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Targeted nucleotide editing using
hybrid prokaryotic and vertebrate
adaptive immune systems
発表:藤井 友樹
植物育種学ラボ 論文紹介 その①
論文タイトル
背景・目的-CRISPR-Cas9法による遺伝子編集技術
高効率かつ手軽な遺伝子編集技術
CRISPR-Cas9法の開発
オフターゲット作用など, い
くつかの重大な問題点が存在
CRISPR-Cas9法の改良によ
る, より良い遺伝子編集技術の
開発がしたい
脊椎動物B細胞で発現するAIDは免疫グロブリン
遺伝子の選択的なシトシン脱アミノ化により体
細胞超変異を引き起こす
背景・目的-AIDがもたらす体細胞超変異
AIDによる脱アミノ化はr-roopの存在に
よって促進されることがわかっている
CRISPR-Cas9法ではDSB前にr-roopが
形成される!
手段-2つの免疫システムを組合わせた新たな遺伝子
編集技術の開発
従来のCRISPR-Cas9法とAIDを組合
わせた遺伝子編集(Target-AID)
ヌクレアーゼ活性を失ったCas9とAID
を用いることにより, 目的遺伝子に点
突然変異を導入する
オフターゲット変異による細胞死のリスクを回避
通常脱アミノ塩基は塩基除去修復により修復される
ニッカーゼCas9とAIDを組み合わせた遺
伝子編集
Cas9の片方のヌクレアーゼ活性を阻害した
ニッカーゼを用いることにより, 修復経路を
抑制できないか?
Cas9はヌクレアーゼ触媒
部位をを2つ持つ
手段-ニッカーゼを用いたTarget-AIDの更なる改変
酵母が持つCAN1遺伝子を目的遺伝子とし,
カナバニン耐性株の割合でオンターゲット
突然変異頻度(遺伝子編集の効率性)を計測.
同様にCAN1と類似配列を持つ(?)LYP1遺
伝子を非目的遺伝子とし, オフターゲット
突然変異頻度を計測.
CAN1DNA
アルギニンパーミアーゼ
の発現
生育阻害により死亡
カナバニン培地で生育
(アンタゴニスト)
Q1: オフターゲット変異が他の場所
に入らないという保証はあるのか?
手段-目的遺伝子と非目的遺伝子の選択
比較のためいくつかの系統を用い,
各系統でそれぞれ解析を行う.
Q2: 従来のCRISPR-Cas9法と
の比較を行うべきではないか?
Q3: linkerはどのように導入
されるのか? また, SH3linker
を用いたのは何故か?
手段-Target-AIDのバリエーション
結果-dCAS9を用いたTarget-AIDの突然変異頻度の
計測
Cas9とAIDの融合がなく
ても比較的高効率にオン
ターゲット変異が生じた
結果-nCas9を用いたTarget-AIDにおける突然変異頻
度の計測
アンチセンス鎖にニックを
入れた場合変異頻度が最大
となった
Q4: ニックの存在は塩基除去修復機
構にどのように関与するのか?
結果-Target-AIDによる細胞毒性の有無
Target-AIDでは従来のCas9によるオフ
ターゲット毒性(細胞死)は見られなかった
AID導入に由来する細胞死はほとんど
発生していない
結果-deep sequencingによる変異部位及び変異種類
の特定
Target-AIDではAIDによるもの
と考えられる部位特異的な点突
然変異が高頻度で生じていた
C→Tへの変異とC→Gへの
変異が同数程度存在した
(参照:https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh710)
解析-Cリッチな遺伝子を用いたTarget-AIDの更なる
解析
3遺伝子共に変異部位は特定位置
に集中していた(CAN1のときと
同じ相対位置)
変異部位が遺伝子の5´側にある場合
はC→Tへの変異が, 3´側にある場合は
C→Gへの変異が多い傾向が見られた
解析-Ade1遺伝子を用いたTarget-AIDによる遺伝子
編集の評価
当然, 点突然変異を入れる場所に
よりノックアウト効率は変化する
効率よくノックアウトが出来る部
位を遺伝子毎に探す必要がある
解析-Ade1とCAN1を用いた同時遺伝子編集
ノックアウトとなる変異は変異種類に依存するため, 同時遺伝子
ノックアウトは適切な組み合わせの変異が必要となる
まとめと疑問-Target-AIDによる遺伝子編集の総評
• Target-AIDによって毒性の少ない遺伝子編集が可能となった
• 酵母ではnCas9(D10A)によるTarget-AIDが最も高効率であった
• 特定位置での点突然変異のみが生じるため, 遺伝子毎に適切な目
的配列の選択が必要である
• 従来のCas9法と異なりHRによる遺伝子ノックインは行えない
• ノックインが可能な遺伝子編集でCas9毒性を減らすにはどうしたら
良いか?
→オフターゲットをどうにか減らすしかない?
• Target-AIDによる変異の種類を制御することは可能か?
→pol etaの機能などを調べることによりわかるかも?

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Target-aidに関する論文