †Mj, GLv‡bÑ †mLv‡b `yBÑGKwU gay ev †gŠqve„¶
wfbœ †mÑcÖvš—‡i ¸j¥ wK jZv wKQzB bvB, me©Î AwZ cwi®‹vi| ce©ZQvqvq †mÑcÖvš—i Av‡iv ig¨ nBqv‡Q;
Z_vq KZK¸wj †KvjevjK GKÎ gwnl PivB‡ZwQj, †mi~c K…òeY© Kvwš— Avi KL‡bv †`wL bvB;
mK‡ji Mjvq cyuwZi mvZbix, ayK&&aywKi cwie‡Z© GKÑGKLvwb †Mvj Aviwk; cwiav‡b aov, K‡Y©
ebdzj; †Kn gwnlc„‡ô kqb Kwiqv Av‡Q, †Knev gwnlc„‡ô ewmqv Av‡Q, †Kn †Kn b„Z¨ Kwi‡Z‡Q|
†hi~c ¯’vb Zvnv‡Z GB cv_y‡i †Q‡j¸wj Dc‡hvMx ewjqv we‡kl my›`i †`LvB‡ZwQj; Pvwiw`‡K Kv‡jv
cv_i, cïI cv_y‡i; Zvnv‡`i ivLvjI †mBi~c|
GB A‡j cÖavbZ †Kv‡ji evm| †Kv‡jiv eb¨ RvwZ, Le©vK…wZ, K…òeY©; †`wL‡Z KyrwmZ wK i~cevb
Zvnv Avwg gxgvsmv Kwi‡Z cvwi bv! †hÑmKj †Kvj KwjKvZv AvB‡m ev PvÑevMv‡b hvq Zvnv‡`i g‡a¨
Avwg Kvnv‡KI i~cevb †`wL bvB; eis AwZ KzrwmZ ewjqv †eva KwiqvwQ| wKš‘ ¯^‡`‡k †Kvjgv‡ÎB
i~cevb, Aš—Z Avgvi P‡¶| e‡b¨iv e‡b my›`i; wkïiv gvZ…‡µv‡o|
cÖvš—‡ii ci GK ¶z`ª MÖvg, Zvnvi bvg ¯§iY bvB; Z_vq wÎk-ewÎkwU M„n¯’ evm K‡i| mK‡jiB
cY©KzwUi| Avgvi cvjwK †`wL‡Z hveZxq ¯¿x‡jvK QzwUqv Avwmj| mK‡jB Avejy‡mi g‡Zv Kv‡jv,
mK‡jB hyeZx, mK‡ji KwU‡`‡k GKLvwb Kwiqv ¶z`ª Kvco Rov‡bv| K‡Y© ¶z`ª ¶z`ª ebdzj, gv_vq eo
eo ebdzj| hyeZxiv ci¯úi Kuva aivawi Kwiqv †`wL‡Z jvwMj|
ev½vjvi c‡_Nv‡U e„×vB AwaK †`Lv hvq, wKš‘ cvjv‡gŠ A‡j hyeZxB AwaK †`Lv hvq| †Kv‡ji g‡a¨
e„×v AwZ Aí, Zvnviv AwaKeqmx nB‡jI hyeZxB _v‡K, AkxwZcivqYv bv nB‡j Zvnviv †jvjPg©v nq

14. gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨ 9
bv| AwZkq cwikÖgx ewjqv M„nKvh© K…wlKvh© mKj Kvh©B Zvnviv K‡i| cyi“‡liv ¯¿x‡jv‡Ki b¨vq †Kej
ewmqv mš—vb i¶v K‡i, KL‡bv KL‡bv PvUvB ey‡b| Avjm¨ Rb¨ cyi“‡liv e½gwnjv‡`i b¨vq kxNª e„×
nBqv hvq, ¯¿x‡jv‡Kiv kÖg‡nZz wPi‡hŠebv _v‡K| †jv‡K e‡j cïc¶xi g‡a¨ cyi“lRvwZB ewjô I
my›`i; gbyl¨g‡a¨I †mB wbqg| wKš‘ †Kvj‡`i †`wL‡j Zvnv †evanq bv, Zvnv‡`i ¯¿xRvwZivB ewjô I
AvÊh© Kvwš—wewkóv| wKš‘ Zvnv‡`i eqtcÖvß cyi“l‡`i Mv‡q Lwo DwV‡Z‡Q, P‡¶ gvwQ Dwo‡Z‡Q, gy‡L
nvwm bvB, †hb mK‡jiB Rxebxkw³ Kwgqv Avwmqv‡Q|
GKw`‡bi K_v ewj| †hi~c wbZ¨ Aciv‡nœ GB cvnv‡o hvBZvg †mBi~c Avi GKw`b hvB‡ZwQjvg, c‡_
†`wL GKwU hyev exi`‡c© cvnv‡oi w`‡K hvB‡Z‡Q, cÊv‡Z KZK¸wj ¯¿x‡jvK Zvnv‡K mvwa‡Z mvwa‡Z
m‡½ hvB‡Z‡Q|
hLb Avwg wbKUeZx© nBjvg ZLb ¯¿x‡jv‡Kiv wbi¯— nBqv GKcv‡k¦© `uvovBj| e„Ëvš— wRÁvmv Kivq hyev
m`‡c© ewjj, ÔAvwg evN gvwi‡Z hvB‡ZwQ, GB gvÎ Avgvi †Mvi“‡K ev‡N gvwiqv‡Q| Avwg eªvþY-mš—vb;
†m evN bv gvwiqv †Kvb gy‡L Avi Rj MÖnY Kwi ?Õ Avwg wKwÂZ AcÖwZf nBqv ewjjvg, ÔPj, Avwg
†Zvgvi m‡½ hvB‡ZwQ|Õ
Avwg ¯^fveZ eo fxZ, Zvnv ewjqv e¨vNª-fj−yK m¤^‡Ü Avgvi KL‡bv fq nq bvB| e„× wkKvwiiv KZw`b
cvnv‡o GKvKx hvB‡Z Avgvq wb‡la Kwiqv‡Q, wKš‘ Avwg Zvnv KL‡bv Mªvn¨ Kwi bvB, wbZ¨ GKvKx
hvBZvg, evN Avwm‡e, Avgvq awi‡e, Avgvq LvB‡e, G mKj K_v KL‡bv Avgvi g‡b AvwmZ bv| †Kb
AvwmZ bv Zvnv Avwg GL‡bv eywS‡Z cvwi bv| ˆmwbK cyi“l‡`i g‡a¨ A‡b‡K Avcbvi Qvqv †`wLqv fq cvq,
A_P A¤−vb e`‡b iY‡¶‡Î wMqv iY K‡i| ¸wj wK Zievwi Zvnvi A‡½ cÖweó nB‡e GÑK_v Zvnv‡`i g‡b
AvB‡m bv| hZw`b Zvnv‡`i g‡b GÑK_v bv AvB‡m, ZZw`b †jv‡Ki wbKU Zvnviv mvnmx; †h wec` bv
ey‡S †mB mvnmx| Avw`g Ae¯’vq mKj cyiylB mvnmx wQj, Zvnv‡`i ZLb djvdj Ávb nq bvB|
R½jx‡`i g‡a¨ A`¨vc †`Lv hvq, mK‡jB mvnmx, BD‡ivcxq mf¨‡`i A‡c¶vI A‡bK As‡k mvnmx; †nZz
djvdj †eva bvB| Avwg ZvB Avgvi mvn‡mi we‡kl †MŠie Kwi bv| mf¨Zvi m‡½ m‡½ mvn‡mi fvM
Kwgqv AvB‡m; †cbvj †KvW hZ fv‡jv nq mvnm ZZ Aš—wn©Z nq|
GKw`b Aciv‡nœ cvnv‡oi w`‡K hvB‡ZwQjvg, cw_g‡a¨ KZK¸‡jv †KvjKb¨vi mwnZ mv¶vr nBj|
Zvnv‡`i g‡a¨ †hÑ me©v‡c¶v e‡qv‡R¨ôvÑ gv_vq c~Y© Kjm `yB n‡¯— awiqv nvm¨gy‡L Avgvq ewjj,
Ôiv‡Î bvP †`wL‡Z Avwm‡eb?Õ Avwg gv_v †njvBqv ¯^xKvi Kwijvg, Agwb mK‡j nvwmqv DwVj| †Kv‡ji
hyeZxiv hZ nv‡m, hZ bv‡P, †evanq c„w_exi Avi †Kv‡bv RvwZi Kb¨viv ZZ nvwm‡Z bvwP‡Z cv‡i bv;
Avgv‡`i `yiš— †Q‡jiv Zvnvi kZvsk cv‡i bv|
mܨvi ci Avwg b„Z¨ †`wL‡Z †Mjvg; MÖv‡gi cÖvš—fv‡M GK eUe„¶Z‡j Mªvg¯’ hyeviv mgy`qB Avwmqv
GKÎ nBqv‡Q| Zvnviv Ô†LuvcvÕ evuvwaqv‡Q, Zvnv‡Z `yBÑ wZbLvwb Kv‡Vi ÔwPi“wbÕ mvRvBqv‡Q| †Kn
gv`j Avwbqv‡Q, †Knev j¤^v jvwV Avwbqv‡Q, wi³n‡¯— †Kn Av‡m bvB; eq‡mi †`v‡l mK‡jiB †`n
PÂj, mK‡jB bvbvfw½‡Z Avcb Avcb ejexh© †`LvB‡Z‡Q| e„‡×iv e„¶g~‡j D”P g„b¥q-g‡Âi Dci
Roer ewmqv Av‡Q, Zvnv‡`i Rvby cÖvq ¯‹Ü QvovBqv‡Q| Avwg wMqv Zvnv‡`i cv‡k¦© ewmjvg|
GB mgq `‡j `‡j MÖvg¯’ hyeZxiv Avwmqv Rwg‡Z jvwMj; Zvnviv AvwmqvB hyevw`‡Mi cÖwZ Dcnvm
Avi¤¢ Kwij, m‡½ m‡½ eo nvwmi NUv cwoqv †Mj| Dcnvm Avwg wKQzB eywS‡Z cvwijvg bv; †Kej

15. 10 gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨
Abyf‡e w¯’i Kwijvg †h hyeviv VwKqv †Mj| VwKevi K_v, hyev `kÑev‡ivUv, wKš‘ hyeZxiv cÖvq Pwj−k
Rb, †mB Pwj−k R‡b nvwm‡j nvBj‡Ûi cëb V‡K|
nvm¨ÑDcnvm¨ †kl nB‡j, b„‡Z¨i D‡`¨vM Avi¤¢ nBj| hyeZx mK‡j nvZ aivawi Kwiqv Aa©P›`ªvK…wZ
†iLvweb¨vm Kwiqv `uvovBj| †`wL‡Z eo PgrKvi nBj| mKj¸wjB mg-D”P, mKj¸wjB cv_y‡i
Kv‡jv| mK‡ji gv_vq ebcy®ú, K‡Y© ebcy®ú, I‡ô nvwm| mK‡jB Avn¬v‡` cwic~Y©, Avn¬v‡` PÂj|
e„‡×iv Bw½Z Kwi‡j hyev‡`i `‡j gv`j evwRj, Agwb hyeZx‡`i †`n †hb wknwiqv DwVj; c‡iB
Zvnviv b„Z¨ Avi¤¢ Kwij| Zvnv‡`i b„Z¨ Avgv‡`i P‡¶ bZzb, Zvnviv Zv‡j Zv‡j cv †dwj‡Z‡Q, A_P
†Kn P‡j bv; †`v‡j bv, U‡j bv| †h †hLv‡b `uvovBqvwQj, †m †mBLv‡bB `uvovBqv Zv‡j Zv‡j cv
†dwj‡Z jvwMj|
b„Z¨ Avi¤¢ nB‡j ci GK e„× g nB‡Z Kw¤úZ K‡É GKwU Mx‡Zi ÔgnovÕ Avi¤¢ Kwij, Agwb hyeviv
†mB MxZ D”P¯^‡i Mvwnqv DwVj, m‡½ m‡½ hyeZxiv Zxeª Zv‡b ÔayjvÕ awij| hyeZx‡`i my‡ii †XD
wbK‡Ui cvnv‡o wMqv jvwM‡Z jvwMj|
hyeZxiv Zv‡j Zv‡j bvwP‡Z‡Q, Zvnv‡`i gv_vi ebdzj †mBm‡½ DwV‡Z‡Q bvwg‡Z‡Q, Avevi †mB dz‡ji
`ywUÑGKwU Swiqv Zvnv‡`i ¯‹‡Ü cwo‡Z‡Q| kxZKvj wbK‡U, `yBÑwZb ¯’v‡b û û Kwiqv AwMœ
R¡wj‡Z‡Q, AwMœi Av‡jv‡K bZ©Kx‡`i eY© Av‡iv Kv‡jv †`LvB‡Z‡Q; Zvnviv Zv‡j Zv‡j bvwP‡Z‡Q,
bvwP‡Z bvwP‡Z dz‡ji cvcwoi b¨vq mK‡j GKevi ÔwPwZqvÕ cwo‡Z‡Q, AvKvk nB‡Z P›`ª Zvnv †`wLqv
nvwm‡Z‡Q, Avi eUg~‡ji AÜKv‡i ewmqv Avwg nvwm‡ZwQ|
kãv_© I UxKv : KzmywgZ KvbbÑdzj‡kvwfZ evMvb, dz‡jj evMvb, cÖ¯—igqÑ ce©‡Zi gvwU cv_‡ii g‡Zv
n‡q hvIqv; KÈKvKxY©Ñ KuvUvq cwic~Y©, `yM©g; K`vPvixÑ KzrwmZ AvPvi, RNb¨ AvPiY, †bvsiv e¨envi;
WvKMvwoÑ WvKevnx `ª“ZMvgx Mvwo, wPwVcÎ enbKvix Mvwo; g„wËKvi mvgvb¨ ¯Z~cÑ †QvU wUjv, DuPz RvqMv;
`ª“Zc`we‡¶‡cÑ `ª“Z ev ZvovZvwo cv Pvwj‡q hvIqv; mv`‡iÑ Av`‡ii m‡½; cÖmbœZve¨ÄKÑ Avbw›`Z,
Drdzj− wP‡Ë; GK Kuvw` mycK¡ gZ©gvb i¤¢vÑ GK Qov my›`ifv‡e ev cwic~Y©iƒ‡c cvKv Kjv; ciMbvÑ
A‡bK¸‡jv MÖv‡gi mgwó, †Rjvi Ask we‡kl; †hb g‡Z© †gN Kwiqv‡QÑ cvnvo Ges Pvicv‡ki cwi‡e‡ki
NbZ¡ †evSv‡Z G DcgvwU cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hb wePwjZ b`xi msL¨vZxZ Zi½ cvjv‡gŠ‡Z ch©vqµ‡g
mgZjf~wg cvnvo †hb b`x-Zi‡½i g‡Zv Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| †KvjevjKÑ †Kvj m¤cÖ`vqfy³ evjK;
mvZbixÑ KÉnvi, Mjvi gvjv; ayK&aywKÑ j‡KU; aovÑ aywZ, Pxie¯¿; cv_y‡i †Q‡j¸wjÑ cvnvwo †Q‡j¸‡jv
mvaviYZ Kv‡jvI cwikªgx nq; AkxwZcivqYvÑ Avwki AwaK eqm wewkó e„×v; †jvjPh©vÑ wkw_j ev wXjv
Pvgov; kªg‡nZz wPi‡hŠebvÑ cvnvwo GB †g‡qiv cwikªgx nIqvq mnmv e„× nq bv; A`¨vwcÑ AvRI, GL‡bv,
†cbvj †KvWÑ †dŠR`vwi gvgjvi `Êwewa; RvbyÑ nuvUz, ¯‹ÜÑ Kuva|
cvV cwiwPwZ : mÄxeP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi Ôcvjv‡gŠÕ bvqK åg‡Yvcb¨vm †_‡K AskwU msKwjZ I
m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q| hyeK eq‡m †jLK GKevi cvjv‡gŠ wM‡qwQ‡jb| ZviB ¯§„wZPviYg~jK iPbv GwU|
†mLvbKvi cvnvo-b`x-MvQcvjv m‡e©vcwi †mLvbKvi gvbyl †jLK‡K w`‡qwQj Acvi Avb›`| GK
evOvwj cwiev‡i wZwb AvwZ_¨ MÖnY K‡ib| Zv‡`i cvwievwiK Rxe‡bi GK ˆkwíK eY©bv Av‡Q G
iPbvq| †Kvj m¤cÖ`v‡qi gvby‡li mvs¯‹…wZK Abyôvb Dc‡fv‡Mi GK Dc‡fvM¨Ki eY©bvI i‡q‡Q|
AZ¨š— mvejxj fvlvq I wm‡bg¨vwUK X‡O Dc¯’vwcZ KvwnbxwU wbtm‡›`‡n imvZ¥K Ges
†KŠZ~n‡jvÏxcK|

16. gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨ 11
Abykxjbx
Kg©-Abykxjb
1. m¤cÖwZ Zzwg †hLv‡b wk¶v md‡i ev åg‡Y wM‡qwQ‡j Zvi weeiY `vI|
2. evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ `k©bxq ¯’v‡bi bvg I cwiP‡qi GKwU PvU© ˆZwi Ki|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| cvjv‡gŠ A‡j cÖavbZ †Kvb RvwZi †jv‡Ki evm ?
K. gvivwV L. ¸RivwU
M. †Kvj N. gyÊvwi
2| ÔMí Kiv G eq‡mi †ivMÕ Ñ GLv‡b e„‡×i †Kvb ˆewkó¨‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ?
K. e` Af¨vm L. eq‡mi evwZK
M. evPvjZv N. cvwÊZ¨
DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
Rvgvb evevi mv‡_ wm‡j‡Ui Rvdjs hvw”Qj| iv¯—v †_‡K cvnv‡oi †mŠ›`h© †`‡L Mvwo _vgv‡Z
e‡j| Zvici †b‡g †mw`‡K †`Šov‡Z ïi“ K‡i| evev †evSv‡Z Pvq H cvnvo A‡bK `~i wKš‘
Rvgvb Zv wKQz‡ZB wek¦vm Ki‡Z Pvq bv|
3| DÏxc‡Ki Rvgvb Ôcvjv‡gŠÕ iPbvi hvi mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y© Ñ
K. †jLK L. MvoIqvb
M. e½evmx N. cÖwZ‡ekxi
4| Df‡qi g‡a¨ †h ˆewkó¨ cÖKvk †c‡q‡QÑ
K. wbe©yw×Zv L. åg
M. GK¸u‡qgx N. mvnm
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
Rwni mv‡n‡ei GjvKvi gvbyl Zvi evmv †_‡K GKUz `~‡i GKRb _v‡K| Zvi mv‡_ Avš—wiKZv, ü`¨Zv
I PjvPj K‡i ¯^v”Q‡›`¨| wKš‘ Ab¨ GjvKv †_‡K Avmv Zvi cv‡ki evmvq _v‡K iwdK mv‡ne| Zvi
mv‡_ m¤úK© fv‡jv _v‡K bv| eis memgq kΓZvi m¤úK© weivR K‡i|
K. †jLK nvRvwiev‡M KLb †cŠu‡QwQj ?
L. †jL‡Ki ¶zav AwaKZi cÖ`xß nBj †Kb ?
M. DÏxc‡Ki Rwni mv‡n‡ei ¯^v”Q‡›`¨ PjvP‡ji Kvh©µg¸‡jv Ôcvjv‡gŠÕ iPbvq Kv‡`i‡K Bw½Z
K‡i Zv Zz‡j ai|
N. ÔDÏxcKwU cvjv‡gŠ iPbvi LÊvsk gvÎ, c~Y©i~c bqÕÑ hyw³mn we‡k−lY Ki|

17. 12 gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨
dz‡ji weevn
ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq
[†jLK cwiwPwZ : ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq 26†k Ryb 1838 wLªóv‡ã cwðge‡½i PweŸk ciMbv †Rjvi Aš—M©Z
KuvVvjcvov MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb 1858 mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K we.G cix¶vq DËxY© nb Ges
†m eQiB †WcywU g¨vwR‡÷ªU I †WcywU Kv‡j±i c‡` PvKwi‡Z wbhy³ nb| ew¼gP›`ª †ZwÎk eQi GKB c‡`
PvKwi K‡i 1891 mv‡j Aemi MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb cvV¨ve¯’vqB mvwnZ¨PP©v ïi“ K‡ib| Zuvi Amvgvb¨ K…wZZ¡
cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q cvðvZ¨ fvev`‡k© evsjv Dcb¨vm iPbvi cw_K…r wn‡m‡e| 1865 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Zuvi cÖ_g evsjv
Dcb¨vm `y‡M©kbw›`bx evsjv K_vmvwn‡Z¨ GK bew`Mš— m„wó K‡i| Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ Dcb¨vm n‡jv : KcvjKzÊjv,
g„Yvwjbx, wele„¶, Bw›`iv, hyMjv½yixq, ivavivbx, P›`ª‡kLi, iRbx, K…òKv‡š—i DBj, ivRwmsn, Avb›`gV, †`ex
†PŠayivbx I mxZvivg| cÖeÜ mvwn‡Z¨I ew¼gP›`ª K…wZZ¡ †`wL‡q‡Qb| KgjvKv‡š—i `ßi, †jvKinm¨, K…ò PwiÎ
BZ¨vw` Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ cÖeÜMÖš’| ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq 1894 mv‡ji 8B GwcÖj g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|]
ˆekvL gvm weev‡ni gvm| Avwg 1jv ˆekv‡L bmx eveyi dzjevMv‡b ewmqv GKwU weevn †`wLjvg|
fwel¨r eiKb¨vw`‡Mi wk¶v_© wjwLqv ivwL‡ZwQ|
gwj−Kv dz‡ji weevn| ˆeKvjшkke AemvbcÖvq, KwjKv-Kb¨v weevn‡hvM¨v nBqv Avwmj| Kb¨vi wcZv
eo‡jvK b‡n, ¶y`ª e„¶, Zvnv‡Z Avevi A‡bK¸wj Kb¨vfvivMÖ¯—| m¤^‡Üi A‡bK K_v nB‡ZwQj, wKš‘
†KvbUv w¯’i nq bvB| D`¨v‡bi ivRv ¯’jcÙ wb‡`©vl cvÎ e‡U, wKš‘ No eo DuPz, ¯’jcÙ AZ `~i bvwgj
bv| Rev G weev‡n Am¤§Z wQj bv, wKš‘ Rev eo ivMx, Kb¨vKZ©v wcQvB‡jb| MÜivR cvÎ fv‡jv, wKš‘
eo †`gvM, cÖvq Zuvnvi evi cvIqv hvq bv| GBi~c Ae¨e¯’vi mg‡q ågiivR NUK nBqv gwj−Kv-
e„¶m`‡b Dcw¯’Z nB‡jb| wZwb Avwmqv ewj‡jb, Ô¸Y&& ! ¸Y&& ! ¸Y&& †g‡q Av‡Q ?Õ
gwj−Kve„¶ cvZv bvwoqv mvq w`‡jb, ÔAv‡Q !Õ ågi cÎvmb MÖnY Kwiqv ewj‡jb, Ô¸Y&& ¸Y&& ¸Y&& ! ¸Y&&
¸Yv¸Y&& ! †g‡q †`wLe|Õ
e„¶, kvLv bZ Kwiqv gyw`Zbqbv Ae¸ÉbeZx Kb¨v †`LvB‡jb|
ågi GKevi e„¶‡K cÖ`w¶Y Kwiqv Avwmqv ewj‡jb, Ô¸Y&& ! ¸Y&& ! ¸Y&& ! ¸Y †`wL‡Z PvB| †NvgUv †Lvj|Õ
j¾vkxjv Kb¨v wKQz‡ZB †Nvg&&Uv Ly‡j bv| e„¶ ewj‡jb, ÔAvgvi †g‡q¸wj eo jvRyK| Zzwg GKUz
A‡c¶v Ki, Avwg gyL †`LvB‡ZwQ|Õ
ågi †fuv Kwiqv ¯’jc‡Ùi ˆeVKLvbvq wMqv ivRcy‡Îi m‡½ BqviwK Kwi‡Z ewm‡jb| Gw`‡K gwj−Kvi
mܨvVvKzivYx-w`w` Avwmqv Zvnv‡K KZ eySvB‡Z jvwMj Ñ ewjj, Ôw`w`, GKevi †Nvg&&Uv †Lvj Ñ bB‡j,
ei Avwm‡e bv Ñ j²x Avgvi, Puv` Avgvi, †mvbv Avgvi, BZ¨vw`|Õ KwjKv KZevi Nvo bvwoj, KZevi
ivM Kwiqv gyL NyivBj, KZ evi ewjj, ÔVvb&&w`w`, ZzB hv !Õ wKš‘ †k‡l mܨvi wmœ» ¯^fv‡e gy» nBqv

18. gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨ 13
gyL Lywjj| ZLb NUK gnvkq †fuv Kwiqv ivRevox nB‡Z bvwgqv Avwmqv NUKvjx‡Z gb w`‡jb| Kb¨vi
cwig‡j gy» nBqv ewj‡jb, Ô¸Y&& ¸Y&& ¸Y&& ¸Y ¸Yv¸Y&& ! Kb¨v ¸YeZx e‡U| N‡i gay KZ ?Õ
Kb¨vKZ©v e„¶ ewj‡jb, Ôd`© w`‡eb, Kovq MÊvq eySvBqv w`‡e|Õ ågi ewj‡jb, Ô¸Y&& ¸Y&&, Avcbvi
A‡bK ¸Y Ñ NUKvjxUv ?Õ
Kb¨vKZ©v kvLv bvwoqv mvq w`j, ÔZvI n‡e|Õ
ågiÑÔewj NUKvjxi wKQz AvMvg w`‡j nq bv ?Õ bM` `vb eo ¸YѸY&& ¸Y&& ¸Y&|Õ
¶z`ª e„¶wU ZLb wei³ nBqv, mKj kvLv bvwoqv ewjj, ÔAv‡M e‡ii K_v ej Ñ ei †K ?Õ
ågiÑÔei AwZ mycvÎ|Ñ Zuvi A‡bK ¸Y-bÑb&|Õ
G mKj K‡_vcK_b gby‡l¨ ïwb‡Z cvq bv, Avwg †Kej w`e¨ KY© cvBqvB G mKj ïwb‡ZwQjvg| Avwg
ïwb‡Z jvwMjvg, KzjvPvh© gnvkq, cvLv Svwoqv, Qq cv QovBqv †Mvjv‡ei gwngv KxZ©b Kwi‡ZwQ‡jb|
ewj‡ZwQ‡jb †h, †Mvjve esk eo Kjxb; †Kb bv, Bnviv Ôdz‡jÕ †gj| hw` ej, mKj dzjB dz‡j,
Z_vwc †Mvjv‡ei †MŠie AwaK; †Kb bv, Bnviv mv¶vr evÂvgvjxi mš—vb; Zvnvi ¯^n¯—‡ivwcZ| hw` ej,
G dz‡j KuvUv Av‡Q, †Kvb&& Kz‡j ev †Kvb&& dz‡j bvB ?
hvnv nDK, NUKivR †Kvbi~‡c m¤^Ü w¯’i Kwiqv, †euv Kwiqv Dwoqv wMqv, †Mvjve eveyi evwo‡Z Lei
w`‡jb| †Mvjve, ZLb evZv‡mi m‡½ bvwPqv bvwPqv, nvwmqv nvwmqv, jvdvBqv jvdvBqv †Ljv
Kwi‡ZwQj, weev‡ni bvg ïwbqv Avn¬vw`Z nBqv Kb¨vi eqm wRÁvmv Kwij| ågi ewjj, ÔAvwR Kvwj
dzwU‡e|Õ
†Mvaywj jMœ Dcw¯’Z, †Mvjve weev‡n hvÎvi D‡`¨vM Kwi‡Z jvwM‡jb| Dw”P½ov bner evRvB‡Z Avi¤¢
Kwij ; †gŠgvwQ mvbvB‡qi evqbv jBqvwQj, wKš‘ ivZKvbv ewjqv m‡½ hvB‡Z cvwij bv| L‡`¨v‡Ziv
Svo awij ; AvKv‡k ZvivevwR nB‡Z jvwMj| †KvwKj Av‡M Av‡M dzKivB‡Z jvwMj| A‡bK eihvÎv
Pwjj; ¯^qs ivRKzgvi ¯’jcÙ w`evemv‡b Amy¯’Ki ewjqv Avwm‡Z cvwi‡jb bv, wKš‘ Rev‡Mvôx Ñ †k¦Z
Rev, i³ Rev, Ri` Rev cÖf…wZ mes‡k AvwmqvwQj| Kiex‡ii `j, †m‡K‡j ivRvw`‡Mi gZ eo D”P
Wv‡j Pwoqv Avwmqv Dcw¯’Z nBj| †muDwZ bxZei nB‡e ewjqv, mvwRqv Avwmqv `ywj‡Z jvwMj|
Mi‡`i †Rvo cwiqv Puvcv Avwmqv `uvovBj Ñ DMÖ MÜ QzwU‡Z jvwMj| MÜiv‡Riv eo evnvi w`qv, `‡j
`‡j Avwmqv, MÜ wejvBqv †`k gvZvB‡Z jvwMj| A‡kvK †bkvq jvj nBqv Avwmqv Dcw¯’Z; m‡½ GK
cvj wcc&&ov †gvmv‡qe nBqv Avwmqv‡Q; Zvnv‡`i ¸‡Yi m‡½ m¤^Ü bvB, wKš‘ `uv‡Zi R¡vjv eoцKvb&&
weev‡n bv Gi~c eihvÎ †Rv‡U, Avi †Kvb&& weev‡n bv Zvnviv ûj dzUvBqv weev` evavq ? Kzi“eyK KzUR
cÖf…wZ AviI A‡bK eihvÎ AvwmqvwQ‡jb, NUK gnvk‡qi Kv‡Q Zuvnv‡`i cwiPq ïwb‡eb| me©ÎB wZwb
hvZvqvZ K‡ib Ges wKQz wKQz gay cvBqv _v‡Kb|
AvgviI wbgš¿Y wQj, AvwgI †Mjvg| †`wL, eic‡¶i eo wec`| evZvm evn‡Ki evqbv jBqvwQ‡jb;
ZLb ûuÑûg Kwiqv A‡bK gi&&`vwb KwiqvwQ‡jb, wKš‘ Kv‡Ri mgq †Kv_vq jyKvB‡jb, †Kn LyuwRqv cvq

19. 14 gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨
bv| †`wLjvg, ei eihvÎ, mK‡j AevK nBqv w¯’ifv‡e `uvovBqv Av‡Qb| gwj−Kvw`‡Mi Kzj hvq
†`wLqv, AvwgB evn‡Ki Kvh© ¯^xKvi Kwijvg| ei, eihvÎ mKj‡K Zzwjqv jBqv gwj−Kvcy‡i †Mjvg|
†mLv‡b †`wLjvg, Kb¨vKzj, mKj fwMbx, Avn¬v‡` †NvgUv Lywjqv gyL dzUvBqv, cwigj QzUvBqv, my‡Li
nvwm nvwm‡Z‡Q| †`wLjvg, cvZvq cvZvq RovRwo, M‡Üi fvÊv‡i QovQwo cwoqv wMqv‡QÑi~‡ci fv‡i
mK‡j fvw½qv cwo‡Z‡Q| hyw_, gvjZx, eKzj, iRbxMÜv cÖf…wZ G‡qvMY ¯¿x-AvPvi Kwiqv eiY Kwij|
†`wLjvg, cy‡ivwnZ Dcw¯’Z; bmx eveyi begelx©qv Kb¨v (Rxeš— KzmygcywcYx) KzmygjZv m~P myZv jBqv
`uvovBqv Av‡Q; Kb¨vKZ©v Kb¨v m¤úª`vb Kwi‡jb; cy‡ivwnZ gnvkq `yBRb‡K GK m~Zvq Muvw_qv MuvUQov
euvwaqv w`‡jb|
ZLb ei‡K evmiÑN‡i jBqv †Mj| KZ †h imgqx gaygqx my›`ix †mLv‡b ei‡K †Nwiqv ewmj, Zvnv wK
ewje| cÖvPxbv VvKzivYxw`w` UMi mv`v cÖv‡Y euvav iwmKZv Kwi‡Z Kwi‡Z ïKvBqv DwV‡jb| i½‡Yi
iv½vgy‡L nvwm a‡i bv| hyB, K‡b¨i mB, K‡b¨i Kv‡Q wMqv ïBj; iRbxMÜv‡K ei ZvoKv iv¶mx ewjqv
KZ Zvgvmv Kwij; eKzj G‡K evwjKv, Zv‡Z hZ MyY, ZZ i~c b‡n; GK‡Kv‡Y wMqv Pzc Kwiqv ewmqv
iwnj; Avi Szg&&Kv dzj eo gvby‡li M„wnYxi gZ †gvUv bxj kvox QovBqv RgKvBqv ewmj| ZLbÑ
ÔKgjKvKvÑIV evwo hvBÑ ivZ n‡q‡Q, I wK, Xz‡j co‡e †h ?Õ
KzmygjZv GB K_v ewjqv Avgvi Mv †Vwj‡ZwQj; Ñ PgK nB‡j, †`wLjvg wKQzB bvB| †mB cy®úevmi
†Kv_vq wgwkj ? Ñ g‡b Kwijvg, msmvi AwbZ¨B e‡UÑGB Av‡Q GB bvB| †m ig¨ evmi †K_vq
†Mj,Ñ †mB nvm¨gyLx ïåw¯§Zmyavgqx cy®úmy›`ixmKj †Kv_vq †Mj ? †hLv‡b me hvB‡e, †mBLv‡bÑ
¯§„wZi `c©YZ‡j, f~ZmvMiM‡f©| †hLv‡b ivRv cÖRv, ce©Z mgy`ª, MÖn b¶Îvw` wMqv‡Q ev hvB‡e,
†mBLv‡b Ñ aŸsmcy‡i! GB weev‡ni b¨vq me k~‡b¨ wgkvB‡e, me evZv‡m Mwjqv hvB‡e Ñ †Kej _vwK‡e
Ñ Kx ? †fvM ? bv, †fvM¨ bv _vwK‡j †fvM _vwK‡Z cv‡i bv| Z‡e Kx ? ¯§„wZ ?
Kzmyg ewjj, ÔIV bvÑwK K‡”Pv ?Õ
Avwg ewjjvg, Ô`~i cvMwj, Avwg we‡q w`w”Qjvg|Õ
Kzmyg †Nu‡l G‡m, †n‡m †n‡m Kv‡Q `uvovBqv Av`i Kwiqv wRÁvmv Kwij, ÔKvi we‡q, KvKv ?Õ
Avwg ewjjvg, Ôdz‡ji we‡q|Õ
ÔIt †cvov Kcvj, dz‡ji ? Avwg ewj wK ! AvwgI †h GB dz‡ji we‡q w`‡qwQ|Õ
ÔKB ?Õ
ÔGB †h gvjv Muvw_qvwQ|Õ †`wLjvg, †mB gvjvq Avgvi ei Kb¨v iwnqv‡Q|
kãv_© I UxKv : Kb¨vfviMÖ¯— Ñ weevn‡hvM¨v Kb¨v A‡_©; m¤^‡Üi Ñ we‡qi; Kb¨vKZ©v Ñ Kb¨vi
AwffveK; cÎvmb Ñ cvZvi Dci Avmb; Ae¸ÉbeZ©xÑ †NvgUv †`Iqv; BqviwK Ñ eÜz‡`i m‡½B ejv
P‡j Ggb Avjvc; mܨvVvKzivYx w`w` Ñ GLv‡b mܨvKvj‡K w`w` e‡j m‡¤^vab Kiv n‡”Q; cwigj Ñ
myMÜ; M‡Üvcva¨vq Ñ M‡Üi ivRv †evSv‡Z; KzjvPvh© Ñ Kz‡ji AvPvh© ev es‡ki cÖavb cy‡ivwnZ;
evÃvgvwj Ñ †h gvwj B‡”QgZ dzj †dvUv‡Z cv‡i; L‡`¨vZ Ñ †RvbvwK †cvKv; G‡qvMY Ñ maev bvix;
KgjKvKv Ñ KgjvKvš—‡K KvKv e‡j m‡¤^vab Kiv n‡q‡Q|

20. gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨ 15
cvV cwiwPwZ : ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi jNyiPbv ÔKgjvKv‡š—i `ßiÕ MÖ‡š’i beg msL¨K †jLv Ôdz‡ji
weevnÕ| GB iPbvq nvm¨i‡mi gva¨‡g wewfbœ dz‡ji bvg, †m dzj¸‡jvi M‡Üi ZviZg¨, e‡Y©i iKg‡di
AZ¨š— ms‡e`bkxjZvi m‡½ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb ew¼gP›`ª| KLb †Kvb dzj †dv‡U †m ch©‡e¶YI GB iPbvq
cvIqv hvq| we‡q-Abyôvb evOvwji Rxe‡b, we‡kl K‡i evwoi wkï-wK‡kvi I cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i g‡a¨ AZxe
Avb›` wb‡q Av‡m| GB Abyôv‡b ei-K‡b †K‡›`ª _vK‡jI ei-K‡bi gvZv-wcZv, K‡bi cowk bvixiv
bvbv gv½wjK eª‡Z m¤ú„³ _v‡Kb, NUKI _v‡Kb we‡klfv‡e hy³| we‡q Abyôv‡bi m‡½ hy³ _v‡Kb
Ggb bvbv e¨w³i cwie‡Z© wewfbœ dz‡ji D‡j−L K‡i AmvaviY `¶Zvq ew¼gP›`ª evOvwji Mvn©¯’¨ GKwU
Abyôv‡b Av‡iv Avb›``vqK K‡i GLv‡b Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi GB iPbvfw½ evsjv M`¨ weKv‡ki
†¶‡Î ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L|
Abykxjbx
Kg©-Abykxjb
1. cvVwU‡Z †hme dz‡ji K_v ejv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jvi bvg I M‡Üi cwiPq w`‡q GKwU PvU© ˆZwi Ki|
2. dz‡ji eûwea e¨envi wjwce× K‡i †kªwY wk¶K‡K †`LvI|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| Ôdz‡ji weevnÕ M‡íi cvÎ †K wQj ?
K. gwj−Kv L. ¯’jcÙ
M. iRbxMÜv N. gvjZx
2| G M‡í Kb¨vKzj ej‡Z Kv‡`i‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ?
K. †fvgi L. e„¶
M. MvQcvjv N. dzj
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
Rwg`vi Rbva©b †Nvl †g‡qi we‡q w`‡Z wM‡q cvÎ Lyu‡R †eov‡”Qb| A‡bK †LuvRvLyuwRi ci
Ae‡k‡l ivq evnv`yi †PŠayixi GKgvÎ cyÎ †`evkxl‡K cvIqv †Mj| i~‡c-My‡Y †m AZzjbxq|
3| DÏxc‡Ki †`evkx‡li mv‡_ Ôdz‡ji weevnÕ M‡íi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q Ñ
i. MÜiv‡Ri
ii. †Mvjv‡ei
iii. iRbxMÜvi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i L. ii
M. iii N. i, ii I iii

21. 16 gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨
4| Gi~c mv`„‡k¨i KviY Kx ?
K. †mŠ›`h© L. cÖwZcwË
M. †KŠwjb¨ N. Ae¯’vb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
†gŠix GKw`b evevi Kv‡Q evqbv a‡i †evUvwbKvj Mv‡W©‡b †eov‡Z hv‡e| evev GKw`b I‡K wb‡q
†eov‡Z †M‡j †m fxlY Lywk nq| bvbv Rv‡Zi dzj-d‡ji Mv‡Qi mgv‡ivn †`‡L †m Awff~Z n‡q hvq|
`xN©w`b †m †hme dzj-d‡ji bvg ï‡b‡Q †m¸‡jv AvR wbR †Pv‡L †`‡L LyeB Avbw›`Z nq| Ae‡k‡l
wm×vš— †bq Ñ evwoi AvwObvq †QvÆ GKUv evMvb Ki‡e|
K. Ôdz‡ji weevnÕ M‡í †K NU‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i ?
L. ¶y`ª e„¶wU †Kb wei³ n‡qwQj ?
M. DÏxc‡Ki †gŠixi fv‡jvjvMvi Ôdz‡ji weevnÕ M‡íi mv`„k¨c~Y© w`KwU e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. †gŠixi gv‡S m„ó cÖwZwµqvB †hb Ôdz‡ji weevnÕ M‡íi g~j †PZbv Ñ hyw³mn eywS‡q †jL|

22. gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨ 17
myfv
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
[†jLK cwiwPwZ : iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi 25†k ˆekvL 1268 mv‡j (7B †g 1861 wLªóvã) KjKvZvi †Rvovmuv‡Kvi
VvKzi cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv gnwl© †`‡e›`ªbv_ VvKzi Ges wcZvgn wcÖÝ ØviKvbv_ VvKzi|
we`¨vj‡qi AvbyôvwbK wk¶v wZwb jvf K‡ibwb, wKš‘ mvwn‡Z¨i wewPÎ †¶‡Î Zuvi c`PviYv GK we¯§‡qi welq|
wZwb wQ‡jb cÖK…Z A‡_©B Amvgvb¨ cÖwZfvai e¨w³| evj¨Kv‡jB Zuvi KwecÖwZfvi D‡b¥l N‡U| gvÎ c‡bi eQi
eq‡m Zuvi ebdzj Kve¨ cÖKvwkZ nq| 1913 mv‡j iex›`ªbv_ ÔMxZvÄwjÕ Kv‡e¨i Rb¨ Gkxq‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_g
mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| e¯‘Z Zuvi GKK mvabvq evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ mKj kvLvq `ª“Z DbœwZ
jvf K‡i Ges wek¦`iev‡i †MŠi‡ei Avm‡b cÖwZwôZ nq| wZwb GKvav‡i mvwnwZ¨K, `vk©wbK, wk¶vwe`,
myiKvi, bvU¨ cÖ‡hvRK I Awf‡bZv| Kve¨, †QvUMí, Dcb¨vm, bvUK, cÖeÜ, Mvb BZ¨vw` mvwn‡Z¨i mKj kvLvB
Zuvi Ae`v‡b mg„×| Zuvi ARmª iPbvi g‡a¨ ÔgvbmxÕ, Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ, ÔwPÎvÕ, ÔKíbvÕ, Ô¶wYKvÕ, ÔejvKvÕ, ÔcybðÕ,
Ô†Pv‡Li evwjÕ, Ô†MvivÕ, ÔN‡i evB‡iÕ, Ô†hvMv‡hvMÕ, Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ, ÔwemR©bÕ, ÔWvKNiÕ, Ôi³KiexÕ, ÔMí¸”QÕ,
ÔwewPÎ cÖeÜÕ BZ¨vw` we‡klfv‡e D‡j−L‡hvM¨| 22‡k kÖveY 1348 mv‡j (7B AvM÷ 1941 wLªóvã) KjKvZvi
wek¦Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi †kl wbtk¦vm Z¨vM K‡ib| ]
†g‡qwUi bvg hLb myfvwlYx ivLv nBqvwQj ZLb †K RvwbZ †m †evev nB‡e| Zvnvi `ywU e‡ov †evb‡K
my‡Kwkbx I mynvwmbx bvg †`Iqv nBqvwQj, ZvB wg‡ji Aby‡iv‡a Zvnvi evc †Qv‡Uv †g‡qwUi bvg
myfvwlYx iv‡L| GLb mK‡j Zvnv‡K ms‡¶‡c myfv e‡j|
`¯‘igZ AbymÜvb I A_©e¨‡q e‡ov `ywU †g‡qi weevn nBqv †M‡Q, GLb †Qv‡UvwU wcZvgvZvi bxie
ü`qfv‡ii g‡Zv weivR Kwi‡Z‡Q|
†h K_v Kq bv †m †h Abyfe K‡i Bnv mK‡ji g‡b nq bv, GBRb¨ Zvnvi mv¶v‡ZB mK‡j Zvnvi
fwel¨r m¤^‡Ü `ywðš—v cÖKvk KwiZ| †m †h weavZvi Awfkvc¯^i~‡c Zvnvi wcZ…M„‡n Avwmqv Rb¥MÖnY
Kwiqv‡Q G K_v †m wkïKvj nB‡Z eywSqv jBqvwQj| Zvnvi dj GB nBqvwQj, mvavi‡Yi `„wóc_
nB‡Z †m Avcbv‡K †Mvcb Kwiqv ivwL‡Z me©`vB †Póv KwiZ| g‡b KwiZ, Avgv‡K mevB fzwj‡j euvwP|
wKš‘, †e`bv wK †Kn KL‡bv †fv‡j? wcZvgvZvi g‡b †m me©`vB RvMi~K wQj|
we‡klZ, Zvnvi gv Zvnv‡K wb‡Ri GKUv ÎywU¯^i~c †`wL‡Zb; †Kbbv, gvZv cyÎ A‡c¶v Kb¨v‡K wb‡Ri
Aski~‡c †`‡LbÑ Kb¨vi †Kv‡bv Am¤ú~Y© †`wL‡j †mUv †hb we‡kli~‡c wb‡Ri j¾vi KviY ewjqv g‡b
K‡ib| eiÂ, Kb¨vi wcZv evYxKÉ myfv‡K Zuvnvi Ab¨ †g‡q‡`i A‡c¶v †hb GKUz †ewk
fv‡jvevwm‡Zb; wKš‘ gvZv Zvnv‡K wb‡Ri M‡f©i Kj¼ Ávb Kwiqv Zvnvi cÖwZ e‡ov wei³ wQ‡jb|
myfvi K_v wQj bv, wKš‘ Zvnvi my`xN©cj−ewewkó e‡ov e‡ov `ywU Kv‡jv †PvL wQjÑGes Zvnvi Iôvai
fv‡ei AvfvmgvÎ KwP wKkj‡qi g‡Zv Kuvwcqv DwVZ|
K_vq Avgiv †h fve cÖKvk Kwi †mUv Avgvw`M‡K A‡bKUv wb‡Ri †Póvq Mwoqv jB‡Z nq, KZKUv
ZR©gv Kivi g‡Zv; mKj mg‡q wVK nq bv, ¶gZvi Afv‡e A‡bK mg‡q fzjI nq| wKš‘ Kv‡jv
†PvL‡K wKQz ZR©gv Kwi‡Z nq bvÑgb Avcwb Zvnvi Dc‡i Qvqv †d‡j; fve Avcwb Zvnvi Dc‡i
KL‡bv cÖmvwiZ KL‡bv gyw`Z nq; KL‡bv D¾¡jfv‡e R¡wjqv D‡V, KL‡bv ¤−vbfv‡e wbweqv Av‡m,

23. 18 gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨
KL‡bv A¯—gvb P‡›`ªi g‡Zv Awb‡glfv‡e Pvwnqv _v‡K, KL‡bv `ªyZ PÂj we`y¨‡Zi g‡Zv w`M&wew`‡K
wVKwiqv D‡V| gy‡Li fve ˆe AvRb¥Kvj hvnvi Ab¨ fvlv bvB Zvnvi †Pv‡Li fvlv Amxg D`vi Ges
AZj¯úk© MfxiÑ A‡bKUv ¯^”Q AvKv‡ki g‡Zv, D`qv¯— Ges Qvqv‡jv‡Ki wb¯—ä i½f~wg| GB
evK¨nxb gby‡l¨i g‡a¨ e„nr cÖK…wZi g‡Zv GKUv weRb gnË¡ Av‡Q| GBRb¨ mvaviY evjKevwjKviv
Zvnv‡K GKcÖKvi fq KwiZ, Zvnvi mwnZ †Ljv KwiZ bv| †m wbR©b wØcÖn‡ii g‡Zv kãnxb Ges
m½xnxb|
MÖv‡gi bvg PÊxcyi| b`xwU evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU †Qv‡Uv b`x, M„n¯’N‡ii †g‡qwUi g‡Zv, eû`~i ch©š—
Zvnvi cÖmvi b‡n; wbijmv Zš^x b`xwU Avcb K~j i¶v Kwiqv KvR Kwiqv hvq; `yB av‡ii MÖv‡gi
mK‡jiB m‡½ Zvnvi †hb GKUv-bv-GKUv m¤úK© Av‡Q| `yB av‡i †jvKvjq Ges Ziy”QvqvNb D”P ZU;
wbgœZj w`qv MÖvgj²x †mªvZw¯^bx AvZ¥we¯§„Z `ªyZ c`‡¶‡c cÖdzj− ü`‡q Avcbvi AmsL¨ Kj¨vYKv‡h©
Pwjqv‡Q|
evYxK‡Éi Ni b`xi G‡Kev‡i Dc‡iB Zvnvi euvLvwii †eov, AvUPvjv, †MvqvjNi, †XuwKkvjv, L‡oi ¯—~c,
†ZuZzjZjv, Avg KuvVvj Ges Kjvi evMvb †bŠKvevwn-gv‡ÎiB `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i| GB Mvn©¯’¨ m”QjZvi
g‡a¨ †evev †g‡qwU KvnviI bR‡i c‡o wK bv Rvwb bv, wKš‘ KvRK‡g© hLwb Aemi cvq ZLwb †m GB
b`xZx‡i Avwmqv e‡m|
cÖK…wZ †hb Zvnvi fvlvi Afve c~iY Kwiqv †`q| †hb Zvnvi nBqv K_v Kq| b`xi KjaŸwb, †jv‡Ki
†Kvjvnj, gvwSi Mvb, cvwLi WvK, Ziyi gg©iÑmg¯— wgwk‡q Pvwiw`‡Ki Pjv‡div-Av‡›`vjb-K¤ú‡bi
mwnZ GK nBqv mgy‡`ªi Zi½ivwki b¨vq evwjKvi wPiwb¯—ä ü`q-DcK~‡ji wbK‡U Avwmqv fvwOqv
c‡o| cÖK…wZi GB wewea kã Ges wewPÎ MwZ, BnvI †evevi fvlv Ñ e‡ov e‡ov P¶zcj−ewewkó myfvi
†h fvlv ZvnviB GKUv wek¦e¨vcx we¯—vi; wSwj−iec~Y© Z…Yf~wg nB‡Z kãvZxZ b¶Î‡jvK ch©š— †Kej
Bw½Z, fw½, msMxZ, µ›`b Ges `xN©wbk¦vm|
Ges ga¨v‡ý hLb gvwSiv †R‡jiv LvB‡Z hvBZ, M„n‡¯’iv NygvBZ, cvwLiv WvwKZ bv, †Lqv-†bŠKv eÜ
_vwKZ, mRb RMr mg¯— KvRK‡g©i gvSLv‡b mnmv _vwgqv wMqv fqvbK weRbg~wZ© aviY KwiZ, ZLb
iy`ª gnvKv‡ki Z‡j †Kej GKwU †evev cÖK…wZ Ges GKwU †evev †g‡q gyLvgywL Pzc Kwiqv ewmqv
_vwKZÑ GKRb mywe¯—xY© †iŠ‡`ª, Avi-GKRb ¶z`ª Ziy”Qvqvq|
mzfvi †h ¸wUKZK Aš—i½ eÜzi `j wQj bv Zvnv b‡n| †Mvqv‡ji `ywU Mvfx, Zvnv‡`i bvg me©kx I
cv½ywj| †m bvg evwjKvi gy‡L Zvnviv KL‡bv ï‡b bvB, wKš‘ Zvnvi c`kã Zvnviv wPwbZÑ Zvnvi
K_vnxb GKUv KiyY myi wQj, Zvnvi gg© Zvnviv fvlvi A‡c¶v mn‡R eywSZ| myfv KLb Zvnv‡`i
Av`i Kwi‡Z‡Q, KLb fr©mbv Kwi‡Z‡Q, KLb wgbwZ Kwi‡Z‡Q, Zvnv Zvnviv gvby‡li A‡c¶v fv‡jv
eywS‡Z cvwiZ|
myfv †Mvqv‡j XzwKqv `yB evûi Øviv me©kxi MÖxev †eób Kwiqv Zvnvi Kv‡bi Kv‡Q Avcbvi Mʇ`k Nl©Y
KwiZ Ges cv½ywj wmœ»`„wó‡Z Zvnvi cÖwZ wbix¶Y Kwiqv Zvnvi Mv PvwUZ| evwjKv w`‡bi g‡a¨
wbqwgZ wZbevi Kwiqv †MvqvjN‡i hvBZ, Zvnv Qvov AwbqwgZ AvMgbI wQj; M„‡n †h w`b †Kv‡bv
KwVb K_v ïwbZ †m w`b †m Amg‡q Zvnvi GB g~K eÜz`ywUi Kv‡Q AvwmZÑ Zvnvi mwnòzZvcwic~Y©
welv`kvš— `„wócvZ nB‡Z Zvnviv Kx-GKUv AÜ Abygvbkw³i Øviv evwjKvi gg©‡e`bv †hb eywS‡Z

24. gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨ 19
cvwiZ, Ges myfvi Mv †Nuwlqv Avwmqv A‡í A‡í Zvnvi evû‡Z wks Nwlqv Nwlqv Zvnv‡K wbe©vK
e¨vKzjZvi mwnZ mvš—¡bv w`‡Z †Póv KwiZ|
Bnviv Qvov QvMj Ges weovjkveKI wQj; wKš‘ Zvnv‡`i mwnZ myfvi Gi~c mgK¶fv‡e ˆgÎx wQj bv,
Z_vwc Zvnviv h‡_ó AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk KwiZ| weovjwkïwU w`‡b Ges iv‡Î hLb-ZLb myfvi Mig
†KvjwU wbtms‡Kv‡P AwaKvi Kwiqv myLwb`ªvi Av‡qvRb KwiZ Ges myfv Zvnvi MÖxev I c„‡ô †Kvgj
Av½ywj eyjvBqv w`‡j †h Zvnvi wb`ªvKl©‡Yi we‡kl mnvqZv nq, Bw½‡Z Gi~c AwfcÖvqI cÖKvk KwiZ|
DbœZ †kªwYi Rx‡ei g‡a¨ myfvi Av‡iv GKwU m½x RywUqvwQj| wKš‘ Zvnvi mwnZ evwjKvi wVK wKi~c
m¤úK© wQj Zvnv wbY©q Kiv KwVb, KviY, †m fvlvwewkó Rxe; myZivs Df‡qi g‡a¨ mgfvlv wQj bv|
†MuvmvB‡`i †Qv‡Uv †Q‡jwUÑZvnvi bvg cÖZvc| †jvKwU wbZvš— AKg©Y¨| †m †h KvRKg© Kwiqv msmv‡ii
DbœwZ Kwi‡Z hZœ Kwi‡e eû †Póvi ci evc-gv †m Avkv Z¨vM Kwiqv‡Qb| AKg©Y¨ †jv‡Ki GKUv
myweav GB †h, AvZ¥xq †jv‡Kiv Zvnv‡`i Dc‡i wei³ nq e‡U, wKš‘ cÖvq Zvnviv wbtm¤úK© †jvK‡`i
wcÖqcvÎ nqÑ KviY, †Kv‡bv Kv‡h© AveÜ bv _vKv‡Z Zvnviv miKvwi m¤úwË nBqv `uvovq| kn‡ii †hgb
GK-AvaUv M„nm¤úK©nxb miKvwi evMvb _vKv Avek¨K †Zgwb MÖv‡g `yB-PvwiUv AKg©Y¨ miKvwi †jvK
_vKvi we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb| Kv‡R-K‡g© Av‡gv‡`-Aem‡i †hLv‡b GKUv †jvK Kg c‡o †mLv‡bB
Zvnvw`M‡K nv‡Zi Kv‡Q cvIqv hvq|
cÖZv‡ci cÖavb kLÑ wQc †dwjqv gvQ aiv| Bnv‡Z A‡bK mgq mn‡R KvUv‡bv hvq| Aciv‡nœ b`xZx‡i
Bnv‡K cÖvq GB Kv‡R wbhy³ †`Lv hvBZ| Ges GB Dcj‡¶ myfvi mwnZ Zvnvi cÖvq mv¶vr nBZ| †h-
†Kv‡bv Kv‡RB wbhy³ _vK, GKUv m½x cvB‡j cÖZvc _v‡K fv‡jv| gvQ aivi mgq evK¨nxb m½xB
me©v‡c¶v †kªôÑ GBRb¨ cÖZvc myfvi gh©v`v eywSZ| GBRb¨ mK‡jB myfv‡K myfv ewjZ, cÖZvc Avi-
GKUz AwZwi³ Av`i ms‡hvM Kwiqv myfv‡K ÔmyÕ ewjqv WvwKZ|
myfv †ZuZzjZjvq ewmqv _vwKZ Ges cÖZvc AbwZ`~‡i wQc †dwjqv R‡ji w`‡K Pvwnqv _vwKZ|
cÖZv‡ci GKwU Kwiqv cvb eivÏ wQj, myfv Zvnv wb‡R mvwRqv AvwbZ| Ges †eva Kwi A‡bK¶Y
ewmqv ewmqv Pvwnqv B”Qv KwiZ, cÖZv‡ci †Kv‡bv-GKUv we‡kl mvnvh¨ Kwi‡Z, GKUv-†Kv‡bv Kv‡R
jvwM‡Z, †Kv‡bvg‡Z RvbvBqv w`‡Z †h GB c„w_ex‡Z †mI GKRb Kg cÖ‡qvRbxq †jvK b‡n| wKš‘
wKQzB Kwievi wQj bv| ZLb †m g‡b g‡b weavZvi Kv‡Q A‡jŠwKK ¶gZv cÖv_©bv KwiZÑ gš¿e‡j
mnmv Ggb GKUv Avðh© KvÊ NUvB‡Z B”Qv KwiZ hvnv †`wLqv cÖZvc Avðh© nBqv hvBZ, ewjZ, ÔZvB
†Zv, Avgv‡`i mywfi †h GZ ¶gZv Zvnv †Zv RvwbZvg bv|Õ
g‡b K‡iv, mzfv hw` RjKzgvix nBZ, Av‡¯— Av‡¯— Rj nB‡Z DwVqv GKUv mv‡ci gv_vi gwY Nv‡U ivwLqv
hvBZ; cÖZvc Zvnvi Zz”Q gvQ aiv ivwLqv †mB gvwbK jBqv R‡j Wze gvwiZ; Ges cvZv‡j wMqv †`wLZ,
i~cvi AÆvwjKvq †mvbvi cvj‡¼Ñ†K ewmqv?Ñ Avgv‡`i evYxK‡Éi N‡ii †mB †evev †g‡q myÑ Avgv‡`i my
†mB gwY`xß Mfxi wb¯—ä cvZvjcyixi GKgvÎ ivRKb¨v| Zvnv wK nB‡Z cvwiZ bv| Zvnv wK GZB
Am¤¢e| Avm‡j wKQzB Am¤¢e bq, wKš‘ ZeyI my cÖRvk~b¨ cvZv‡ji ivRes‡k bv Rwb¥qv evYxK‡Éi N‡i
Avwmqv Rwb¥qv‡Q Ges †MvmvB‡`i †Q‡j cÖZvc‡K wKQz‡ZB Avðh© Kwi‡Z cvwi‡Z‡Q bv|

25. 20 gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨
myfvi eqm µ‡gB evwoqv DwV‡Z‡Q| µ‡g †m †hb Avcbv‡K Avcwb Abyfe Kwi‡Z cvwi‡Z‡Q| †hb
†Kv‡bv GKUv c~wY©gvwZw_‡Z †Kv‡bv-GKUv mgy`ª nB‡Z GKUv †Rvqv‡ii †mªvZ Avwmqv Zvnvi Aš—
ivZ¥v‡K GK b~Zb Awbe©Pbxq †PZbvkw³‡Z cwic~Y© Kwiqv Zzwj‡Z‡Q| †m Avcbv‡K Avcwb †`wL‡Z‡Q,
fvwe‡Z‡Q, cÖkœ Kwi‡Z‡Q, Ges eywS‡Z cvwi‡Z‡Q bv|
Mfxi c~wY©gviv‡Î †m GK-GKw`b ax‡i kqbM„‡ni Øvi Lywjqv f‡q f‡q gyL evovBqv evwn‡ii w`‡K
Pvwnqv †`‡L c~wY©gvcÖK…wZI myfvi g‡Zv GKvwKbx myß RM‡Zi Dci RvwMqv ewmqv-†hŠe‡bi in‡m¨
cyj‡K welv‡` Amxg wbR©bZvi G‡Kev‡i †kl mxgv ch©š—, Ggb-wK, Zvnv AwZµg KwiqvI ag&&_g&&
Kwi‡Z‡Q, GKwU K_v Kwn‡Z cvwi‡Z‡Q bv| GB wb¯—ä e¨vKzj cÖK…wZi cÖv‡š— GKwU wb¯—ä e¨vKzj
evwjKv `uvovBqv|
Gw`‡K Kb¨vfvivMÖ¯— wcZvgvZv wPwš—Z nBqv DwVqv‡Qb| †jv‡KI wb›`v Avi¤¢ Kwiqv‡Q| Ggb-wK, GK-
N‡i Kwi‡e Ggb RbieI ïbv hvq| evYxK‡Éi m”Qj Ae¯’v, `yB †ejvB gvQfvZ Lvq, GRb¨ Zvnvi
kÎy wQj|
¯¿xcyiy‡l we¯—i civgk© nBj| wKQzw`‡bi g‡Zv evYx we‡`‡k †Mj|
Ae‡k‡l wdwiqv Avwmqv Kwnj, ÒP‡jv, KwjKvZvq P‡jv|Ó
we‡`khvÎvi D`&‡hvM nB‡Z jvwMj| Kzqvkv-XvKv cÖfv‡Zi g‡Zv myfvi mg¯— ü`q AkÖyev‡®ú G‡Kev‡i
fwiqv †Mj| GKUv Awbw`©ó Avk¼v-e‡k †m wKQzw`b nB‡Z µgvMZ wbe©vK&& Rš‘i g‡Zv Zvnvi evc-
gv‡qi m‡½ m‡½ wdwiZÑ WvMi P¶z †gwjqv Zuvnv‡`i gy‡Li w`‡K Pvwnqv Kx-GKUv eywS‡Z †Póv KwiZ,
wKš‘ Zuvnviv wKQz eySvBqv ewj‡Zb bv|
BwZg‡a¨ GKw`b Aciv‡nœ wQc †dwjqv cÖZvc nvwmqv Kwnj, ÒKx †i my, †Zvi bvwK ei cvIqv †M‡Q,
ZzB we‡q Ki‡Z hvw”Qm? †`wLm Avgv‡`i fzwjm †b|Ó
ewjqv Avevi gv‡Qi w`‡K g‡bv‡hvM Kwij|
gg©we× nwiYx e¨v‡ai w`‡K †hgb Kwiqv ZvKvq, bxi‡e ewj‡Z _v‡K ÔAvwg †Zvgvi Kv‡Q Kx †`vl
KwiqvwQjvgÕ, myfv †Zgwb Kwiqv cÖZv‡ci w`‡K Pvwnj; †mw`b Mv‡Qi Zjvq Avi ewmj bv| evYxKÉ
wb`ªv nB‡Z DwVqv kqbM„‡n ZvgvK LvB‡ZwQ‡jb, myfv Zuvnvi cv‡qi Kv‡Q ewmqv Zuvnvi gy‡Li w`‡K
Pvwnqv Kuvw`‡Z jvwMj| Ae‡k‡l Zvnv‡K mvš—¡bv w`‡Z wMqv evYxK‡Éi ﮋ K‡cv‡j AkÖy MovBqv
cwoj|
Kvj KwjKvZvq hvBevi w`b w¯’i nBqv‡Q| myfv †MvqvjN‡i Zvnvi evj¨-mLx‡`i Kv‡Q we`vq jB‡Z
†Mj, Zvnvw`M‡K ¯^n‡¯— LvIqvBqv, Mjv awiqv GKevi `yB †Pv‡L hZ cv‡i K_v fwiqv Zvnv‡`i gy‡Li
w`‡K PvwnjÑ `yB †bÎcj−e nB‡Z Uc&&Uc&& Kwiqv AkÖyRj co‡Z jvwMj|
†mw`b ïK¬vØv`kxi ivwÎ| myfv kqbM„n nB‡Z evwni nBqv Zvnvi †mB wPicwiwPZ b`xZ‡U k®úkh¨vq
jyUvBqv cwojÑ †hb aiYx‡K, GB cÖKvÊ g~K gvbeZv‡K `yB evû‡Z awiqv ewj‡Z Pv‡n, ÔZzwg Avgv‡K
hvB‡Z w`‡qv bv, gv| Avgvi g‡Zv `ywU evû evovBqv ZzwgI Avgv‡K awiqv iv‡Lv|Õ

26. gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨ 21
kãv_© I UxKv : M‡f©i Kj¼ Ñ mš—vb wn‡m‡e Kj¼, Mf© n‡jv gv‡qi †cU †h e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K cwiev‡i
†bwZevPK wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq Zv n‡jv Kj¼; my`xN© cj−ewewkó Ñ eo cvZvwewkó, `xN© n‡jv eo, ÔmyÕ hy³
n‡q ÔeoÕ‡K we‡klvwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q; cj−e n‡jv cvZv; GLv‡b †Pv‡Li cvZv wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
Iôvai Ñ Iô Ges Aai, Dc‡ii I wb‡Pi †VuvU [Iô+Aai = Iôvai] wK‡kvjq Ñ Mv‡Qi bZzb cvZv|
ZR©gv Ñ Abyev`, GK fvlv †_‡K Ab¨ fvlvq ejv ev †jLv| A¯—gvb Ñ Wzeš—, Wz‡e hv‡”Q Ggb, P›`ª-m~‡h©i
cwðg w`‡K A`„k¨ Ae¯’v| Awb‡glfv‡e Ñ cjKnxbfv‡e, Awb‡gk Ñ AcjK, cjKnxb D`qv¯— Ñ D`q +
A¯— = D`qv¯—, Avwef©ve I wZ‡ivfve, DVv I Wzev| Qvqv‡jvK Ñ Qvqv + Av‡jvK = Qvqv‡jvK; †Kv‡bv e¯‘i
Ici Av‡jv co‡j †h cÖwZwe¤^ nq Zv n‡jv Qvqv; weRb gnË¡ Ñ weRb Ñ Rbk~b¨, wbR©b; gnË¡ Ñ Ae`vb;
weRb gnË¡ Ñ †Kvjvnjgy³ cÖK…wZi Ae¯’vi †h AvKl©Yxq w`K| Zš^x Ñ ¶xY I myMwVZ A½wewkó| euvLvwi
Ñ Kuv‡ai `yw`‡K `ycÖv‡š— Szwj‡q †evSv en‡bi euv‡ki dvwj| †XuwKkvjv Ñ †h N‡i †XuwK ivLv nq; †XuwK n‡jv
avb †_‡K Pvj ˆZwii †jvKR hš¿; GL‡bv MÖvgxY Rxe‡b A‡bK evwo‡Z †XuwKi Ni Av‡Q| Mvn©¯’¨ m”QjZv
Ñ cvwievwiK ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi m”QjZv| wPiwb¯—ä n„`q DcK~j Ñ kvš— n„`q; wb¯—ä n‡jv Av‡jvobnxb
Ae¯’v; DcK~j n‡jv K~‡ji m`„k; GLv‡b n„`q DcK~j ej‡Z n„`‡qi wKbvivi K_vB ejv n‡q‡Q| wSwj−ie
c~Y© Ñ wSu wSu †cvKvi AvIqvR/k‡ã gyLi| weRb g~wZ© Ñ wbR©b Ae¯’v; weRb n‡jv wbR©b ev Rbgvbek~b¨,
g~wZ© n‡jv †Kv‡bvwKQz cÖwZK…wZ; weRbg~wZ© kãwU GLv‡b †Kvjvnjnxb Ae¯’v ev wbR©b/Rbgvbek~b¨ Ae¯’v
†evSv‡Z e¨en„Z n‡q‡Q| Mʇ`k Ñ ewai, †evev| welv`kvš— Ñ `ytLgMœ, wec` = ùywZ©k~b¨Zv, welYœZv;
welv`kvš— n‡jv Lye‡ewk welv`MÖ¯—Zv †_‡K †h kvš— Ae¯’v| c~wY©gvwZw_ Ñ Puv‡`i cwic~Y© i~c nIqvi mgq|
Kb¨vfvivMÖ¯— wcZv-gvZv Ñ †h wcZv-gvZvi weevn‡hvM¨v Kb¨v mš—v‡bi we‡q nqwb| K‡cvj Ñ Mvj;
†bÎcj−e Ñ †Pv‡Li cvZv; ïK¬vØv`kx Ñ Puv‡`i wØZxq w`b|
cvV cwiwPwZ : iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii myfv MíwU Zuvi weL¨vZ ÔMí¸”QÕ †_‡K msM„nxZ n‡q‡Q| GKRb
evK&&cÖwZeÜx wK‡kvix myfvi cÖwZ †jL‡Ki n„`q wbsov‡bv fv‡jvevmv I ggZ¡‡eva MíwU Agi n‡q
Av‡Q| myfv K_v ej‡Z cv‡i bv| gv g‡b K‡ib G-Zvi wbqwZi †`vl, wKš‘ evev Zuv‡K fv‡jvev‡mb|
Avi †KD Zvi m‡½ wg‡k bvцL‡j bv| wKš‘ Zvi wekvj GKwU AvkÖ‡qi RMr Av‡Q| hviv K_v ej‡Z
cv‡i bv †mB †cvlv cÖvYx‡`i Kv‡Q †m gyLi| Zv‡`i †m LyeB Kv‡Qi Rb| Avi wecyj wbe©vK cÖK…wZi
Kv‡Q †m cvq gyw³i Avb›`| iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi g~jZ cÖwZeÜx gvby‡li AvkÖ‡qi Rb¨ GKwU RMr ˆZwi
K‡i‡Qb Ges †mBm‡½ Zv‡`i cÖwZ Avgv‡`i ggZ¡‡ev‡ai D‡Øvab NUv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|
Abykxjbx
Kg©-Abykxjb
1. wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖwZeÜx‡`i mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ Kx Kx D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv hvq| G wel‡q
cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi K‡i †kÖwYwk¶‡Ki wbKU Rgv `vI|
2. †Zvgvi Pvicv‡ki mgv‡R myfvi g‡Zv Kv‡iv Rxeb-ev¯—eZv _vK‡j Zv wb‡Ri fvlvq wjL|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| wQc †d‡j gvQ aiv Kvi cÖavb kL wQj ?
K. myfvwlYxi L. evYxK‡Éi
M. my‡Kwkbxi N. cÖZv‡ci

27. 22 gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨
2| evYxK‡Éi ﮋ K‡cv‡j AkÖ“ Mwo‡q c‡owQj †Kb ?
i. myfv‡K we‡q w`‡eb e‡j
ii. myfv K_v ej‡Z cv‡i bv e‡j
iii. †g‡qwUi fwel¨r †f‡e
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
†mB †QvƇejvq gwR©bv GKwU weovj I GKwU KzKzi Qvbv G‡bwQj| bvg w`‡q‡Q cywl Avi cyUz|
AvR cywl Avi cyUz cy‡ivcywi eo n‡q‡Q| bvg a‡i WvK‡jB gyn~‡Z©B nvwRi nq| cywl †Kv‡j D‡V
e‡m wKš‘ cyUz GKUz `~‡i `uvwo‡q †jR bvovq|
3| gwR©bvi g‡a¨ myfvi †h ˆewkó¨ j¶Yxq, Zv n‡jv Ñ
K. BZi cÖvwYi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk M. GKvKx‡Z¡i mv_x BZi cÖvwY
L. BZi cÖvwYi cÖwZ ggZ¡‡eva N. mevi †_‡K wb‡R‡K Avov‡j ivLv|
4| D³ ˆewkó¨ †h Pi‡Yi gva¨‡g dz‡U I‡V Zv n‡jv Ñ
i. w`‡b wZbevi †Mvqvj N‡i hvIqv
ii. `yB evû Øviv Mjv Rwo‡q aiv
iii. gv‡S gv‡S Zv‡`i‡K fr©mbv Kiv|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii
M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
`yB cyÎ mš—v‡bi ci Kb¨v mš—vb cjvk eveyi cwiev‡i Avb‡›`i eb¨v wb‡q G‡jv| bvg ivLv n‡jv
ÔKj¨vYxÕ| mK‡ji †Pv‡Li gwY Kj¨vYx †e‡o IVvi mv‡_ mv‡_ cjvkevey eyS‡Z cvi‡jb eq‡mi
Zzjbvq Kj¨vYxi gvbwmK weKvk N‡U wb| wKQz ej‡j d¨vj&&d¨vj&& K‡i †P‡q _v‡K| Kj¨vYxi we‡qi
K_vevZ©v Pj‡Q| cjvkevey Kj¨vYxi meB eic¶‡K Ly‡j ej‡jb| me ï‡b e‡ii evev my‡eva evey
ej‡jb, Ôcjvk evey Kj¨vYxi g‡Zv Avgvi †Q‡jI †Zv n‡Z cvi‡Zv, Kv‡RB Kj¨vYx gv‡K N‡i wb‡Z
Avgv‡`i †Kv‡bv AvcwË †bB|Õ
K. myfvi MÖv‡gi bvg Kx ?
L. ÔwcZv-gvZvi bxie ü`qfveÕ Ñ K_vwU Øviv †jLK Kx †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb ?
M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_g As‡ki e³‡e¨ Kj¨vYx I myfvi †h we‡kl w`KwUi m½wZ †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q Ñ Zv
e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. Kj¨vYx I myfv GKB cwiw¯’wZi wkKvi n‡jI Df‡qi †cÖ¶vcU I cwiYwZ wfbœ Ñ we‡k−lY Ki|

28. gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨ 23
jvB‡eªwi
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
gnvmgy‡`ªi kZ erm‡ii K‡j−vj †Kn hw` Ggb Kwiqv euvwaqv ivwL‡Z cvwiZ †h, †m NygvBqv cov
wkïwUi g‡Zv Pzc Kwiqv _vwKZ, Z‡e †mB bxie gnvk‡ãi mwnZ GB jvB‡eªwii Zzjbv nBZ| GLv‡b
fvlv Pzc Kwiqv Av‡Q, cÖevn w¯’i nBqv Av‡Q, gvbevZ¥vi Agi Av‡jvK Kv‡jv A¶‡ii k„•L‡j KvM‡Ri
KvivMv‡i euvav cwoqv Av‡Q| Bnviv mnmv hw` we‡`ªvnx nBqv D‡V, wb¯—äZv fvwOqv †d‡j, A¶‡ii
†eov `» Kwiqv GKev‡i evwni nBqv Av‡m! wngvj‡qi gv_vi Dc‡i KwVb ei‡di g‡a¨ †hgb KZ KZ
eb¨v evuav Av‡Q, †Zgwb GB jvB‡eªwii g‡a¨ gvbeü`‡qi eb¨v †K euvwaqv ivwLqv‡Q!
we`y¨r‡K gvbyl †jvnvi Zvi w`qv euvwaqv‡Q, wKš‘ †K RvwbZ gvbyl kã‡K wbtk‡ãi g‡a¨ euvwa‡Z
cvwi‡e| †K RvwbZ msMxZ‡K, ü`‡qi Avkv‡K, RvMÖZ AvZ¥vi Avb›`aŸwb‡K, AvKv‡ki ˆ`eevYx‡K †m
KvM‡R gywoqv ivwL‡e! †K RvwbZ gvbyl AZxZ‡K eZ©gv‡b e›`x Kwi‡e! AZj¯úk© Kvjmgy‡`ªi Dci
†Kej GK-GKLvwb eB w`qv muv‡Kv euvwaqv w`‡e!
jvB‡eªwii g‡a¨ Avgiv mnmª c‡_i †PŠgv_vi Dc‡i `vuovBqv AvwQ| †Kv‡bv c_ Abš— mgy‡`ª wMqv‡Q,
†Kv‡bv c_ Abš— wkL‡i DwVqv‡Q, †Kv‡bv c_ gvbeü`‡qi AZj¯ú‡k© bvwgqv‡Q| †h †h- w`‡K avegvb
nI, †Kv_vI evav cvB‡e bv| gvbyl Avcbvi cwiÎvY‡K GZUzKz RvMqvi g‡a¨ euvavBqv ivwLqv‡Q|
k‡•Li g‡a¨ †hgb mgy‡`ªi kã ïbv hvq, †Zgwb GB jvB‡eªwii g‡a¨ wK ü`‡qi DÌvbcZ‡bi kã
ïwb‡ZQ| GLv‡b RxweZ I g„Z e¨w³i ü`q cvkvcvwk GK cvovq evm Kwi‡Z‡Q| ev` I cÖwZev`
GLv‡b `yB fvB‡qi g‡Zv GKm‡½ _v‡K; mskq I wek¦vm, mÜvb I Avwe®‹vi GLv‡b †`‡n †`‡n jq
nBqv evm K‡i| GLv‡b `xN©cÖvY ¯^ícÖvY cig ˆah© I kvwš—i mwnZ RxebhvÎv wbe©vn Kwi‡Z‡Q, †Kn
Kvnv‡KI D‡c¶v Kwi‡Z‡Q bv|
KZ b`x mgy`ª ce©Z Dj−•Nb Kwiqv gvb‡ei KÉ GLv‡b Avwmqv †cuŠwQqv‡QÑ KZ kZ erm‡ii cÖvš—
nB‡Z GB ¯^i Avwm‡Z‡Q| G‡mv, GLv‡b G‡mv, GLv‡b Av‡jv‡Ki Rb¥msMxZ Mvb nB‡Z‡Q|
Ag„Z‡jvK cÖ_g Avwe®‹vi Kwiqv †h †h gnvcyi“l †h- †Kvbw`b Avcbvi Pvwiw`‡K gvbyl‡K WvK w`qv
ewjqvwQ‡jb Ô†Zvgiv mK‡j Ag„‡Zi cyÎ, †Zvgiv w`e¨av‡g evm Kwi‡ZQÕ †mB gnvcyi“l‡`i KÉB
mnmª fvlvq mnmª erm‡ii ga¨ w`qv GB jvB‡eªwii g‡a¨ cÖwZaŸwbZ nB‡Z‡Q|
GB e‡½i cÖvš— nB‡Z Avgv‡`i wK wKQz ewjevi bvB| gvbe mgvR‡K Avgv‡`i wK †Kv‡bv msev` w`evi
bvB| RM‡Zi GKZvb msMx‡Zi g‡a¨ e½‡`kB †Kej wb¯—ä nBqv _vwK‡e!
Avgv‡`i c`cÖvš—w¯’Z mgy`ª wK Avgvw`M‡K wKQz ewj‡Z‡Q bv| Avgv‡`i M½v wK wngvj‡qi wkLi nB‡Z
ˆKjv‡mi †Kv‡bv Mvb enb Kwiqv Avwb‡Z‡Q bv| Avgv‡`i gv_vi Dc‡i wK Z‡e Abš— bxjvKvk bvB|
†mLvb nB‡Z Abš—Kv‡ji wPi‡R¨vwZg©qx b¶Îwjwc wK †Kn gywQqv †dwjqv‡Q|
†`k-we‡`k nB‡Z AZxZ-eZ©gvb nB‡Z cÖwZw`b Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q gvbeRvwZi cÎ Avwm‡Z‡Q; Avgiv wK
Zvnvi Dˇi `ywU-PviwU PwU PwU Bs‡iwR Le‡ii KvMR wjwLe| mKj †`k Amxg Kv‡ji c‡U wbR wbR
bvg Lyw`‡Z‡Q| evOvwji bvg wK †Kej `iLv‡¯—i wØZxq cv‡ZB †jLv _vwK‡e| Ro A`„‡ói mwnZ

29. 24 gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨
gvbevZ¥vi msMÖvg Pwj‡Z‡Q, ˆmwbKw`M‡K AvnŸvb Kwiqv c„w_exi w`‡K w`‡K k•LaŸwb evwRqv
DwVqv‡Q, Avgiv wK †Kej Avgv‡`i DVv‡bi gvPvi DciKvi jvD-Kzgov jBqv gKÏgv Ges Avwcj
PvjvB‡Z _vwKe|
eû ermi bxie _vwKqv e½‡`‡ki cÖvY fwiqv DwVqv‡Q| Zvnv‡K Avcbvi fvlvq GKevi Avcbvi K_vwU
ewj‡Z `vI| evOvwj-K‡Éi mwnZ wgwjqv wek¦msMxZ gayiZi nBqv DwV‡e|
kãv_© I UxKv : K‡j−vj- †XD, k•L- kvgy‡Ki †Lvjm, Dj−•Nb- cvi nIqv, j•Nb Kiv, Ag„Z‡jvK-
¯^M©, †e‡nkZ, ˆKjvm- wn›`y a‡g©i †`eZv wk‡ei evm¯’vb wn‡m‡e ewY©Z wngvjq ce©‡Zi DuPz ¯’vb,
wke‡jvK|
cvV cwiwPwZ : jvB‡eªwi iex›`ªªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ GKwU weL¨vZ cÖeÜ| G cÖe‡Ü iex›`ªbv_ jvB‡eªwii
¸i“Z¡ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| wZwb jvB‡eªwi‡K gnvmg~‡`ªi K‡j−vj aŸwbi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| †Kbbv,
jvB‡eªwi‡Z gvbevZ¥vi aŸwbivwk eB‡qi cvZvq e›`x n‡q _v‡K| eB‡qi †fZi w`‡qB Avgiv AvKv‡ki
ˆ`eevYx †_‡K gvnvZ¥v‡`i K_v †c‡q _vwK| huv‡`i mvwbœa¨ Avgv‡`i KLbB cvIqv m¤¢e bq,eB‡qi
†fZi w`‡qB Avgiv Zv‡`i †c‡Z cvwi| eB Avgv‡`i AZx‡Zi mv‡_ †mZyeÜ M‡o †`q| G eB‡qi
¯’vb n‡jv jvB‡eªwi| G jvB‡eªwi‡ZB gvbe ü`‡qi DÌvbcZ‡bi kã †kvbv hvq| jvB‡eªwi‡Z mKj
c‡_i mKj g‡Zi gvby‡li mw¤§jb N‡U| jvB‡eªwii gn‡Ë¡i K_v eY©bv K‡i †jLK e‡j‡Qb- RM‡Zi
D‡Ï‡k¨ wK Avgv‡`iI wKQz ejvi bvB? Avgiv wK †Kej Zz”Q welq wb‡q Kjn K‡i †eov‡ev| †jLK
†k‡l Avkv e¨³ K‡i e‡j‡Qb- evOvwjiv †R‡M D‡V‡Q| ZvivI Avcb fvlvq wj‡L we‡k¦i ÁvbfvÊvi
mg„× K‡i Zzj‡e|
Abykxjbx
Kg©-Abykxjb
1. †Zvgvi GjvKvi ev †Zvgvi †`Lv ev Zzwg e¨envi Ki Ggb GKwU cvVvMvi ev jvB‡eªwii cwiPq
`vI|
2. †Zvgv‡`i ¯‹z‡ji cvVvMviwU Kxfv‡e Av‡iv Dbœqb Kiv hvq- †m wel‡q cÖ¯—ve `vI|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| ÔjvB‡eªwiÕ cÖe‡Ü gnvmgy‡`ªi kZ erm‡ii K‡j−v‡ji mv‡_ †KvbwU‡K Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb ?
K. gvbevZ¥vi L. Av‡jv‡Ki
M. jvB‡eªwii N. msMxZ‡K
2| ÔjvB‡eªwiÕ cÖe‡Ü Ômnmª c‡_i †PŠgv_vÕ Ñ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ?
K. eû Áv‡bi mw¤§jb M. eû ü`‡qi mw¤§jb
L. eû iv¯—vi mw¤§jb N. eû Rxe‡bi mw¤§jb
DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
wn›`y gymjgvb evsjvi evOvwj Rb¥g„Zz¨i e܇b Awfbœ Avcb mËv|

30. gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨ 25
3| DÏxc‡K †h welqe¯‘i Bw½Z i‡q‡Q Zv ÔjvB‡eªwiÕ cÖe‡Üi †h Pi‡Y e¨³ n‡q‡Q Ñ
i. RxweZ I g„Z e¨w³i ü`q cvkvcvwk GK cvovq evm Kwi‡Z‡Q
ii. ev` I cÖwZev` GLv‡b `yB fvB‡qi gZ GKm‡½ _v‡K
iii. mÜvb I Avwe®‹vi GLv‡b †`‡n †`‡n jq nBqv evm K‡i
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i L. iii
M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii
4| Bw½Zgq welqe¯‘wU n‡jv Ñ
K. wnsmv L. we‡Øl
M. msnwZ N. N„Yv
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
GKR‡bi c‡¶ me©we`¨v wekvi` nIqv Am¤¢e| †mRb¨ G‡KKRb G‡KK wel‡q cvi`wk©Zv jvf K‡i|
Avevi †h e¨w³ †h we`¨vq cvi`wk©Zv jvf K‡i Zvi meUzKz Ávb gw¯—‡®‹ aviY KivI GKR‡bi c‡¶
m¤¢e nq bv| ZvB cÖ‡qvRb Ggb †Kvb Dcvq D™¢ve‡bi, hvi e‡`Šj‡Z `iKvi Abyhvqx mg¯— wel‡q
GKUv †gvUvgywU Ávb jvf Kiv hvq| †mB †_‡K cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q Ávb msi¶‡Yi|
K. Kx‡mi g‡a¨ mgy‡`ªi kã ïbv hvq ?
L. ÔRxweZ I g„Z e¨w³i ü`q cvkvcvwk GK cvovq evm Kwi‡Z‡QÕ Ñ K_vwU eywS‡q ej|
M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z Ávb msi¶‡Yi KviYwU ÔjvB‡eªwiÕ cÖe‡Üi Av‡jv‡K Zy‡j ai|
N. Ôgvbe ü`‡qi eb¨v‡K †eu‡a ivLvi cÖ‡qvRbxq w`KwUB †hb DÏxcK I jvB‡eªwi cÖe‡Üi g~j
e³e¨Õ Ñ we‡k−lY Ki|

31. 26 gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨
†`bvcvIbv
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
cuvP †Q‡ji ci hLb GK Kb¨v Rwb¥j ZLb evc-gv‡q A‡bK Av`i Kwiqv Zvnvi bvg ivwL‡jb
wbi~cgv| G †Mvôx‡Z Ggb †kŠwLb bvg BwZc~‡e© KLbI †kvbv hvq bvB| cÖvq VvKzi-†`eZvi bvgB
cÖPwjZ wQjÑM‡Yk KvwZ©K cve©Zx Zvnvi D`vniY|
GLb wbiƒcgvi weev‡ni cÖ¯—ve Pwj‡Z‡Q| Zvnvi wcZv ivgmy›`i wgÎ A‡bK †LuvR K‡ib wKš‘ cvÎ
wKQz‡ZB g‡bi gZb nq bv| Ae‡k‡l g¯— GK ivqevnv`y‡ii N‡ii GKgvÎ †Q‡j‡K mÜvb Kwiqv evwni
Kwiqv‡Qb| D³ ivqevnv`y‡ii ˆcZ…K welq-Avkq hw`I A‡bK n«vm nBqv Avwmqv‡Q wKš‘ e‡b`x Ni
e‡U|
eic¶ nB‡Z `k nvRvi UvKv cY Ges eûj `vbmvgMÖx Pvwnqv ewmj| ivgmy›`i wKQzgvÎ we‡ePbv bv
Kwiqv Zvnv‡ZB m¤§Z nB‡jb : Ggb cvÎ †Kv‡bvg‡Z nvZQvov Kiv hvq bv|
wKQz‡ZB UvKvi †RvMvo Avi nq bv| euvav w`qv, weµq Kwiqv, A‡bK †Póv‡ZI nvRvi Qq-mvZ evwK
iwnj| G w`‡K weev‡ni w`b wbKU nBqv Avwmqv‡Q|
Ae‡k‡l weev‡ni w`b Dcw¯’Z nBj| wbZvš— AwZwi³ my‡` GKRb evwK UvKvUv avi w`‡Z ¯^xKvi
KwiqvwQj, wKš‘ mgqKv‡j †m Dcw¯’Z nBj bv| weevnmfvq GKUv Zzgyj †Mvj‡hvM evwaqv †Mj|
ivgmy›`i Avgv‡`i ivqevnv`y‡ii nv‡Z-cv‡q awiqv ewj‡jb, ÔïfKvh© m¤úbœ nBqv hvK, Avwg wbðq
UvKvUv †kva Kwiqv w`e|Õ ivqevnv`yi ewj‡jb, ÔUvKv nv‡Z bv cvB‡j ei mfv¯’ Kiv hvB‡e bv|Õ
GB `yN©Ubvq Aš—tcy‡i GKUv Kvbœv cwoqv †Mj| GB ¸i“Zi wec‡`i †h g~j KviY †m †Pwj cwiqv,
Mnbv cwiqv, Kcv‡j P›`b †jwcqv Pzc Kwiqv ewmqv Av‡Q| fvex k¦ïiKz‡ji cÖwZ †h Zvnvi Lye-GKUv
fw³ wKsev AbyivM Rwb¥‡Z‡Q, Zvnv ejv hvq bv|
BwZg‡a¨ GKUv myweav nBj| ei mnmv Zvnvi wcZ…‡`‡ei Aeva¨ nBqv DwVj| †m evc‡K ewjqv ewmj,
Ô†Kbv‡ePv-`i`v‡gi K_v Avwg eywS bv; weevn Kwi‡Z AvwmqvwQ, weevn Kwiqv hvBe|Õ
evc hvnv‡K †`wLj Zvnv‡KB ewjj, Ô†`‡L‡Qb gnvkq, AvRKvjKvi †Q‡j‡`i e¨envi ?Õ `yB-GKRb
cÖexY †jvK wQj, Zvnviv ewjj, Ôkv¯¿wk¶v bxwZwk¶v G‡Kev‡i bvB, Kv‡RB|Õ
eZ©gvb wk¶vi welgq dj wb‡Ri mš—v‡bi g‡a¨ cÖZ¨¶ Kwiqv ivqevnv`yi n‡Zv`¨g nBqv ewmqv
iwn‡jb| weevn GKcÖKvi welYœ wbivb›`fv‡e m¤úbœ nBqv †Mj|
k¦ïievwo hvBevi mgq wbi~cgv‡K ey‡K Uvwbqv jBqv evc Avi †Pv‡Li Rj ivwL‡Z cvwi‡jb bv| wbiy
wRÁvmv Kwij, ÔZviv wK Avi Avgv‡K Avm‡Z †`‡e bv, evev ?Õ ivgmy›`i ewj‡jb, Ô†Kb Avm‡Z †`‡e
bv gv| Avwg †Zvgv‡K wb‡q Avme|Õ
ivgmy›`i cÖvqB †g‡q‡K †`wL‡Z hvb wKš‘ †envBevwo‡Z Zuvi †Kv‡bv cÖwZcwË wQj bv| PvKi¸‡jv ch©š—
Zuvnv‡K wbPz bR‡i †`‡L| Aš—tcy‡ii evwn‡i GKUv ¯^Zš¿ N‡i cuvP wgwb‡Ui Rb¨ †Kv‡bvw`b ev †g‡q‡K
†`wL‡Z cvb, †Kv‡bv w`b-ev †`wL‡Z cvb bv|

32. gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨ 27
KzUz¤^M„‡n Ggb Kwiqv Avi Acgvb †Zv mn¨ nq bv| ivgmy›`i w¯’i Kwi‡jb, †hgb Kwiqv nDK UvKvUv
†kva Kwiqv w`‡Z nB‡e|
wKš‘ †h FYfvi Kuv‡a Pvwcqv‡Q ZvnviB fvi mvgjv‡bv `ytmva¨| LiPc‡Îi AZ¨š— UvbvUvwb cwoqv‡Q
Ges cvIbv`vi‡`i `„wóc_ GovBevi Rb¨ me©`vB bvbvi~c nxb †KŠkj Aej¤^b Kwi‡Z nB‡Z‡Q|
G w`‡K k¦ïievwo DwV‡Z ewm‡Z †g‡q‡K †LuvUv jvMvB‡Z‡Q| wcZ…M„‡ni wb›`v ïwbqv N‡i Øvi w`qv
AkÖ“wemR©b Zvnvi wbZ¨wµqvi g‡a¨ `uvovBqv‡Q|
we‡klZ kvïwoi Av‡µvk Avi wKQz‡ZB †g‡U bv| hw` †Kn e‡j, ÔAvnv Kx kÖx| eD‡qi gyLLvwb
†`wL‡j †PvL RyovBqv hvq|Õ kvïwo SsKvi w`qv DwVqv e‡j, ÔkÖx †Zv fvwi| †hgb N‡ii †g‡q †Zgwb
kÖx|Õ
GgbwK, eD‡qi LvIqvciviI hZœ nq bv| hw` †Kv‡bv `qvciZš¿ cÖwZ‡ewkbx †Kv‡bv ΓwUi D‡j−L
K‡i, kvïwo e‡j, ÔIB †Xi n‡q‡Q|Õ A_©vr, evc hw` cyiv `vg w`Z †Zv †g‡q cyiv hZœ cvBZ| mK‡jB
Ggb fve †`Lvq †hb ea~i GLv‡b †Kv‡bv AwaKvi bvB, duvwK w`qv cÖ‡ek Kwiqv‡Q|
†eva nq, Kb¨vi GB-mKj Abv`i Ges Acgv‡bi K_v ev‡ci Kv‡b wMqv _vwK‡e| ZvB ivgmy›`i
Ae‡k‡l emZevwo weµ‡qi †Póv Kwi‡Z jvwM‡jb|
wKš‘ †Q‡j‡`i †h M„nnxb Kwi‡Z ewmqv‡Qb †m K_v Zvnv‡`i wbKU nB‡Z †Mvc‡b ivwL‡jb| w¯’i
KwiqvwQ‡jb, evwo weµq Kwiqv †mB evwo fvov jBqv evm Kwi‡eb; Ggb †KŠk‡j Pwj‡eb †h, Zvunvi
g„Zz¨i c~‡e© G K_v †Q‡jiv Rvwb‡Z cvwi‡e bv|
wKš‘ †Q‡jiv Rvwb‡Z cvwij| mK‡j Avwmqv Kuvw`qv cwoj| we‡klZ e‡ov wZbwU †Q‡j weevwnZ Ges
Zvnv‡`i Kvnv‡iv-ev mš—vb Av‡Q| Zv‡`i AvcwË AZ¨š— ¸i“Zi nBqv `uvovBj, evwo weµq ¯’wMZ nBj|
ZLb ivgmy›`i bvbv ¯’vb nB‡Z we¯—i my‡` Aí Aí Kwiqv UvKv avi Kwi‡Z jvwM‡jb| Ggb nBj †h,
msmv‡ii LiP Avi P‡j bv|
wbiy ev‡ci gyL †`wLqv me eywS‡Z cvwij| e„‡×i cK¡ †K‡k, ﮋ gy‡L Ges m`¨msKzwPZ fv‡e ˆ`b¨
Ges `ywðš—v cÖKvk nBqv cwoj| †g‡qi Kv‡Q hLb evc Acivax ZLb †m Aciv‡ai AbyZvc wK Avi
†Mvcb ivLv hvq| ivgmy›`i hLb †envBevwoi AbygwZµ‡g ¶YKv‡ji Rb¨ Kb¨vi mv¶vrjvf Kwi‡Zb
ZLb ev‡ci eyK †h †Kgb Kwiqv dv‡U Zvnv Zuvnvi nvwm †`wL‡jB †Ui cvIqv hvBZ|
†mB e¨w_Z wcZ…ü`q‡K mvš—¦bv w`evi D‡Ï‡k¨ w`bKZK ev‡ci evwo hvBevi Rb¨ wbiy wbZvš— Aaxi
nBqv DwVqv‡Q| ev‡ci ¤−vb gyL †`wLqv †m Avi `~‡i _vwK‡Z cv‡i bv| GKw`b ivgmy›`i‡K Kwnj,
Ôevev, Avgv‡K GKevi evwo jBqv hvI|Õ ivgmy›`i ewj‡jb, ÔAv”Qv|Õ
wKš‘ Zuvnvi †Kv‡bv †Rvi bvBÑ wb‡Ri Kb¨vi Dc‡i wcZvi †h ¯^vfvweK AwaKvi Av‡Q Zvnv †hb c‡Yi
UvKvi cwie‡Z© eÜK ivwL‡Z nBqv‡Q| GgbwK, Kb¨vi `k©b †mI AwZ mms‡Kv‡P wf¶v Pvwn‡Z nq
Ges mgqwe‡k‡l wbivk nB‡j wØZxq K_vwU Kwnevi gyL _v‡K bv|
wKš‘ †g‡q Avcwb evwo Avwm‡Z Pvwn‡j evc Zvnv‡K bv Avwbqv †Kgb Kwiqv _v‡K, ZvB, †envB‡qi
wbKU †m m¤^‡Ü `iLv¯— †ck Kwievi c~‡e© ivgmy›`i KZ nxbZv, KZ Acgvb, KZ ¶wZ ¯^xKvi Kwiqv
†h wZbwU nvRvi UvKv msMÖn KwiqvwQ‡jb, †m BwZnvm †Mvcb _vKvB fv‡jv|

33. 28 gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨
†bvU-KLvwb i“gv‡j RovBqv Pv`‡i euvwaqv ivgmy›`i †envB‡qi wbKU wMqv ewm‡jb| cÖ_‡g nvm¨gy‡L
cvovi Lei cvwo‡jb| n‡iK…‡òi evwo‡Z GKUv g¯— Pzwi nBqv wMqv‡Q, Zvnvi A‡`¨vcvš— weeiY
ewj‡jb; bexbgvae I ivavgvae `yB fvB‡qi Zzjbv Kwiqv we`¨veyw× I ¯^fve m¤^‡Ü ivavgva‡ei
myL¨vwZ Ges bexbgva‡ei wb›`v Kwi‡jb; kn‡i GKUv bZzb e¨v‡gv Avwmqv‡Q, †m m¤^‡Ü A‡bK
AvRMwe Av‡jvPbv Kwi‡jb; Ae‡k‡l ûuKvwU bvgvBqv ivwLqv K_vq K_vq ewj‡jb, Ônuv nuv, †envB, †mB
UvKvUv evwK Av‡Q e‡U| †ivRB g‡b Kwi, hvw”Q Agwb nv‡Z K‡i wKQz wb‡q hvB, wKš‘ mgqKv‡j g‡b
_v‡K bv| Avi fvB, ey‡ov n‡q c‡owQ|Õ Ggwb GK `xN© f~wgKv Kwiqv cćii wZbLvwb Aw¯’i g‡Zv
†mB wZbLvwb †bvU †hb AwZ mn‡R AwZ Ae‡n‡j evwni Kwi‡jb| m‡egvÎ wZb nvRvi UvKvi †bvU
†`wLqv ivqevnv`yi AÆnvm¨ Kwiqv DwV‡jb|
ewj‡jb, Ô_vK, †envB, I‡Z Avgvi KvR †bB|Õ GKUv cÖPwjZ evsjv cÖev‡`i D‡j−L Kwiqv ewj‡jb,
mvgvb¨ Kvi‡Y nv‡Z `yM©Ü Kwi‡Z wZwb Pvb bv|
GB NUbvi c‡i †g‡q‡K evwo Avwbevi cÖ¯—ve KvnviI gy‡L Av‡m bv Ñ †Kej ivgmy›`i fvwe‡jb, Ô†m-
mKj KzUzw¤^Zvi ms‡KvP Avgv‡K Avi †kvfv cvq bv|Õ gg©vnZfv‡e A‡bK¶Y Pzc Kwiqv _vwKqv
Ae‡k‡l g„`y¯^‡i K_vUv cvwo‡jb| ivqevnv`yi †Kv‡bv KviYgvÎ D‡j−L bv Kwiqv ewj‡jb, Ô†m GLb
n‡”Q bv|Õ GB ewjqv K‡g©vcj‡¶ ¯’vbvš—‡i Pwjqv †M‡jb|
ivgmy›`i †g‡qi Kv‡Q gyL bv †`LvBqv Kw¤úZ n‡¯— K‡qKLvwb †bvU Pv`‡ii cÖv‡š— euvwaqv evwo wdwiqv
†M‡jb| g‡b g‡b cÖwZÁv Kwi‡jb, hZw`b bv mg¯— UvKv †kva Kwiqv w`qv Ams‡Kv‡P Kb¨vi Dc‡i
`vwe Kwi‡Z cvwi‡eb ZZw`b Avi †envBevwo hvB‡eb bv|
eûw`b †Mj| wbi~cgv †jv‡Ki Dci †jvK cvVvq wKš‘ ev‡ci †`Lv cvq bv| Ae‡k‡l Awfgvb Kwiqv
†jvK cvVv‡bv eÜ KwijÑZLb ivgmy›`‡ii g‡b e‡ov AvNvZ jvwMj, wKš‘ Zey †M‡jb bv|
Avwk¦b gvm Avwmj| ivgmy›`i ewj‡jb, ÔGevi c~Rvi mgq gv‡K N‡i AvwbeB, bwn‡j Avwg ÑÕ| Lye
GKUv k³iKg kc_ Kwi‡jb|
cÂgx wK lôxi w`‡b Avevi Pv`‡ii cÖv‡š— ¸wUKZK †bvU euvwaqv ivgmy›`i hvÎvi D‡`¨vM Kwi‡jb|
cuvP erm‡ii GK bvwZ Avwmqv ewjj, Ô`v`v, Avgvi R‡b¨ Mvwo wKb‡Z hvw”Qm ?Õ eûw`b nB‡Z Zvnvi
†VjvMvwo‡Z Pwoqv nvIqv LvBevi kL nBqv‡Q, wKš‘ wKQz‡ZB Zvnv wgwUevi Dcvq nB‡Z‡Q bv| Qq
erm‡ii GK bvwZwb Avwmqv m‡iv`‡b Kwnj, c~Rvi wbgš¿‡Y hvBevi g‡Zv Zvnvi GKLvwbI fv‡jv
Kvco bvB|
ivgmy›`i Zvnv Rvwb‡Zb Ges †m m¤^‡Ü ZvgvK LvB‡Z LvB‡Z e„× A‡bK wPš—v Kwiqv‡Qb|
ivqevnv`y‡ii evwo hLb c~Rvi wbgš¿Y nB‡e ZLb Zuvnvi ea~MY‡K AwZ hrmvgvb¨ AjsKv‡i AbyMÖncvÎ
`wi‡`ªi g‡Zv hvB‡Z nB‡e, G K_v ¯§iY Kwiqv wZwb A‡bK `xN©wbk¦vm †dwjqv‡Qb; wKš‘ Zvnv‡Z
Zuvnvi jjv‡Ui eva©K¨‡iLv MfxiZi Aw¼Z nIqv Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv dj nq bvB|
ˆ`b¨cxwoZ M„‡ni µ›`baŸwb Kv‡b jBqv e„× Zuvnvi †envBevwo‡Z cÖ‡ek Kwi‡jb| AvR Zuvnvi †m
ms‡KvPfve bvB; Øvii¶x Ges f…Z¨‡`i gy‡Li cÖwZ †m PwKZ mj¾ `„wócvZ `~i nBqv wMqv‡Q, †hb
Avcbvi M„‡n cÖ‡ek Kwi‡jb| ïwb‡jb, ivqevnv`yi N‡i bvB, wKQz¶Y A‡c¶v Kwi‡Z nB‡e| g‡bi
D”Q¡vm mseiY Kwi‡Z bv cvwiqv ivgmy›`i Kb¨vi mwnZ mv¶vr Kwi‡jb| Avb‡›` `yB †PvL w`qv Rj
cwo‡Z jvwMj| evcI Kuv‡`, †g‡qI Kuv‡`; `yBR‡b †Kn Avi K_v Kwn‡Z cv‡i bv| Ggb Kwiqv
wKQz¶Y †Mj| Zvi c‡i ivgmy›`i Kwn‡jb, ÔGevi †Zv‡K wb‡q hvw”Q gv| Avi †Kv‡bv †Mvj bvB|Õ

34. gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨ 29
Ggb mgq ivgmy›`‡ii †R¨ôcyÎ ni‡gvnb Zuvnvi `ywU †Qv‡Uv †Q‡j m‡½ jBqv mnmv N‡i cÖ‡ek
Kwi‡jb| wcZv‡K ewj‡jb, Ôevev, Avgv‡`i Z‡e Gevi c‡_ fvmv‡j ?Õ
ivgmy›`i mnmv AwMœg~wZ© nBqv ewj‡jb, Ô†Zv‡`i Rb¨ wK Avwg biKMvgx ne| Avgv‡K †Zviv Avgvi
mZ¨ cvjb Ki‡Z w`we †b ?Õ ivgmy›`i evwo weµq Kwiqv ewmqv Av‡Qb; †Q‡jiv wKQz‡Z bv Rvwb‡Z
cvq Zvnvi A‡bK e¨e¯’v KwiqvwQ‡jb, wKš‘ Zey Zvnviv Rvwbqv‡Q †`wLqv Zvnv‡`i cÖwZ nVvr AZ¨š—
i“ó I wei³ nBqv DwV‡jb|
Zuvnvi bvwZ Zuvnvi `yB nuvUz me‡j RovBqv awiqv gyL Zzwjqv Kwnj, Ô`v`v, Avgv‡K Mvwo wK‡b w`‡j bv?Õ
bZwki ivgmy›`‡ii Kv‡Q evjK †Kv‡bv DËi bv cvBqv wbi“i Kv‡Q wMqv Kwnj, Ôwcwmgv, Avgv‡K
GKLvbv Mvwo wK‡b †`‡e ?Õ
wbi~cgv mg¯— e¨vcvi eywS‡Z cvwiqv Kwnj, Ôevev, Zzwg hw` Avi GK cqmv Avgvi k¦ïi‡K `vI Zv n‡j
Avi †Zvgvi †g‡q‡K †`L‡Z cv‡e bv, GB †Zvgvi Mv Quy‡q ejjyg|Õ
ivgmy›`i ewj‡jb, ÔwQ gv, Agb K_v ej‡Z †bB| Avi G UvKvUv hw` Avwg bv w`‡Z cvwi Zvn‡j †Zvi
ev‡ci Acgvb, Avi †ZviI Acgvb|Õ
wbi~ Kwnj, ÔUvKv hw` `vI Z‡eB Acgvb| †Zvgvi †g‡qi wK †Kv‡bv gh©v`v †bB| Avwg wK †Kej
GKUv UvKvi _wj, hZ¶Y UvKv Av‡Q ZZ¶Y Avgvi `vg ! bv evev, G UvKv w`‡q Zzwg Avgv‡K Acgvb
†Kv‡iv bv| ZvQvov Avgvi ¯^vgx †Zv G UvKv Pvb bv|Õ
ivgmy›`i Kwn‡jb, ÔZv n‡j †Zvgv‡K †h‡Z †`‡e bv, gv|Õ
wbi~cgv Kwnj, Ôbv †`q †Zv Kx Ki‡e e‡jv| ZzwgI Avi wb‡q †h‡Z †P‡qv bv|Õ
ivgmy›`i Kw¤úZ n‡¯— †bvUevuav Pv`iwU Kuv‡a Zzwjqv Avevi †Pv‡ii g‡Zv mK‡ji `„wó GovBqv evwo
wdwiqv †M‡jb|
wKš‘ ivgmy›`i GB †h UvKv AvwbqvwQ‡jb Ges Kb¨vi wb‡l‡a †m UvKv bv w`qvB Pwjqv wMqv‡Qb, †m
K_v †Mvcb iwnj bv| †Kv‡bv ¯^fve‡KŠZ~njx ØvijMœKY© `vmx wbiyi kvïwo‡K GB Lei w`j| ïwbqv
Zuvnvi Avi Av‡µv‡ki mxgv iwnj bv|
wbi~cgvi c‡¶ Zvnvi k¦ïievwo kikh¨v nBqv DwVj| G w`‡K Zvnvi ¯^vgx weev‡ni Aíw`b c‡iB
†WcywU g¨vwR‡÷ªU nBqv †`kvš—i Pwjqv wMqv‡Q Ges cv‡Q msmM©‡`v‡l nxbZv wk¶v nq GB IR‡i
m¤úªwZ ev‡ci evwoi AvZ¥xq‡`i mwnZ wbiyi mv¶vrKvi m¤ú~Y© wbwl× nBqv‡Q|
GB mg‡q wbiyi GKUv ¸i“Zi cxov nBj| wKš‘ †mRb¨ Zvnvi kvïwo‡K m¤ú~Y© †`vl †`Iqv hvq bv|
kix‡ii cÖwZ †m AZ¨š— Ae‡njv KwiZ| KvwZ©K gv‡mi wn‡gi mgq mg¯— ivZ gv_vi `iRv †Lvjv,
kx‡Zi mgq Mv‡q Kvco bvB| Avnv‡ii wbqg bvB| `vmxiv hLb gv‡S gv‡S Lvevi Avwb‡Z fzwjqv
hvBZ ZLb †h Zvnv‡`i GKevi gyL Lywjqv ¯§iY KivBqv †`Iqv, ZvnvI †m KwiZ bv| †m c‡ii N‡ii
`vm`vmx Ges KZ©vM„wnYx‡`i AbyMÖ‡ni Dci wbf©i Kwiqv evm Kwi‡Z‡Q, GB ms¯‹vi Zvnvi g‡b e×g~j
nB‡ZwQj| wKš‘ Gi~c fveUvI kvïwoi mn¨ nBZ bv| hw` Avnv‡ii cÖwZ ea~i †Kv‡bv Ae‡njv
†`wL‡Zb Z‡e kvïwo ewj‡Zb, Ôbev‡ei evwoi †g‡q wKbv! Mwi‡ei N‡ii Abœ Iui gy‡L †iv‡P bv|Õ
KL‡bv-ev ewj‡Zb, Ô†`‡Lv-bv GKevi, wQwi n‡”Q, †`‡Lv bv, w`‡b w`‡b †hb †cvovKvV n‡q hv‡”Q|Õ
†ivM hLb ¸i“Zi nBqv DwVj ZLb kvïwo ewj‡jb, ÔIi mg¯— b¨vKvwg|Õ Ae‡k‡l GKw`b wbiy
mweb‡q kvïwo‡Z ewjj, Ôevev‡K Avi Avgvi fvB‡`i GKevi †`Le, gv|Õ

35. 30 gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨
kvïwo ewj‡jb, Ô†Kej ev‡ci evwo hvBevi Qj|Õ
†Kn ewj‡j wek¦vm Kwi‡e bvÑ †hw`b mܨvi mgq wbiyi k¦vm Dcw¯’Z nBj †mBw`b cÖ_g Wv³vi †`wLj
Ges †mBw`b Wv³v‡ii †`Lv †kl nBj|
evwoi e‡ov eD gwiqv‡Q, Lye ayg Kwiqv A‡š—¨wówµqv m¤úbœ nBj| cÖwZgv-wemR©‡bi mgv‡ivn m¤^‡Ü
†Rjvi g‡a¨ ivq‡PŠayix‡`i †hgb †jvKweL¨vZ cÖwZcwË Av‡Q, e‡oveD‡qi mrKvi m¤^‡Ü
ivqevnv`yi‡`i †Zgwb GKwU L¨vwZ iwUqv †MjÑ Ggb P›`bKv‡ôi wPZv G gyjy‡K †Kn KLbI †`‡L
bvB| Ggb NUv Kwiqv kÖv×I †Kej ivqevnv`yi‡`i evwo‡ZB m¤¢e, Ges ïbv hvq, Bnv‡Z Zuvnv‡`i
wKwÂZ FY nBqvwQj|
ivgmy›`i‡K mvš—¦bv w`evi mgq, Zvnvi †g‡qi †h wKi~c gnvmgv‡iv‡n g„Zz¨ nBqv‡Q, mK‡jB Zvnvi
eûj eY©bv Kwij|
G w`‡K †WcywU g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui wPwV Avwmj, ÔAvwg GLv‡b mg¯— e‡›`ve¯— Kwiqv jBqvwQ, AZGe Awej‡¤^
Avgvi ¯¿x‡K GLv‡b cvVvB‡e|Õ ivqevnv`y‡ii gwnlx wjwL‡jb, Ôevev †Zvgvi R‡b¨ Avi-GKwU †g‡qi
m¤^Ü KwiqvwQ, AZGe Awej‡¤^ QzwU jBqv-GLv‡b Avwm‡e|Õ
Gev‡i wek nvRvi UvKv cY Ges nv‡Z nv‡Z Av`vq|
kãv_© I UxKv : ivqevnv`yi Ñ weªwUk Avg‡ji miKvwi †LZve, ivRvi g‡Zv m¤£vš— I cÖZvckvjx e¨w³;
Zzgyj Ñ cÖej, †NviZi, fqvbK; AbyivM Ñ Avmw³, cÖxwZ, †mvnvM, ggZv; n‡Zv`¨g Ñ wbi“`¨g,
D`¨gnxb; cÖwZcwË Ñ m¤§vb, gh©v`v, cÖfve; †LuvUv Ñ MÄbv, wb›`v, †`v‡li cÖwZ Bw½Z; wbZ¨wµqv Ñ
ˆ`bw›`b Kg©, cÖwZw`‡bi KvR; Av‡µvk Ñ we‡Øl, †µva; SsKvi Ñ ¸Äb, exYv BZ¨vw` ev`¨hš¿vw`i
kã; `qvciZš¿ Ñ `qv`ª©, `qvi ekxf~Z; AvRMwe Ñ A™¢yZ, Awek¦vm¨; cÄi Ñ cuvRi, ey‡Ki nv‡oi
LuvPv; m‡iv`‡b Ñ †Ku‡` †Ku‡`; ¯^fve‡KŠZ~njx ØvijMœKY© Ñ Avov‡j Ae¯’vb K‡i A‡b¨i K‡_vcK_b
†kvbv; kikh¨v Ñ g„Zz¨kh¨v; e‡›`ve¯— Ñ e¨e¯’v, Av‡qvRb|
cvV cwiwPwZ : iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ÔMí¸”QÕ †_‡K †`bvcvIbv MíwU msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| wb¤œga¨weË
cwiev‡ii ivgmy›`i cuvP cyÎ Ges GK Kb¨vi RbK| Av`‡ii Kb¨v cÖZvckvjx ivqevnv`y‡ii GKgvÎ
cy‡Îi m‡½ we‡q †`qv nq| we‡qi mgq cv‡Îi wcZv ivqevnv`yi `k nvRvi UvKv bM`mn Ab¨vb¨
mvgMÖx we‡qi †hŠZzK wn‡m‡e `vwe K‡ib| Kb¨vi evc ivwR nb| we‡qi mgq bM` A_© evwK c‡o hvq|
ïi“ nq wcZv I Kb¨vi Ici gvbwmK wbh©vZb| wbi~cgvi AvZ¥wemR©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q †kl nq Avgv‡`i
mgv‡Ri GB fqven e¨vwai Kvwnbx| iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii `i`x nv‡Z G M‡íi Kvwnbx Avgv‡`i n„`q
¯úk© K‡i Ges hviv †hŠZzK MÖnY K‡i Zv‡`i cÖwZ GKai‡bi N„Yvi Rb¥ †`q|
Abykxjbx
Kg©-Abykxjb
1. †hŠZzK cÖ_vi Kzdj¸‡jv wj‡L GKwU PvU© ˆZwi Ki|
2. †Zvgvi Rvbv †hŠZzK cÖ_vi wkKvi †Kv‡bv †g‡qi Kvwnbx wjL|
3. Ô†hŠZzK MÖnY Kiv DwPr bqÕÑ mc‡¶ AviI hyw³ cÖ`k©b K‡i GKwU cÖeÜ †jL|

36. gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨ 31
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| ivgmy›`i †Kvb gv‡m †g‡q‡K N‡i Avbvi cÖwZÁv K‡ib ?
K. fv`ª L. Avwk¦b
M. KvwZ©K N. AMÖnvqY
2| Ôkv¯¿wk¶v, bxwZwk¶v G‡Kev‡i bvBÕ GK_v ejvi KviY Kx ?
K. gy‡L gy‡L K_v ejvq
L. agx©q wewawb‡la bv gvbvq
M. c‡Yi UvKv D‡c¶v Kivq
N. evevi Ag‡Z we‡q Kivq
DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
Mwb wgqv GKRb K…lK| B‡Zvg‡a¨ Pvlvev` K‡i Avw_©K Ae¯’vi A‡bK DbœwZ K‡i‡Q| GKgvÎ
†Q‡ji we‡q †`qvi wPš—v Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ Pviw`K †_‡K A‡bK cÖ¯—ve Avm‡Z ïi“ Kij| MÖv‡gi
†jvKRb aij aygav‡gi mv‡_ we‡qi Drme cvj‡bi Rb¨| Avi G‡Z Mwb wgqv‡K Pov my‡` avi
Ki‡Z n‡jv †gvUv As‡Ki UvKv| GKmgq mewKQz nvwi‡q Avevi †m wbt¯^ n‡q hvq|
3| DÏxc‡Ki Mwb wgqvi mv‡_ Ô†`bv cvIbvÕ M‡íi ivgmy›`‡ii mv`„k¨c~Y© w`K n‡jv Ñ
i. A`~i`wk© cwiKíbv
ii. FYMÖ¯— Ae¯’v
iii. mš—vbevrmj¨
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
4| ivgmy›`i †Kvb w`K w`‡q Mwb wgqv †_‡K ¯^Zš¿ ?
K. f~m¤úwË L. AvwacZ¨
M. †jvf N. Avc¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
ˆngyi evev †ckvq Aa¨vcK| Zuvi GKgvÎ †g‡q‡K †eŠ K‡i N‡i Zzj‡Z A‡b‡Ki AvMÖn| Zv‡`i wek¦vm
ˆngyi evevi mg¯— m¤úwËi gvwjK n‡e ney ei| G jovB‡q weRqx n‡jv Ac~e©‡`i cwievi| k¦ïi
evwo‡Z eD‡qi gh©v`v A‡kl| GKmgq Zviv Rvb‡Z †cj, AMva abm¤úwË `~‡i _vK, †g‡qi we‡q‡Z
evev †gvUv As‡Ki FY K‡i‡Qb| G‡Z k¦ïi evwo‡Z ˆngyi cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv Ges Zvi evevi cÖwZ
kÖ×vfw³i GZUzKz NvUwZ KL‡bvB †`Lv †`q wb| eis Zuv‡K FY †_‡K gyw³ †`qvi Rb¨ GwM‡q hvq
ˆngyi k¦ïi|
K. wbi~cgvi we‡q‡Z eic¶ KZ UvKv cY †P‡qwQj ?
L. ÔeZ©gvb wk¶vi welgq djÕ ej‡Z †jLK Kx eywS‡q‡Qb ?
M. DÏxc‡Ki ˆngyi evevi mv‡_ †`bv cvIbv M‡íi wbi~cgvi evevi mv`„k¨c~Y© w`KwU e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡Ki ˆngy I Ô†`bvcvIbvÕ M‡íi wbi~cgv‡K GKm~‡Î Muv_v hvq wK ? hyw³mn cÖgvY Ki|

37. 32 gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨
eB cov
cÖg_ †PŠayix
[†jLK cwiwPwZ : cÖg_ †PŠayix 7B AvM÷ 1868 wLªóv‡ã h‡kv‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi ˆcZ…K wbevm wQj cvebv
†Rjvq nwicyi MÖv‡g| Zuvi wk¶vRxeb wQj AmvaviY K…wZZ¡c~Y©| wZwb 1890 mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K
Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g †kÖwY‡Z Gg.G. wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib Ges c‡i e¨vwi÷vwi covi Rb¨ wejvZ hvb| wejvZ †_‡K
wd‡i G‡m e¨vwi÷vwi †ckvq †hvM`vb bv K‡i wZwb wKQyKvj Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ Aa¨vcbv K‡ib Ges c‡i
mvwnZ¨PP©vq g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib| Zuvi mvwnwZ¨K QÙbvg wQj ÔexiejÕ| Zuvi m¤úvw`Z ÔmeyR cÎÕ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨
PjwZ fvlvixwZ cÖeZ©‡b AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| e¯‘Z ZuviB †bZ…‡Z¡ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ bZzb M`¨aviv m~wPZ nq|
Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MÖš’ : exie‡ji nvjLvZv, ivq‡Zi K_v, Pvi-Bqvwi K_v, AvûwZ, cÖeÜ msMÖn, bxj‡jvwnZ, m‡bU
cÂvkr, c`vPviY BZ¨vw`| cÖg_ †PŠayix 2iv †m‡Þ¤^i 1946 mv‡j KjKvZvq ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib| ]
eB cov kLUv gvby‡li me©‡kÖô kL n‡jI Avwg KvD‡K kL wn‡m‡e eB co‡Z civgk© w`‡Z PvB‡b|
cÖ_g, †m civgk© †KD MÖvn¨ Ki‡eb bv; †Kbbv, Avgiv RvZ wn‡m‡e †kŠwLb bB| wØZxqZ, A‡b‡K Zv
Kzcivgk© g‡b Ki‡eb; †Kbbv, Avgv‡`i GLb wVK kL Kievi mgq bq| Avgv‡`i GB †ivM-‡kvK,
`ytL-`vwi‡`ª¨i †`‡k my›`i Rxeb aviY KivB hLb n‡q‡Q cÖavb mgm¨v, ZLb †mB Rxeb‡KB my›`i
Kiv, gnr Kivi cÖ¯—ve A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q wbi_©K Ges wbg©gI †VK‡e| Avgiv mvwn‡Z¨i im Dc‡fvM
Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z bB; wKš‘ wk¶vi dj jv‡fi Rb¨ Avgiv mK‡j DØvû| Avgv‡`i wek¦vm wk¶v Avgv‡`i
Mv‡qi R¡vjv I †Pv‡Li Rj `yB-B `~i Ki‡e| G Avkv m¤¢eZ `yivkv; wKš‘ Zv n‡jI Avgiv Zv Z¨vM
Ki‡Z cvwi †b| †Kbbv, Avgv‡`i D×v‡ii Rb¨ †Kv‡bv m`ycvq Avgiv †Pv‡Li mygy‡L †`L‡Z cvB‡b|
wk¶vi gvnv‡Z¥¨ AvwgI wek¦vm Kwi Ges whwbB hvB ejyb mvwnZ¨PP©v †h wk¶vi me©cÖavb A½ †m wel‡q
†Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB| †jv‡K †h Zv m‡›`n K‡i, Zvi KviY G wk¶vi dj nv‡Z nv‡Z cvIqv hvq bv,
A_©vr Zvi †Kv‡bv bM` evRvi `i †bB| GB Kvi‡Y †W‡gv‡µwm mvwn‡Z¨i mv_©KZv †ev‡S bv, †ev‡S
ïay A‡_©i mv_©KZv| †W‡gv‡µwmi ¸i“iv †P‡qwQ‡jb mKj‡K mgvb Ki‡Z wKš‘ Zv‡`i wkl¨iv Zv‡`i
K_v D‡ëv ey‡S mK‡jB n‡Z Pvq eo gvbyl| GKwU wewkó AwfRvZ mf¨Zvi DËivwaKvix n‡qI
Bs‡iwR mf¨Zvi ms¯ú‡k© G‡m Avgiv †W‡gv‡µwmi ¸Y¸‡jv AvqË Ki‡Z bv †c‡i Zvi †`vl¸‡jv
AvZ¥mvr K‡iwQ| Gi KviYI ¯úó| e¨vwaB msµvgK ¯^v¯’¨ bq| Avgv‡`i wkw¶Z mgv‡Ri †jvjyc`„wó
AvR A‡_©i IciB c‡o i‡q‡Q| myZivs mvwnZ¨PP©vi mydj m¤^‡Ü A‡b‡KB mw›`nvb| huviv nvRviLvbv
j-wi‡cvU© †K‡bb, Zviv GKLvbv KveªMÖš’I wKb‡Z cÖ¯‘Z bb, †Kbbv, Zv‡Z e¨emvi †Kv‡bv mymvi †bB|
bwRi bv AvD‡o KweZv Ave„wË Ki‡j gvgjv †h nvi‡Z n‡e †m †Zv Rvbv K_v, wKš‘ †h K_v R‡R
†kv‡b bv, Zvi †h †Kv‡bv g~j¨ †bB, GB‡UB n‡”Q †ckv`vi‡`i gnvåvwš—| Áv‡bi fvÛvi †h a‡bi
fvÛvi bq G mZ¨ †Zv cÖZ¨¶| wKš‘ mgvb cÖZ¨¶ bv n‡jI mgvb mZ¨ †h, G hy‡M †h RvwZi Áv‡bi
fvÊvi k~b¨ †m RvwZi a‡bi fuv‡oI fevbx| Zvici †h RvwZ g‡b eo bq, †m RvwZ Áv‡bI eo bq;
†Kbbv a‡bi m„wó †hgb Ávb mv‡c¶ †Zgwb Áv‡bi m„wó gb mv‡c¶ Ges gvby‡li gb‡K mij, mPj,
mivM I mg„× Kivi fvi AvR‡Ki w`‡b mvwn‡Z¨i IciI b¨¯— n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv, gvby‡li `k©b, weÁvb,
ag©bxwZ, AbyivM-weivM, Avkv-ˆbivk¨, Zvi Aš—‡ii mZ¨ I ¯^cœ GB mK‡ji mgev‡q mvwn‡Z¨i Rb¥|
Acivci kv‡¯¿i wfZi hv Av‡Q †mme n‡”Q gvby‡li g‡bi fMœvsk; Zvi cy‡iv gbUvi mv¶vr cvIqv hvq
ïay mvwn‡Z¨| `k©b weÁvb BZ¨vw` n‡”Q Zvi gbM½vi †Zvjv Rj, Zvi c~Y© †¯ªvZ AvengvbKvj
mvwn‡Z¨i †fZiB †mvj−v‡m m‡e‡M e‡q P‡j‡Q Ges †mB M½v‡Z AeMvnb K‡iB Avgiv Avgv‡`i mKj
cvcgy³ ne|

38. gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨ 33
AZGe, `uvovj GB †h, Avgv‡`i eB co‡Z n‡e, †Kbbv eB cov Qvov mvwnZ¨PP©vi Dcvqvš—i †bB| a‡g©i
PP©v PvB wK gw›`‡ii evB‡iI Kiv P‡j, `k©‡bi PP©v ¸nvq, bxwZi PP©v N‡i Ges weÁv‡bi PP©v Rv`yNi; wKš‘
mvwn‡Z¨i PP©vi Rb¨ PvB jvB‡eªwi; I-PP©v gvby‡l KviLvbv‡ZI Ki‡Z cv‡i bv; wPwoqvLvbv‡ZI bq| GBme
K_v hw` mZ¨ nq, Zvn‡j Avgv‡`i gvb‡ZB n‡e †h, mvwn‡Z¨i g‡a¨ Avgv‡`i RvZ gvbyl n‡e| †mBRb¨
Avgiv hZ †ewk jvB‡eªwi cÖwZôv Kie, †`‡ki ZZ †ewk DcKvi n‡e|
Avgv‡`i g‡b nq G †`‡k jvB‡eªwii mv_©KZv nvmcvZv‡ji PvB‡Z wKQz Kg bq Ges ¯‹zj- K‡j‡Ri
PvB‡Z GKUz †ewk| GK_v ï‡b A‡b‡K Pg‡K DV‡eb| †KD †KD Avevi †n‡mI DV‡eb; wKš‘ Avwg
Rvwb, Avwg iwmKZvI KiwQ‡b, A™¢zZ K_vI ejwQ‡b; hw`I G wel‡q †jvKgZ †h Avgvi g‡Zi
mg‡iLvq P‡j bv, †m wel‡q Avwg m¤ú~Y© m‡PZb| AZGe Avgvi K_vi Avwg ˆKwdqZ w`‡Z eva¨|
Avgvi e³e¨ Avwg Avcbv‡`i Kv‡Q wb‡e`b KiwQ Zvi mZ¨ wg_¨vi wePvi Avcbviv Ki‡eb| †m wePv‡i
Avgvi K_v hw` bv †U‡K Zvn‡j iwmKZv wn‡m‡eB MÖvn¨ Ki‡eb|
Avgvi wek¦vm wk¶v †KD KvD‡K w`‡Z cv‡i bv| mywkw¶Z †jvK gvÎB ¯^wkw¶Z| AvR‡Ki evRv‡i
we`¨v`vZvi Afve †bB| Ggb wK, G †¶‡Î `vZvK‡Y©iI Afve †bB; Ges Avgiv Avgv‡`i †Q‡j‡`i
Zv‡`i Øvi¯’ K‡iB wbwðZ _vwK GB wek¦v‡m †h, †mLv‡b †_‡K Zviv GZUv we`¨vi ab jvf K‡i wd‡i
Avm‡e hvi my‡` Zvi evwK Rxeb Aviv‡g KvwU‡q w`‡Z cvi‡e| wKš‘ G wek¦vm wbZvš— Ag~jK|
g‡bviv‡R¨i `vb MÖnYmv‡c¶, A_P Avgiv `vZvi gyL †P‡q MÖnxZvi K_vUv G‡Kev‡iB fz‡j hvB| G
mZ¨ fz‡j bv †M‡j Avgiv eySZvg †h, wk¶‡Ki mv_©KZv wk¶v`vb Kivq bq, wKš‘ Qv·K Zv AR©b
Ki‡Z m¶g Kivq| wk¶K Qv·K wk¶vi c_ †`wL‡q w`‡Z cv‡ib, Zvi †KŠZ~nj D‡`ªK Ki‡Z
cv‡ib, Zvi eyw×e„wˇK RvMÖZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib, g‡bviv‡R¨i Hk¦‡h©i mÜvb w`‡Z cv‡ib, Zvi Ávb
wccvmv‡K R¡jš— Ki‡Z cv‡ib, Gi †ewk Avi wKQz cv‡ib bv| whwb h_v_© ¸i“ wZwb wk‡l¨i AvZ¥v‡K
D‡ØvwaZ K‡ib Ges Zvi Aš—wb©wnZ mKj cÖ”Qbœ kw³‡K e¨³ K‡i †Zv‡jb| †mB kw³i e‡j wkl¨
wb‡Ri gb wb‡R M‡o †Zv‡j, wb‡Ri AwfgZ we`¨v wb‡R AR©b K‡i we`¨vi mvabv wkl¨‡K wb‡R AR©b
Ki‡Z nq| ¸i“ DËimvaK gvÎ|
Avgv‡`i ¯‹zj K‡j‡Ri wk¶vi c×wZ wVK Dj‡Uv| †mLv‡b †Q‡j‡`i we‡`¨ †Mjv‡bv nq, Zviv Zv RxY©
Ki‡Z cvi“K Avi bvB cvi“K| Gi d‡j †Q‡jiv kvixwiK I gvbwmK g›`vwMœ‡Z RxY©kxY© n‡q K‡jR
†_‡K †ewi‡q Av‡m| GKUv Rvbv‡kvbv D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vcviUv cwi®‹vi Kiv hvK| Avgv‡`i
mgv‡R Ggb A‡bK gv Av‡Qb huviv wkï mš—vb‡K µgvš^‡q Mi“i `ya †Mjv‡bvUvB wkïi ¯^v¯’¨i¶vi I
eje„w×i me©cÖavb Dcvq g‡b K‡ib| `y» Aek¨ AwZkq Dcv‡`q c`v_©, wKš‘ Zvi DcKvwiZv †h
†fv³vi RxY© Kievi kw³i Ici wbf©i K‡i G Ávb I †kÖwYi gvZ…Kz‡ji †bB| Zv‡`i wek¦vm IÑe¯‘
†c‡U †M‡jB DcKvi n‡e| Kv‡RB wkï hw` Zv wMj‡Z AvcwË K‡i Zvn‡j †m †h †eqvov †Q‡j, †m
wel‡q Avi we›`ygvÎ m‡›`n _v‡K bv| AZGe ZLb Zv‡K a‡i †eu‡a †Rvi Rei`w¯— K‡i `ya LvIqv‡bvi
e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| †klUvq †m hLb GB `y»cvb wµqv n‡Z Ae¨vnwZ jvf Kivi Rb¨ gv_v bvov‡Z, nvZ-
cv Qzo‡Z ïi“ K‡i, ZLb †mœngqx gvZv e‡jb, Avgvi gv_v LvI, givgyL †`L, GB †XvK, Avi GK
†XvK, Avi GK †XvK BZ¨vw`| gvZvi D‡Ïk¨ †h Lye mvay, †m wel‡q †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB, wKš‘ G
wel‡qI †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB †h, D³ ejv KIqvi d‡j gv ïay †Q‡ji hK…‡Zi gv_v Lvb Ges †Xv‡Ki
ci †Xv‡K Zvi givgyL †`Levi m¤¢vebv evwo‡q P‡jb| Avgv‡`i ¯‹zj K‡j‡Ri wk¶v c×wZUvI H
GKB ai‡bi| Gi d‡j KZ †Q‡ji my¯’ mij gb †h Bbd¨v›UvBj wjfv‡i MZvmy n‡”Q Zv ejv KwVb|
†Kbbv †`‡ni g„Zz¨i †iwR÷vwi ivLv nq, AvZ¥vi nq bv|

39. 34 gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨
Avgiv wKš‘ GB AvZ¥vi Acg„Zz¨‡Z fxZ nIqv `~‡i _vK, Drdzj− n‡q DwV| Avgiv fvwe †`‡k hZ †Q‡j
cvk n‡”Q ZZ wk¶vi we¯—vi n‡”Q| cvk Kiv I wkw¶Z nIqv GK e¯‘ bq, G mZ¨ ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z
Avgiv KzwÉZ nB| wk¶v kv‡¯¿i GKRb RMwØL¨vZ divwm kv¯¿x e‡j‡Qb †h, GK mg‡q divwm †`‡k
wk¶v c×wZ GZB †eqvov wQj †h, †m hy‡M France was saved by her idlers ; A_©vr hviv cvk
Ki‡Z cv‡iwb ev Pvqwb ZvivB d«v݇K i¶v K‡i‡Q| Gi KviY, nq Zv‡`i g‡bi ej wQj e‡j
K‡j‡Ri wk¶v‡K Zviv cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡iwQj, bq †m wk¶v cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i wQj e‡jB Zv‡`i g‡bi ej
eRvq wQj| ZvB GB ¯‹zj-cvjv‡bv †Q‡j‡`i `j †_‡K †m hy‡Mi d«v‡Ýi hZ K…ZKg©v †jv‡Ki Avwef©ve
n‡qwQj|
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