Urinary system infections are the most common community acquired infections. The main reason of that is Escherichia coli (E. coli). People are referred to a doctor cause of urine infections every year around 8.3 millions in the world. On the other hand, active oxygen forms are formed during normal processes of body using oxygen in human metabolism. When these forms are not prevented, they would cause structural degradation of DNA, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Thus, they cause many degenerative diseases by disrupting the structure and function of the cell membrane. Synthetic antioxidants are effective and cheap for a long period of time, but their antioxidants have decreased their attractiveness when negative effects on human health are revealed. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that approximately 20,000 plants are used for medical treatments. For this purpose, it was aimed to investigate the antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of Lamium galeobdolon L., Alpinia officinarum L. and Peganum harmala L. plants which are used in public due to effects haven’t clarified yet. The plants were prepared by extracting in methanol with Soxhlet extraction method. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), which shows free radical properties for antioxidant activity determination, was dissolved in methanol and they were used at different concentrations. Free radical scavenger fractions of the extracts were calculated using spectrophotometer and the concentration / inhibition percentages were plotted. For the determination of antimicrobial activity, plant extracts were evaluated by using E. coli bacteria. Therefore cefotaxime antibiotic was used as a positive control and methanol was used as a negative control. Disc diffusion diameters were calculated according to the antibiotics of each plant extraction and compared with each control group. In this respect, we have demonstrated free radical scavenging activities and antimicrobial activities by using Alpinia officinarum L., Peganum harmala L. and Lamium galeobdolon L. plants, which have been used by the public but whose effects haven’t enough researches yet. Finally by chosen these plants, we have shown that Alpinia officinarum L. can be used as a new natural resource in food and pharmaceutical fields due to its strong antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

1. The Antioxidant and Antimicrobial
Effects of Lamium galeobdolon L.,
Alpinia officinarum L. and Peganum
harmala L.
Gökcan GÖKSOY
Cansu AKAY

2. Goal
• In recent years, side effects of synthetic medicine rate is increasing remarkably. Natural treatments may be
led to solve that problem.
• Therefore in our study, we investigated the antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of Lamium galeobdolon,
Alpinia officinarum and Peganum harmala plants, whose effects have not yet been clarified and aimed to
consume the plants consciously and to shed light on the later work to be done on these plants.

3. Lamium galeobdolon
• .Lamium galeobdolon, located between pollen and nectar sources, is given to plant species that make
Lamium genus from Lamiaceae family.The species that spread in Europe, Asia and North Africa are all
herbaceous plants
Plants and Properties
• Realm: Plantae
• Chapter: Magnoliophyta
• Class: Magnoliopsida
• Team: Lamiales
• Family: Lamiaceae
• Genus: Lamium
• Kind: Lamium galeobdolon

4. Plants and Properties
Alpinia officinarum
• It is a herbaceous species of ginger that grows in East Asia.It is frequently recommended among the
public in various treatments.In this context, the efficacy of a potentiator, a gas expectorant, an appetizer, a
chest emollient, and digestive stimulants have been reported.It has also been used against fungal diseases
and has been shown to be healing for colds.
• Realm: Plantae
• Chapter: Magnoliophyta
• Class: Liliopsida
• Team: Zingiberales
• Family: Zingiberaceae
• Genus: Alpinia
• Kind: Alpinia officinarum

5. Plants and Properties
Peganum harmala
• Harmal is one of the most famous plants used in popular envy, is Peganum harmala L., known as
Africa or Syria Rue.Although the smooth multi-branched stems are spread four feet or more, the plant
is rarely tall from two meters and usually appears round and lean in the habit.
• Realm: Plantae
• Chapter: Magnoliophyta
• Class: Magnoliopsida
• Team: Rosales
• Family: Nitrariaceae
• Genus: Peganum
• Kind: Peganum harmala

6. Soxhlet Extraction
In our work every plant was beaten in the mortar (Figure 5). Then 20 grams were weighed and prepared to obtain
an extract with Soxhlet extraction method in 200 mL of methanol. Extraction was continued for 6-8 hours to obtain
each extract. Extracts were stored at 40 ° C in a water bath after methanol was weighed, then dissolved in
methanol and stored at + 4 ° C until use.

7. Escherichia coli (E.coli)
• E. coli is an opportunistic pathogen that is important
to humans. E. coli has become the most studied
model microorganism for understanding bacterial
biology in general.This bacterium has long been
regarded as a non-pathogenic, facultative
microorganism found in the normal intestinal flora
of humans and warm-blooded animals. However,
infection of the urinary system in the 1920s and
gastroenteritis in the children in the 1940s were
detected.
Antimicrobial Activity Studies

8. Mueller Hinton Agar(mha)
• Mueller-Hinton-Agar (mha) was used during the production of E. coli bacteria and
administration of the disks.
• 38 g mha was weighed in 1 liter distilled water and heated in the heater with magnetic stirrer.
• It was sterilized in an autoclave for 20 minutes at 121 ° C. At the end of the sterilization, it was poured
into sterile plastic petri dishes and frozen and it was raised in the fridge.
• Compound:
• Beef 2.0 g / L; Casein hydrolyzate 17.5 g / L; Starch 1.5 g / L; Agar 17.0 g / L.
Antimicrobial Activity Studies

9. Antimicrobial Activity Studies
•The E. coli was used for our study was obtained from Istanbul University Medical Faculty Medical
Microbiology Department.
•Suspensions were prepared with the bacteria from the fresh sterile culture with the help of a loop. The
suspension blur is set to be equivalent to the drift of the Mcfarland 0.5 standard. For this step to be true; 0.5
McFarland tube and inoculum tube were compared with the eye under sufficient light.
Preparation of Disk Diffusion Test
• The inoculum suspension was used within 15 minutes after
adjustment.
• A sterile suspension was immersed in the bacterial
suspension. The surface of the dried agar was rotated by 60
° so that there was sowing and this process was repeated
twice.

10. Discs Used for Extracts
• For the prepared extracts, Whatman No: 1 brand filter paper was used and 0.6 mm diameter disks were
prepared and sterilized. The extracts were soaked in 20μL and dried at sterilizer.
• The antimicrobial activity of the Alpinia officinarum plant is very high. Although Peganum harmala was
partially effective, Lamium galeoblon plant showed almost no effect.
Antimicrobial Activity Studies
MethanolCefotaxime
Lamium
galeoblon
Alpinia
officinarum
Peganum
harmala

11. Antimicrobial Activity Studies
Plants Disk Diffusion Zone Diameter (cm) ± SD
İşlemler Positive Control Experimental
Group
Negative Control
Lamium
galeobdolon 4,0 ± 0,152 2,1 ± 0,346 2,0 ± 0,118
Alpinia officinarum
4,2 ± 0,216 3,0 ± 0,268 2,1 ± 0,108
Peganum harmala
3,8 ± 0,186 2,6 ± 0,342 2,1 ± 0,208
• The most antimicrobial properties of our studies the plants shown
are Alpinia officinarum> Peganum harmala> Lamium galeobdolon
respectively.

12. Antioxidant Activity Studies
•Lipid peroxidation occurs when the balance between free radicals and antioxidant defense
systems of the body have changed in favor of the radical, defined as oxidative stress, which
is the destruction of the end cell membrane and the formation of tissue damage.
•Antioxidant substances inhibit cellular damage by inhibiting the formation of active
oxygen or by retaining the active oxygen that is formed, which promotes oxidation, which
stops the formation of degenerative diseases. E and C vitamins are phenolic and
carotenoids materials.These vitamins are in the forefront with antioxidant functions in
terms of human health.

13. Antioxidant Activity Studies
• In our study, we prepared solutions of methanol extracts of different concentrations ranging from 20 mg / mL to
1.25 mg / mL of extracts of Alpinia officinarum,Lamium galeobdolon, Peganum Harmala plants used in our work.
• Alpinia officinarum,Lamium galeobdolon, Peganum Harmala was divided into 3 groups.
• We was take 0.1 mL of the extract solution and shake it by adding 3.9 mL of DPPH solution (6x10-5M) prepared
with methanol.
• It was then left in the dark for 30 minutes. Absorbance values were measured 517 nm in the spectrophotometer.

14. C Vitamin (Ascorbik Acid)
• Ascorbic acid is one of the organism's most needed
substances and a powerful antioxidant source found in
fruits and vegetables, which is soluble in water and can
liberate free radicals directly.
• It’s found in the extracellular fluid of the body. Because
synthesis in the body does not take place, it needs to be
taken from the outside with food. It also has the ability
to regenerate vitamin E

15. Spectrophotometer Results
Lamium
galeobdolon
Absorbance
20 mg/ml 0,02
10 mg/ml 0,01
5 mg/ml 0,34
2,5 mg/ml 0,42
1,25 mg/ml 0,8
Peganum
harmala
Absorbance
20 mg/ml 0,18
10 mg/ml 0,56
5 mg/ml 0,93
2,5 mg/ml 1,31
1,25 mg/ml 1,22
Alpinia
officunarum
Absorbance
20 mg/ml 0,024
10 mg/ml 0,014
5 mg/ml 0,049
2,5 mg/ml 0,24
1,25 mg/ml 0,52

16. Antioksidan Aktivite Bulguları

17. Antioxidant Activity Results
• The concentration (IC50) value required to remove
50% of the free radicals from the media was
calculated and compared to the column graph.
Concentration Percent Inhibition
1,25 56,6
2,5 80,39
5 95,95
10 98,86
20 98,03

18. Conclusion and Discussion
• In this study, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were revealed by using Alpinia
officinarum, Lamium galeobdolon and Peganum Harmala plants, which are used by the
public but whose effects are not yet clarified. From the graphical curves in Figure-9-10-11,
the concentration (IC50) value required to remove 50% of the free radicals from the media
was calculated and compared to the column graph.
• Alpinia officinarum appears to be the best alternative because it shows high inhibition at low
concentrations.
Antimicrobial Activity
Antioxidant Activity
• Alpinia officinarum>Lamium galeobdolon>Peganum harmala
• Alpinia officinarum> Peganum harmala> Lamium galeobdolon

19. Suggestions
• We selected plants that had not yet been clarified by our studies and revealed
information about antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.
• In this way it is thought that the people consciously consume the plants.
• It is also suggested that our work can be used as a new natural resource in the
fields of food and pharmacy supported by more advanced studies that will shed
light on the next studies.

20. References
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Used in Conventional Treatments in Turkey. Marmara University Institute of Science and Technology. Department of Biology. Istanbul
• Deveci M. (2012). An Investigation on Plant Species Diversity in Colchic Province (Turkey), African Journal of Agricultural Research
Vol. 7(5) , 820-843.
• Ustaçelebi, Ş. (1999). Basic and Clinical Microbiology. Güneş Kitabevi. Ankara.
• Wasteson Y. (2002). Zoonotic Escherichia coli, Acta Vet Scand; 43 (Suppl 1): 79-84.
• Zargari A (1988). Medicinal plants. Tehran University Press, Iran. (2):619.