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‫به‬‫هر‬‫نوع‬‫توده‬‫غیر‬‫طبیعی‬‫که‬‫در‬‫بدن‬‫به‬‫وجود‬،‫آید‬‫تومور‬‫گفته‬‫می‬‫شود‬‫که‬‫می‬‫تواند‬‫از‬
‫نوع‬‫خوش‬‫خیم‬‫یا‬‫بدخیم‬‫باشد‬.‫نوع‬‫بدخیم‬‫تومورها‬‫سرطان‬‫نامیده‬‫می‬‫شود‬.‫توموره‬‫ای‬
‫سرطانی‬‫از‬‫لحاظ‬‫رفتار‬‫با‬‫بافت‬‫طبیعی‬‫بدن‬‫متفاوت‬‫می‬‫باشند‬.‫در‬،‫واقع‬‫به‬‫دل‬‫یل‬
‫متابولیسم‬‫سلولی‬،‫باال‬‫فشار‬‫مایع‬‫میان‬‫بافتی‬‫این‬‫سلولها‬‫در‬‫مقایسه‬‫با‬‫ب‬‫افتهای‬‫سالم‬
‫بیشتر‬‫می‬‫باشد‬.‫این‬‫امر‬‫سبب‬‫کاهش‬‫نیروی‬‫محرکه‬‫برای‬‫تبادل‬‫مویرگی‬‫ماکر‬‫ومولکول‬
‫ها‬‫و‬‫نیز‬‫ایجاد‬ِ‫س‬‫فالک‬ِ‫ی‬‫جابجای‬‫شعاعی‬‫به‬‫سمت‬‫خارج‬‫از‬‫تومور‬‫گردیده‬]2[،‫جریان‬‫خون‬
‫و‬‫همچنین‬‫نفوذ‬‫ماکرومولکول‬‫ها‬‫به‬‫درون‬‫تومور‬‫را‬‫تحت‬‫تاثیر‬‫قرار‬‫می‬‫دهد‬.‫از‬‫این‬‫رو‬
‫بررسی‬‫فشار‬‫میان‬‫بافتی‬‫سیال‬‫درون‬‫تومور‬‫دارای‬‫اهمیت‬‫می‬‫باشد‬]3[.
‫بدلیل‬‫اهمیت‬‫فشار‬‫میان‬‫بافتی‬‫درون‬‫تومور‬،‫سرطانی‬‫محققان‬‫سعی‬‫در‬‫اندازه‬‫گی‬‫ری‬‫آن‬
‫داشته‬‫اند‬.‫در‬‫این‬‫میان‬‫مدلهای‬‫ریاضی‬‫نیز‬‫به‬‫سرعت‬‫گسترش‬‫یافته‬‫اند‬.‫یکی‬‫از‬‫اولین‬
‫مدلهای‬‫ریاضی‬‫توسط‬‫باکستر‬‫و‬‫جین‬]4[‫برای‬‫تومور‬‫کروی‬‫ارائه‬‫شده‬‫است‬.‫مدلسازی‬
‫انجام‬‫گرفته‬‫فشار‬‫میان‬‫بافتی‬‫باالی‬‫درون‬‫تومور‬‫را‬‫به‬‫خوبی‬‫پیشگویی‬‫نمود‬‫ه‬‫و‬‫نشان‬‫داد‬
‫در‬‫اثر‬‫فشار‬،‫باال‬‫جهت‬‫فالکس‬‫جریان‬‫به‬‫سمت‬‫خارج‬‫تومور‬‫خواهد‬‫بود‬.‫ژاوو‬‫و‬‫همکاران‬
]5[‫تاثیر‬‫فیلتراسیون‬‫خون‬(LpS/V)‫و‬‫عبورپذیری‬(PS/V)‫را‬‫بر‬‫فشار‬‫میان‬‫بافتی‬‫و‬
‫جریان‬‫سیال‬‫بررسی‬‫نمودند‬.‫آنها‬‫نشان‬‫دادند‬‫که‬‫افزایش‬‫هدایت‬‫هیدرولیکی‬‫باف‬‫ت‬‫اطراف‬
،‫تومور‬‫جذب‬‫دارو‬‫را‬‫کاهش‬‫می‬‫دهد‬.‫وو‬‫و‬‫همکاران‬]6[‫با‬‫استفاده‬‫از‬‫مدلسازی‬‫ریاضی‬
‫نشان‬‫دادند‬‫که‬‫فشار‬‫میان‬‫بافتی‬‫درون‬‫تومور‬‫بصورت‬‫یکنواخت‬‫نسبت‬‫به‬‫باف‬‫ت‬‫سالم‬
‫اطراف‬‫آن‬‫بیشتر‬‫است‬‫که‬‫باعت‬‫حرکت‬‫بسیار‬‫کند‬‫سیال‬‫میان‬‫بافتی‬‫درون‬‫تو‬‫مور‬‫می‬
‫گردد‬.‫وون‬‫و‬‫همکاران‬]7[‫بصورت‬‫آزمایشگاهی‬‫تاثیر‬‫حضور‬‫نانو‬‫ذرات‬‫در‬‫خون‬‫را‬‫بر‬
‫جذب‬‫دارو‬‫در‬‫سلولهای‬‫سرطانی‬‫مورد‬‫بررسی‬‫قرار‬‫دادند‬.
‫با‬‫توجه‬‫به‬‫اینکه‬‫بررسی‬‫برینگویر‬]8[‫نشان‬‫می‬‫دهد‬‫اثر‬‫ترمودیفیوژن‬‫یا‬‫اثر‬‫سورت‬
(‫انتقال‬‫جرم‬‫بواسطه‬‫وجود‬‫گرادیان‬‫حرارتی‬)‫در‬‫مایعاتی‬‫شامل‬‫ماکرومولکولها‬‫و‬
‫مولکولهای‬‫کوچک‬‫تاثیرگذار‬،‫است‬‫در‬‫این‬‫مقاله‬‫اثر‬‫ترمودیفیوژن‬‫بر‬‫نفوذ‬‫دارو‬‫د‬‫ر‬
‫سلولهای‬‫سرطانی‬‫بصورت‬‫ریاضی‬‫مورد‬‫بررسی‬‫قرار‬‫می‬‫گیرد‬.
‫چکیده‬
‫بندی‬ ‫جمع‬
‫سرطان‬‫بعد‬‫از‬‫‌های‬‫ی‬‫بیمار‬‫قلبی‬-‫عروقی‬‫دومین‬‫عامل‬‫مرگ‬‫و‬‫میر‬‫در‬‫کشورهای‬‫توس‬‫عه‬
‫یافته‬‫و‬‫سومین‬‫عامل‬‫در‬‫کشورهای‬‫در‬‫حال‬‫توسعه‬‫است‬.‫با‬‫توجه‬‫به‬‫متفاوت‬‫بودن‬
‫فیزیولوژی‬‫بافت‬‫سرطانی‬‫با‬‫بافت‬،‫معمولی‬‫جذب‬‫دارو‬‫در‬‫اینگونه‬‫بافتها‬‫با‬‫مش‬‫کل‬‫مواجه‬
‫می‬‫گردد‬.‫در‬‫واقع‬‫بدلیل‬‫متابویسم‬‫باالی‬،‫تومور‬‫فشار‬‫میان‬‫بافتی‬(IFP)‫در‬‫ناحیه‬‫بیمار‬
‫بیشتر‬‫از‬‫بافتهای‬‫سالم‬‫می‬‫باشد‬.‫این‬‫امر‬‫موجب‬‫پدید‬‫آمدن‬‫گرادیان‬‫فشار‬‫به‬‫س‬‫مت‬‫خارج‬
‫شده‬‫و‬‫نفوذ‬‫دارو‬‫به‬‫همراه‬‫جریان‬‫خون‬‫را‬‫مشکل‬‫می‬‫سازد‬.‫به‬‫منظور‬‫برطرف‬‫کردن‬‫این‬
،‫مشکل‬‫هسته‬‫تومور‬‫توسط‬‫جراحی‬‫تخلیه‬‫شده‬‫و‬‫دارو‬‫به‬‫درون‬‫حفره‬‫تزریق‬‫می‬‫گر‬‫دد‬.
‫این‬‫کار‬‫یک‬‫گرادیان‬‫فشار‬‫مطلوب‬‫در‬‫مرکز‬‫تومور‬‫ایجاد‬‫می‬‫کند‬.‫با‬‫این‬،‫وجود‬‫جراح‬‫ی‬
‫توانایی‬‫حذف‬‫دائمی‬‫گرادیان‬‫فشار‬‫نامطلوب‬‫را‬‫ندارد‬[1].
‫در‬‫این‬،‫مقاله‬‫اثر‬‫ترمودیفیوژن‬‫در‬‫جذب‬‫دارو‬‫در‬‫سلولهای‬‫سرطانی‬‫مورد‬‫بررسی‬‫قرا‬‫ر‬
‫گرفته‬‫است‬.‫به‬‫این‬‫منظور‬‫معادالت‬،‫پیوستگی‬‫اندازه‬،‫حرکت‬‫بقای‬‫انرژی‬‫و‬‫بقا‬‫ی‬‫جرم‬
‫بصورت‬‫عددی‬‫حل‬‫شد‬‫تا‬‫تاثیر‬‫وجود‬‫گرادیان‬‫حرارتی‬‫بر‬‫نفوذ‬‫دارو‬‫در‬‫سلولهای‬‫س‬‫رطانی‬
‫مورد‬‫بررسی‬‫قرار‬‫گیرد‬.‫نتایج‬‫مدلسازی‬‫نشان‬‫داد‬‫که‬‫اعمال‬‫اختالف‬‫دما‬‫می‬‫تواند‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫فشار‬
‫باالی‬‫درون‬‫تومور‬‫غلبه‬‫نموده‬‫و‬‫میزان‬‫جذب‬‫دارو‬‫را‬‫افزایش‬‫دهد‬.
‫مراجع‬
‫سرطانی‬ ‫های‬ ‫سلول‬ ‫در‬ ‫دارو‬ ‫جذب‬ ‫بر‬ ‫ترمودیفیوژن‬ ‫اثر‬ ‫بررسی‬
‫حسینلو‬ ‫حاجی‬ ‫مجید‬ ،‫شناس‬ ‫وظیفه‬ ‫حسن‬ ‫فرزین‬ ،‫بهادری‬ ‫فاطمه‬
f.bahadori@che.uut.ac.ir
‫شکل‬3‫تغییرات‬‫غلظت‬‫دارو‬‫را‬‫با‬‫توجه‬‫به‬‫فاصله‬‫از‬‫تومور‬‫نشان‬‫می‬‫دهد‬.‫همانگونه‬‫که‬
‫مشاهده‬‫می‬،‫گردد‬‫با‬‫افزایش‬،‫عمق‬‫غلظت‬‫دارو‬‫در‬‫بافت‬‫کاهش‬‫می‬‫یابد‬.‫همچنین‬
‫مشاهده‬‫می‬‫شود‬‫که‬‫با‬‫افزایش‬،‫زمان‬‫عمق‬‫نفوذ‬‫دارو‬‫در‬‫بافت‬‫افزایش‬‫می‬‫یابد‬.‫عالو‬‫ه‬‫بر‬
،‫این‬‫اثر‬‫ترمودیفیوژن‬‫بر‬‫جذب‬‫دارو‬‫موثر‬‫است‬‫و‬‫با‬‫کاهش‬‫عدد‬Sr،‫غلظت‬‫دارو‬‫در‬‫بافت‬
‫افزایش‬‫می‬‫یابد‬.‫نتایج‬‫بدست‬‫آمده‬‫برای‬Sr=0‫با‬‫نتایج‬‫وون‬‫و‬‫همکاران‬‫مطابقت‬‫دارد‬.
‫در‬‫یک‬‫بافت‬،‫سالم‬‫بین‬‫میزان‬‫تقسیم‬‫سلولها‬‫و‬‫مرگ‬‫آنها‬‫یک‬‫تعادل‬‫وجود‬‫دارد‬.‫ز‬‫مانی‬
‫که‬‫ساز‬‫و‬‫کار‬‫تقسیم‬‫سلولی‬‫مختل‬،‫شود‬‫بگونه‬‫ای‬‫که‬‫سرعت‬‫رشد‬‫سلولها‬‫بی‬‫شتر‬‫از‬
‫سرعت‬‫مرگ‬‫و‬‫میر‬‫آنها‬،‫شود‬‫بافت‬‫سرطانی‬‫بوجود‬‫می‬‫آید‬.‫داروهای‬‫مختلفی‬‫برای‬‫د‬‫رمان‬
‫انواع‬‫سرطانها‬‫کشف‬‫شده‬‫ولی‬‫مشکلی‬‫که‬‫همواره‬‫وجود‬،‫داشته‬‫میزان‬‫جذب‬‫آنها‬‫در‬‫ب‬‫افت‬
‫بیمار‬‫می‬‫باشد‬.‫در‬‫این‬،‫مقاله‬‫اثر‬‫ترمودیفیوژن‬‫در‬‫جذب‬‫دارو‬‫در‬‫تومورهای‬‫سرطانی‬
‫بصورت‬‫ریاضی‬‫مورد‬‫بررسی‬‫قرار‬‫گرفته‬‫است‬.‫به‬‫منظور‬‫تاثیر‬‫وجود‬‫گرادیان‬‫حر‬‫ارتی‬‫بر‬
‫نفوذ‬‫دارو‬‫در‬‫سلولهای‬،‫سرطانی‬‫معادالت‬،‫پیوستگی‬‫اندازه‬،‫حرکت‬‫بقای‬‫انرژی‬‫و‬‫ب‬‫قای‬
‫جرم‬‫بصورت‬‫عددی‬‫حل‬‫شده‬‫است‬.‫نتایج‬‫مدلسازی‬‫نشان‬‫داد‬‫که‬‫اعمال‬‫اختالف‬،‫دما‬
‫نفوذ‬‫دارو‬‫به‬‫درون‬‫تومور‬‫را‬‫افزایش‬‫می‬‫دهد‬.
‫بحث‬ ‫و‬ ‫نتایج‬
‫مقدمه‬
[1] Teo,C. S., TanW.H.K., Lee,T., Chi-Hwa Wang,C.,2005. Transient interstitial fluid flow in
brain tumors: Effect on drug delivery. Chemical Engineering Science 60 (2005) 4803-4821.
[2] Baish, J.W., Netti, P.A., Jain, R.K., 1997. Transmural coupling of fluid flow in
microcirculatory network and interstitium in tumors. Microvasc. Res. 53 (2),128-141.
[3] Young, J.S., Lumsden, C.E., Stalker, A.L., 1950. The significance of the tissue pressure
of normal testicular and of neoplastic (Brown-Pearce carcinoma)31 (2), 181-194.tissue in
rabbit. Pathol. Bacteriol. 62, 313-333.
[4] Baxter, L.T, Jain, R.K. ,, Transport of fluid and macromolecules in tumors. I. Role of
interstitial pressure and convection, Microvascular Res. 37 (1989) 77-304.
[5] Zhao,J. , Salmon, H., Sarntinoranont, M., 2007.Effect of hetero generous vasculatre on
interstitial transport within a solid tumor . microvascular research 73 (2007) 224- 236.
[6] Jie Wu, Quan Long, Shixiong Xu, Anwar R. Padhani, Study of tumor blood perfusion
and its variation due to vascular normalization by anti-angiogenic therapy based on 3D
angiogenic microvasculature Journal of Biomechanics 42 (2009) 712–721
[7] Kwon,I. K., Lee S.C., Han ,B., Park ,K. Analysis on the current status of targeted drug
delivery to tumors . Journal of Controlled Release 164 (2012) 108–114.
[8] Bringuier É.,, Comptes Rendus Mécanique, Volume 341, Issues 4–5, April–May 2013,
Simple ideas about thermodiffusion in a binary liquid mixture,Pages 365-371.
[9] Jain, R.K., Baxter, L.T., 1988. Mechanisms of heterogeneous distribution of monoclonal-
antibodies and other macromolecules in tumors—Significance of elevated interstitial
pressure. Cancer Res. 48 (24), 7022-7032.
[10] Nield, D. A., Bejan, A. Convection in porous Media, Springer Science+Business Media,
Inc. (2006)
[11] Eldabe, N.T., El-Saka, A.G., Ashraf Fouad, Thermal-diffusion and diffusion-thermo
effects on mixed free-forced convection and mass transfer boundary layer flow for non-
Newtonian fluid with temperature dependent viscosity, Applied Mathematics and
Computation 152 (2004) 867–883.
[12] daneshnameh.roshd.ir .
[13] Topp, E.M. , Kitos, P.A. , Vijaykumar, V. ,.Desilva, B.S, Hendrickson, T.L. ,1998.
Antibody transport in cultured tumor cell layers. Journal of Controlled Release 53 (1998)
15–23.
[14] Gerlowski, L. E. and R. K. Jain. 1986. Microvascular permeability of normal and
neoplastic tissues. Microvasc. Res. 31, 288-305.
[15] Nagashima, T., T. Shirakuni and S. Rappoport. 1990. A two dimensional, finite element
analysis of vasogenic brain edema. Neurol. Med. Chir. (Tokyo) 30, l-9.
[16] Sampath, P., Brem, H., 1998. Implantable slow-release chemotherapeutic polymers for
the treatment of malignant brain tumors. Cancer control. Journal of Molecular and Cellular
Cardiology 5 (2), 130–137.
[17] Baxter, L.T., Jain, R.K. , Transport of fluid and macromole-cules in tumors. II. Role of
heterogeneous perfusion and lymphatics, Microvascular Res. 40 (1990) 246-263.
‫شکل‬1-‫شماتیک‬‫یک‬‫تومور‬‫بدخیم‬(‫دانشنامه‬)]12[
‫شکل‬2-‫مراحل‬‫ورود‬‫داروها‬‫به‬‫داخل‬‫بافت‬]13[
‫روش‬‫حل‬
‫برای‬‫بررسی‬‫اثر‬‫ترمودیفیوژن‬‫بر‬‫جذب‬‫دارو‬‫در‬‫سلولهای‬،‫سرطانی‬‫یک‬‫تومور‬‫کروی‬
‫به‬‫حجم‬m30.00127‫با‬‫توجه‬‫به‬‫نتایج‬MRI]14[‫در‬‫نظر‬‫گرفته‬‫شده‬‫است‬.
‫پارامترهای‬‫استفاده‬‫شده‬‫در‬‫این‬‫مدلسازی‬‫در‬‫جدول‬1‫آمده‬‫است‬.‫به‬‫منظور‬‫حل‬
‫عددی‬‫معادالت‬،‫پیوستگی‬،‫دارسی‬‫دما‬‫و‬،‫غلظت‬‫برای‬‫معادالت‬‫فوق‬‫گسسته‬‫س‬‫ازی‬
‫انجام‬‫گرفته‬‫است‬.‫معادالت‬،‫پیوستگی‬‫دارسی‬‫و‬‫انرژی‬‫با‬‫استفاده‬‫از‬‫اختالف‬‫ات‬‫محدود‬
‫پیشرو‬‫گسسته‬‫شده‬‫اند‬‫و‬‫معادله‬‫غلظت‬‫با‬‫استفاده‬‫از‬‫اختالفات‬‫محدود‬‫پس‬‫رو‬‫و‬‫روش‬
‫صریح‬‫گسسته‬‫گردیده‬‫است‬.‫تمام‬‫معادالت‬‫بصورت‬‫یک‬‫بعدی‬‫و‬‫در‬‫جهت‬r‫در‬‫نظر‬
‫گرفته‬‫شده‬‫اند‬.
Para
mete
r
Description
Dimensio
n
Value
Ref./Justificat
ion
LP
Vascular hydraulic
conductivity
cm/
mmHg-
sec
2.8 *10-7 Baxter and
Jain [4]
K
Interstitial
conductivity
cm2/
mmHg-
sec
4.13 *10-8 Nagashima et
al. [15]
S/V
Surface area per
unit volume
cm-1 200.0
Baxter and
Jain [4]
D
Interstitial
diffusion constant
cm2/sec 2.0 *10-8 Baxter and
Jain [4]
Peff
Effective vascular
permeability
cm/sec 1.73 *10-6 Baxter and
Jain [4]
ᵝ
Cerebrospinal
permeability
cm/
mmHg-
sec
4.13 x 10-6 Gerlowski et
al. [16]
Pv
Vessel vascular
pressure
mmHg 15.6
Baxter and
Jain [4]
πi Osmotic pressure mmHg 15
Baxter and
Jain [4]
πv
Osmotic pressure
of plasma
mmHg 20
Baxter and
Jain [4]
pL Lymphatic mmHg 0
Baxter and
Jain [17]
‌‫جدول‬1‌:‫مشخصات‌استفاده‌شده‌در‌مدلسازی‌تومور‬
‫الف‬
‫ب‬
‌‫شکل‬3-‫غلظت‌دارو‌در‌فاصله‌بی‌بعد‌درون‌تومور‬
‫الف‬‌)4‫ساعت‌پس‌از‌تزریق‌ب‬‌)8‫ساعت‌پس‌از‌تزریق‬
‫حاکم‬ ‫معادالت‬
‌‫شرایط‌مرزی‌برای‌حل‌معادالت‌فوق‬]4[:
‫معادله‌دیفرانسیل‌برای‌توزیع‌غلظت‌دا‬‌‫رو‬:
‌‫معادله‌انرژی‬]11[:
‌‫معادله‌دارسی‬]10[:
‌‫معادله‌پیوستگی‬‌:
‫معادالت‬‫با‬‫این‬‫فرضیات‬‫بدست‬‫آمده‬‫اند‬:
•‫توزیع‬‫دارو‬‫به‬‫صورت‬‫ناپایدار‬‫می‬‫باشد‬.
•‫چگالی‬‫سیال‬‫از‬‫تقریب‬‫اببک‬-‫بوسینیسک‬‫تبعیت‬‫می‬‫کند‬.
•‫حرکت‬‫سیال‬‫از‬‫قانون‬‫دارسی‬‫تبعیت‬‫می‬‫کند‬.
•‫سیال‬‫و‬‫بافت‬‫در‬‫تعادل‬‫ترمودینامیکی‬‫قرار‬‫دارند‬.
C‫غلظت‬‫دارو‬‫و‬D‫ضریب‬‫نفوذ‬‫دارو‬‫در‬‫بافت‬‫است‬.φ‫کسر‬‫حجمی‬‫سیال‬‫می‬‫ان‬
‫بافتی‬(‫تخلخل‬)‫و‬t‫زمان‬‫می‬‫باشد‬.
(1
(2
(3
(4
(5
(6
(7
(8
(9
(10

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