http://www.fao.org/globalsoilpartnership This presentation was made during the NENA soil partnerhip Conference that took place in Amman, Jordan 17-19 June 2014. This presentation was made by Imad Ghanma, and it presents the Soils of Palestine : current status and future trends. ©FAO: http://www.fao.org

1. THE SOILS OF PALESTINE: CURRENT STATUS
AND FUTURE TRENDS
Prepared by
Imad Ghanma
Ministry of Agriculture

2. ‫ﻣﻘدﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺣو‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺑﻠﻎ‬1.2‫ﻧﺳﺑﺗﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫دوﻧم‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯾون‬21%‫اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬
،‫ﻏزة‬ ‫وﻗطﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﻐرﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺿﻔﺔ‬90%‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻐرﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺿﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﮭﺎ‬10%‫ﻏزة‬ ‫ﻗطﺎع‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.‫وﺗﺷﻛل‬
‫اﻟﺑﻌﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ‬81%‫اﻟﻣروﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ‬19%‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣوع‬ ‫ﻣن‬
‫ﻓﺗﺑﻠﻎ‬ ‫اﻟﻣراﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬2.02‫ﻟﻠرﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﺎح‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺗﺟﺎوز‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫دوﻧم‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯾون‬
621‫ﻛﻐﺎﺑﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻﻧﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺑﻠﻎ‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬ ،‫دوﻧم‬ ‫أﻟف‬‫ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ‬94‫دوﻧم‬ ‫اﻟف‬‫واﻻراﺿﻲ‬
‫ﺣراج‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻﻧﻔﺔ‬320‫دوﻧم‬ ‫اﻟف‬.
‫اﻟﺟﮭﺎز‬‫اﻟﻔﻠﺳطﯾﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺣﺻﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﻛزي‬/‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺻﺎءات‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺢ‬2010/2011

3. ‫ﺑﻠﻐت‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﯾﺎه‬ ‫ﻛﻣﯾﺎت‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬146‫ﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﻛﻌب‬ ‫ﻣﺗر‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯾون‬2011
‫وﺗﺷﻛل‬44%،‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﯾﺎه‬ ‫إﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣن‬60‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺗﻌﻣل‬ ‫ﻣﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻛﻌب‬ ‫ﻣﺗر‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯾون‬
‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻐرﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺿﻔﺔ‬86‫اﻟﺟوﻓﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻵﺑﺎر‬ ‫وﺗﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﻏزة‬ ‫ﻗطﺎع‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺗﻌﻣل‬ ‫ﻣﻛﻌب‬ ‫ﻣﺗر‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯾون‬
‫اﻟﻣﯾﺎه‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟري‬ ‫ﻣﯾﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﺗﺄﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻐرﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺿﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﻏزة‬ ‫ﻗطﺎع‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﯾﺎه‬ ‫اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻدر‬
‫إﺳراﺋﯾل‬ ‫وﺗﺻﺎدر‬ ‫واﻟﯾﻧﺎﺑﯾﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺟوﻓﯾﺔ‬82%‫اﻟﺿﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻠﺳطﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟوﻓﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﯾﺎه‬ ‫ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﻐرﺑﯾﺔ‬.
‫ﻣﻘدﻣﺔ‬

4. 24 June 2014 4
500 km2
3350km2
1300km2
506km2
360km2

5. ‫ﻓﻠﺳطﯾن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻﺎدر‬ ‫اﺳﺗراﺗﺟﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻔرﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷھداف‬:
‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸراﺿﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻠﯾم‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﻐﻼل‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌدي‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺗدھور‬ ‫وﻗف‬.
‫اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫واﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻧﺷطﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻼءﻣﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬.
‫ﻟﻸراﺿﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺷﺗرﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﯾﺎزات‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺳﯾم‬ ‫ﺗﻧظﯾم‬.
‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺻﻼح‬ ‫ﻣﺷﺎرﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﺷﺟﯾﻊ‬.
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫أﺻﺣﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﻣزارﻋﯾن‬ ‫ﺗوﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻹرﺷﺎد‬ ‫أﻧﺷطﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﺛﯾف‬.
‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳب‬ ‫اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻹطﺎر‬ ‫إﯾﺟﺎد‬.
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﺣﺻول‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣل‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻣل‬‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻧﯾف‬ ‫وﺧراﺋط‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻧﯾف‬ ‫ﺧﺎرطﺔ‬.
‫اﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل‬‫اﻷﻤﺜل‬‫اﻀﻲ‬‫ر‬‫ﻟﻸ‬‫اﻋﯿﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟز‬‫و‬‫ﺤﻤﺎﯿﺘﻬﺎ‬‫و‬‫زﯿﺎدة‬‫رﻗﻌﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ﺒﻤﺎ‬‫ﯿﻀﻤن‬‫ارﯿﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ر‬‫اﺴﺘﻤ‬)‫اﺴﺘداﻤﺘﻬﺎ‬(.

6. ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾق‬ ‫اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺳﺗراﺗﯾﺟﯾﺎت‬‫اﻷھداف‬‫اﻟﻔرﻋﯾﺔ‬
‫اوﻻ‬:‫ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺗطوﯾر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺿررﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻣزارﻋﯾن‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺻل‬ ‫ﺟدار‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﯾر‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﯾل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣل‬.
‫اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﯾدوي‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻵﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﺻﻼح‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة‬.
‫ﺷق‬‫اﻻﺳﺗﺻﻼح‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺧﺿﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺎت‬ ‫ﻟزﯾﺎدة‬ ‫اﻛﺑر‬ ‫إﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﯾوﻓر‬ ‫ﻣﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟطرق‬.
‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺗدھور‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗؤدي‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷرة‬ ‫وﻏﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷرة‬ ‫اﻟﻌواﻣل‬ ‫اﺛر‬ ‫ﺗﺧﻔﯾف‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﮭدف‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﺗطﺑﯾق‬
‫ﻟﻠﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺣﯾوﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻛﯾﻣﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﯾزﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺧواص‬ ‫وﺗدھور‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣراﻧﻲ‬ ‫واﻟزﺣف‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻠوث‬ ،‫اﻟﺗﻣﻠﺢ‬ ،‫اﻟﺗﻌرﯾﺔ‬ ،‫اﻟﺗﺻﺣر‬.
‫ﺗطوﯾر‬‫وﺗﻘﯾﯾم‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫وﺗدھور‬ ‫اﻟﺗرب‬ ‫وﺟودة‬ ‫ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣراﻗﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت‬ ‫اﻟوﺳﺎﺋل‬ ‫وﺗطﺑﯾق‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘدرات‬
‫واﻟﺣﯾوﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻔﯾزﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌواﻣل‬.

7. ‫ﺛﺎﻧﯾﺎ‬:‫ﻹدارة‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧظﯾﻣﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻹطﺎر‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣل‬ ‫ﺗﻌزﯾز‬‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻹطﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﻧظم‬ ‫ﺗﺷرﯾﻌﺎت‬ ‫إﺻدار‬.
‫وﻏﯾر‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻏراض‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺗﺷرﯾﻌﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻧﺳﯾق‬
‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬.
‫اﻟﻘدرات‬ ‫ﺑﻧﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﮭدف‬ ‫واﻹﻗﻠﯾﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌﺎون‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧﺳﯾق‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗوى‬ ‫ﺗطوﯾر‬.
‫ﻣوﺣدة‬ ‫ﻣرﺟﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫إﯾﺟﺎد‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫واﻟﺗﻌﺎون‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧﺳﯾق‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗوى‬ ‫وﺗطوﯾر‬ ‫ﺗﻌزﯾز‬
‫اﻟﻣﺷﺎرﯾﻊ‬ ‫وﻟﺗﻧﻔﯾذ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻘدﯾم‬.‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫ازدواﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺣدوث‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺟﻧب‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺈدارة‬‫اﻟﻌﻣل‬.

8. ‫اﻟﺗﺧطﯾط‬‫ﻻﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﺎل‬‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻣل‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻣل‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﺗطوﯾر‬‫ﻟﻠﺗرﺑﺔ‬‫واﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻻﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫واﻻراﺿﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻣﺎ‬‫اﻟﺗﺂﻛل‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺗدھور‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺗرﺑﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ھذه‬ ‫ﯾﺣﻣﻲ‬.
‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻧﺎء‬ ‫أﻋﻣﺎل‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣراﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ‬ ‫وﻗف‬.
‫اﻟﻣﺣﯾطﺔ‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺟر‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎطق‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﯾر‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺣد‬.
‫اﻟرﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻧظﯾم‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟرﻋوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫إدارة‬ ‫ﺗطوﯾر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣل‬.
‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺗدھور‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﺟراف‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺣد‬ ‫أﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻐطﺎء‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة‬.:
‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧوﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺧطﯾط‬ ‫أدوات‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ﺗﺧطﯾط‬ ‫أﺳﺎﻟﯾب‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﺧﺻﺻﺔ‬ ‫طواﻗم‬ ‫ﺗدرﯾب‬
‫اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧظﺎم‬.
‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫إدارة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻼﻣرﻛزﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺷﻔﺎﻓﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎھﯾم‬ ‫ﺗﻌزﯾز‬.

9. ‫راﺑﻌﺎ‬:‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸراﺿﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗداﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻹدارة‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺳﯾن‬
‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸراﺿﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗداﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻹدارة‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫دﻋم‬.
‫اﻟزراﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻛﻣﯾﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠري‬ ‫ﻣﯾﺎه‬ ‫ﻟﺗوﻓﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﻣﯾﺎه‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺻﺎد‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﻛﯾز‬.
‫اﻟﺗدﺧﻼت‬ ‫ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻠوﺣﺔ‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣل‬‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬.
‫ﺗدھورھﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻊ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺧﺻوﺑﺔ‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة‬.
‫اﻟﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻣﺎط‬ ‫ﺗطوﯾر‬ ‫طرﯾق‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة‬ ‫رﻓﻊ‬‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺗطوﯾر‬‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫زراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺻﯾل‬ ‫وإدﺧﺎل‬‫ﻟﻠﺟﻔﺎف‬.
‫واﻟﻣﻠوﺣﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻣﯾﺎه‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻠﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻹدارة‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﺧﺻﺻﺔ‬ ‫إرﺷﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫طواﻗم‬ ‫ﺗﺄھﯾل‬.
‫اﻟﻌﺿوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑداﺋل‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫اﻟﻛﯾﻣﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻣواد‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻣدة‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺣد‬.
‫ﺗﺳﻣﯾد‬ ‫ﺑراﻣﺞ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫طرﯾق‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﺗدھورھﺎ‬ ‫وﻣﻧﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺻوﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟزﯾﺎدة‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺛل‬ ‫اﻟطرق‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺣوث‬ ‫ﻣراﻛز‬ ‫ﻣﺷﺎرﻛﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻣﺣﺻول‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎطق‬ ‫ﺣﺳب‬ ‫وري‬.

10. SOIL
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
The first soil survey was made in 1927-28 by Strahorn from the American Bureau
of Soils.
Zohary (1942) studied the relations between vegetation and the various soil
formations.
 Reifenberg and Whittles (1947) studied in details the chemical properties of most
soil types occurring in Palestine.
Rosensaft and Gil (1955) through the USDA Soil Conservation Service published
a soil type map at scale of 1:500,000 on which 13 soil types were distinguished.
 Dan et al. (1962) described the soils and mapped them on the basis of soil
associations.
- Dan et al. (1976) reclassified and mapped again the soils of Palestine.

12. Soil Associations in Palestine
2413
1482
38
276
4675971
114
127
73
52
209
96
241
189
14
34
Terra rossa
Brown Rendzinas and Pale Renzinas
Pale Rendzinas
Grumusols
Brown Lithosols and Loessial Arid Brown Soils
Solonchaks
Loessial Serozems
Sandy Regosols and Arid Brown
Sand Dunes
Regosols
Dark Brown Soils
Calcareous Serozems
Loessial Arid Brown Soil
Alluvial Arid Brown Soils
Brown Lithosols and Loessial Serozems
Bare Rocks and Desert Lithosols
Reg Soils and Coarse Desert Alluvium

13. Soil Association FAO Class. USDA Class. WRB 2010 classification
Terra rossa (area = 235,210 ha) Luvisols Xero-chrepts, Rhodoxe-ralfs Eutric Luvisols
Brown Rendzinas and Pale Renzinas (area = 145,698
ha)
Litho-sols and ren-dzi-na Xeror-thents, Haploxe-rolls Lithic and Rendzic Calcisols
Pale Rendzinas (a-rea= 762 ha) Litho-sols and ren-dzi-nas Xeror-thents Rendzic Calcisols
Grumusols (area = 28,760) Verti-sols Xererts Aridic Vertisols
Brown Lithosols and Loessial Arid Brown Soils (area=
48,391 ha)
Litho-sols Torrior-thents Fluvic Regosols
Solonchaks (area= 6,608 ha) Solon-chak Salor-thids Haplic Solonchaks
Loessial
Serozems (area= 5,265 ha)
Yermesols Haplargids Calcaric Regosols
Sandy Regosols and Arid Brown (area= 418 ha) Regosols Xeror-thents, Torrior-thents Arenic transportic Regosols
Sand Dunes Areno-sols Quartzi-psammentsTorrip-sam-
ments
Transportic Arenosols
Regosols (21,220 ha) Regosols Xeror-thents, Torrior-thents Transportic Arenic and Clayic
Regosols
Alluvial and Brown Carbonatic Fluvisols and
Cambisols
Bare rock and desert lithosol Lithic Leptosols
Brown lithosol and loessial serozems Carbonatic Leptosols
Dark brown soils Carbonatic Cambisols
Calcareous serozems Carbonatic Regosols
Loessial arid Brown Aridic transportic Regosols
Bara rendzina Haplic Calcisols

14. Soil map according to WRB 2010

15. LAND USE

16. UNDER NATIONAL SPATIAL
PLANNING PROJECT

17. MoA and LRC were classified land according to suitability for reclamation 2010

18. Soil type map for tammun
watershed project
Comprehensive soil survey
were in the project area
according to ISRIC FAO
13 soil profile and 60 soil
Auger where done
3 soil type as great group and
5 subgroup where define in
the studied area

19. Land capability map for
tammoun area also done
according to the USDA
capability classification 4
classes were defined
Land suitability map for
tammoun area also done
according to the FAO suitability
classification

20. SOLONCHAKS, GYPSISOLS,
SOLONETZ, CALCISOLS,
CAMBISOLS, FLUVISOLS.
Aridisols,
Entisols
14 soil types and
43 phase
Soil survey at a scale of
1/10,000 for about 1360 ha
near Jericho

21. Soil surveying at a
scale of 1/25,000
for 1731 ha
VERTISOLS,
LUVISOLS,
CAMBISOLS,
LEPTOSOLS.
Vertisols,
Alfisols,
Inceptisols,
Entisols
5 soil types
and 12 phase

22. Land capability map
according to USDA
capability
classification map
for small area in
Hebron
7 capability classes
were defined

23. ‫واﻟﻧﺷﺎطﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺗدﺧﻼت‬‫اﻟﻘﺻﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﻣدى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ‬
•‫أراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺄھﯾل‬ ‫وإﻋﺎدة‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﻧﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟدران‬ ‫وإﻗﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫أﻧواﻋﮫ‬ ‫وﺑﻛﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﺻﻼح‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺗوﺳﻊ‬ ‫واﻻﺳﺗﻣرار‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺷﺟﯾﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺣدار‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎطق‬ ‫وﺗﺷﺟﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﻣراﻋﻲ‬.
•‫اﻟﺻﻌﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎطق‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠوﺻول‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟطرق‬ ‫ﺷق‬..
•‫ﻣدﺧﻼت‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻌﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻣروﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﯾﯾم‬ ‫ﺧﺎرطﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻣل‬
‫ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓظﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﮭذه‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘدرة‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣل‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺗﺎج‬.
•‫وﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﺎت‬ ‫وﻟواﺋﺢ‬ ‫أﻧظﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﻌﺎت‬ ‫إﻛﻣﺎل‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻘطﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧظﯾﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻹطﺎر‬ ‫وﺗطوﯾر‬ ‫ﻣراﺟﻌﺔ‬
‫ھذا‬ ‫اﺳﺗداﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗدﻋم‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘواﻧﯾن‬ ‫ھذه‬ ‫ﻓرض‬ ‫وأﺳﺎﻟﯾب‬‫اﻟﻣورد‬.
•‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺣﯾﺎزة‬ ‫وإﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺗوزﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﯾرھﺎ‬ ‫ودراﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟدﯾﻣﻐراﻓﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣراﺟﻌﺔ‬.

24. ‫واﻟﻧﺷﺎطﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺗدﺧﻼت‬‫اﻟﻘﺻﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﻣدى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺎﺻﯾل‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟدورة‬ ‫ﺗطﺑﯾق‬ ‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﺗطوﯾر‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸراﺿﻲ‬ ‫اﻹدارة‬ ‫ﻧظم‬ ‫ﺗﻘوﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟرﯾﻔﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎطق‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟدﺧل‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺎدر‬ ‫ﻟزﯾﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﺎت‬ ‫وﺗﻧوﯾﻊ‬.
‫ﺗﺷﺟﯾﻊ‬‫اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣوارد‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺗﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻹدارة‬ ‫ﻧﮭﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﺑﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻣزارﻋﯾن‬)‫واﻟﻣﯾﺎه‬ ‫اﻷرض‬.(
‫وﺻﯾﺎﻧﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻔﺎظ‬ ‫ﺑﺄھﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗوﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻣﻼت‬ ‫وﺗﻧظﯾم‬ ‫إﻋداد‬.
‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺗدھور‬ ‫ﻣراﻗﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟطرق‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام‬.
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻘﺎطﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺧﻔﯾف‬ ‫واﻟﻘواﻧﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﻣراﺟﻌﺔ‬.
‫اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺧراﺋط‬ ‫وإﻋداد‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳوﺣﺎت‬ ‫إﺟراء‬.
‫واﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘدرات‬ ‫ﺑﻧﺎء‬.
‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺻﻼح‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎر‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺷﺟﯾﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳب‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎخ‬ ‫ﺧﻠق‬.

25. ‫واﻟﻧﺷﺎطﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺗدﺧﻼت‬‫اﻟطوﯾل‬ ‫اﻟﻣدى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺗطوﯾر‬‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸراﺿﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗداﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻹدارة‬ ‫ﻟدﻋم‬ ‫واﻷدوات‬ ‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫وإﻏﻧﺎء‬.
‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸراﺿﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗداﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻹدارة‬ ‫ﻟﺿﻣﺎن‬ ‫واﻷداء‬ ‫اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻹطﺎر‬ ‫وﺗطوﯾر‬ ‫واﻟﺗﺣﻔﯾزﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟوﺳﺎﺋل‬ ‫اﺑﺗﻛﺎر‬.
‫ﺗدھورھﺎ‬ ‫وﻣﻧﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﺻﯾﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣزارﻋﯾن‬ ‫اﻟدﺧل‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺎدر‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫ﺗدﻣﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺷﺎرﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ‬.
‫اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺷﺎطﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف‬ ‫واﻟﻣﺧﺎطر‬ ‫واﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدي‬ ‫واﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺛر‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬ ‫واﻟﺗﻘﯾﯾم‬ ‫اﻟﻣراﻗﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻧظﺎم‬ ‫إﻧﺷﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﺣﻔﺎظ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺗﺻﻼح‬.
‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺧراﺋط‬ ‫إﻋداد‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺳوﺣﺎت‬ ‫إﺟراء‬.
‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧداﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌطﯾﺎت‬ ‫وﺗﻔﺳﯾر‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﯾل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺎھم‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧظم‬ ‫وﺗطوﯾر‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺳﯾن‬.
‫إدارة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺳﺗداﻣﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﮭوم‬ ‫ﺗﺑﻧﻲ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﺎدﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺣث‬ ‫أﻧﺷطﺔ‬ ‫دﻋم‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرﺿﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣوارد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﮭم‬ ‫ﺑﻧﺎء‬
‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬.
‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫واﻹﺟﮭﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﺿﻐط‬ ‫وﺗﻘﻠﯾل‬ ‫اﻹﯾﻛوﻟوﺟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧظﺎم‬ ‫إطﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘدرة‬ ‫وزﯾﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺧواص‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺎﻓظﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺣوث‬ ‫إﺟراء‬
‫اﻟﺳﺎﺋدة‬ ‫واﻟﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻛﺛﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻟﮫ‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻌرض‬.

26. ‫واﻟﻧﺷﺎطﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺗدﺧﻼت‬‫اﻟطوﯾل‬ ‫اﻟﻣدى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣوﺟودة‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺳب‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫اﺳﺗداﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻘﯾﯾم‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫واﻟدﻻﺋل‬ ‫اﻟﻣؤﺷرات‬ ‫ﺗطوﯾر‬.
‫واﻟﻣراﻛز‬ ‫اﻟﻣدارس‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﺑدء‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺗدرﯾب‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺷرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘدرات‬ ‫وﺗطوﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺻﻼح‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺄﻛﯾد‬
‫واﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﻣﺧﺗﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﮭﻧﯾﺔ‬.
‫اﻟﻣرﺷدﯾن‬ ‫ﻣﮭﺎرات‬ ‫وﺗطوﯾر‬ ‫وﺗدرﯾب‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻹرﺷﺎد‬ ‫ﻧظم‬ ‫ﺗطوﯾر‬.
‫اﻟﻣزارﻋﯾن‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻷﺧص‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻷطراف‬ ‫وﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﺎت‬ ‫إﺷراك‬ ‫ﺿرورة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺄﻛﯾد‬.
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣواﺿﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻛﺎﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺑدأ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﺗﺄﻛﯾد‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺈدارة‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫واﻟﺗﻘﺎطﻌﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧﺎﻗﺿﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺧﻔﯾف‬
‫اﻟﻣﺟﺎل‬ ‫ھذا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﮭﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﺄﺳﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧﺳﯾق‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫وھذا‬ ‫واﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬.
‫ﻟﮭذه‬ ‫واﻟﺗﻧﻔﯾذ‬ ‫اﻹﻋداد‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ،‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرﺿﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻﺎدر‬ ‫وﺗطوﯾر‬ ‫اﺳﺗداﻣﺔ‬ ‫أھﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣوم‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺛﻘﯾف‬ ‫اﻟﺗوﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻣﻼت‬ ‫ﺷن‬
‫اﻟدوﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺗﻧﺳﯾق‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺎدﯾﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎص‬ ‫واﻟﻘطﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫واﻟﺷراﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺷﺎرﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻣﻼت‬
‫واﻹﻗﻠﯾﻣﯾﺔ‬.
َ‫ا‬‫ﺑدء‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫إدارة‬ ‫وﺣوﻛﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺷﺎرﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺑدأ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻌزﯾز‬ ‫واﻟﺧدﻣﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﻣﺷﺎرﯾﻊ‬ ‫واﻟﺑراﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﻣول‬ ‫اﻹﺟراءات‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺄﻛﯾد‬
‫واﻟﺗﻘﯾﯾم‬ ‫واﻟﻣﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻧﻔﯾذ‬ ً‫ا‬‫وإﻧﺗﮭﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺧطﯾط‬ ‫ﻣن‬.

27. ‫ﻓﻠﺳطﯾن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻراﺿﻲ‬ ‫واﺳﺗداﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗطور‬ ‫ﺗواﺟﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌوﻗﺎت‬
•‫اﻟﻘﯾود‬‫ﻛﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬ ‫ﻏزة‬ ‫ﻗطﺎع‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻐرﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺿﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺎطق‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻛﻔﺎءة‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺗﺣد‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬:
•‫اﻟﻘﯾود‬‫ﺣدث‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻟﺗدﻣﯾر‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺿﺎف‬ ،‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫إﻏﻼق‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻﺎدرة‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻻﺣﺗﻼل‬ ‫ﯾﻔرﺿﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻏزة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸراﺿﻲ‬.
•‫إﻧﺷﺎء‬‫ﺧﻠﻔﮫ‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻛﺑﯾرة‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋزل‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻧﺻري‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺻل‬ ‫ﺟدار‬.
•‫ﺻﻌوﺑﺔ‬‫ﻷراﺿﯾﮭم‬ ‫اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﻧﺷطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾﺎم‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺧدﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻘوﻣون‬ ‫اﻟذﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻣزارﻋﯾن‬ ‫ﺣرﻛﺔ‬.
•‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﺳﺔ‬‫اﻷﺧرى‬ ‫اﻟﻘطﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫واﻟﻣﯾﺎه‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬.
•‫اﻹھﻣﺎل‬‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫أﻧظﻣﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﺧطط‬ ‫طوﯾل‬ ‫ﻟوﻗت‬.

28. ‫ﻓﻠﺳطﯾن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻراﺿﻲ‬ ‫واﺳﺗداﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗطور‬ ‫ﺗواﺟﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌوﻗﺎت‬
‫ﺗﻌرﯾﺔ‬‫اﻷرض‬.
‫ﺗدھور‬‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺂﻛل‬.
‫زﯾﺎدة‬‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻣﻠﺢ‬ ‫ظﺎھرة‬.
‫زﯾﺎدة‬‫اﻟﻔﻠﺳطﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺻﺣر‬ ‫ظﺎھرة‬.
‫اﻻﻧﺧﻔﺎض‬‫اﻟﺣﯾوي‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧوع‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.
‫ﻓﻘدان‬‫اﻻﺳﺗﻣرارﯾﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗداﻣﺔ‬.
‫ﺿﻌف‬‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺈدارة‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘواﻧﯾن‬ ‫ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ‬.
‫ﺿﻌف‬‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺈدارة‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠق‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺧطﯾط‬ ‫ﺗﻛﺎﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬.
‫ﻧﻘص‬‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻟﻣوارد‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻹدارة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺑرات‬.
‫ﻧﻘص‬‫ﻟﻸراﺿﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻠﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻺدارة‬ ‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺧطﯾط‬ ‫وأدوات‬ ‫اﻟﻘرارات‬ ‫اﺗﺧﺎذ‬ ‫دﻋم‬ ‫أﻧظﻣﺔ‬.

29. ‫ﻓﻠﺳطﯾن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻراﺿﻲ‬ ‫واﺳﺗداﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗطور‬ ‫ﺗواﺟﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌوﻗﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻣﯾراث‬ ‫ﺑﺳﺑب‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺗت‬.
‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺻﻼح‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬.
‫أﺷﻛﺎﻟﮫ‬ ‫وﻣﺧﺗﻠف‬ ‫ﺑدرﺟﺎﺗﮫ‬ ‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺗدھور‬ ‫ﻓﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﺟددة‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﺗوﻓر‬ ‫ﻋدم‬.
‫اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫إدارة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﺳﺔ‬.
‫اﻟزراﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘطﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺧﺗﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﮭﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧﺳﯾق‬ ‫ﺿﻌف‬.
‫اﻟﺟﻔﺎف‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻐﯾر‬.
‫ﻏزة‬ ‫وﻗطﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﻐرﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺿﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻛﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫واﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻌﻠق‬ ‫ﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺔ‬ ‫دراﺳﺎت‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺧراﺋط‬ ‫وﺟود‬ ‫ﻋدم‬
‫وإدارﺗﮭﻣﺎ‬ ‫واﻷﻣﻼح‬ ‫واﻟري‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻌﻠق‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫أﺑﺣﺎث‬ ‫وﺟود‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺔ‬.

30. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS RELATED TO
SOILS
Soil Erosion

32. Soil salinity