1Economic Development of Mashonaland RegionIntroductionEco

1
Economic Development of Mashonaland Region
Introduction
Economic development refers to the creation of wealth that
ultimately enables a community to realize benefits and meet its
needs. It is a commitment and an investment in the economy so
that the community can enhance the prosperity and quality of
life for everyone. According to Myint, (2016) economic
development is a process in which simple and low-income
economies transform into modern and industrial economies
through quantitative and qualitative improvements. The theory
of economic development defines it as the process through
which poor and primitive economies can evolve into relatively
prosperous economies. From a public perspective, economic
development involves an efficient allocation of limited
resources such as land in a manner that benefits people in terms
of income distribution and employment. Economic development
is usually the responsibility of the government to influence the
direction, nature, and viability of investment towards
opportunities that assure the growth of the economy. Through
sustained economic growth, the government can provide
profitable business opportunities to its people, a situation that
furthers the growth of the economy.
Unified growth is a concept that captures the economic growth
process over the course of human existence by focusing on
factors such as technology, population growth, and education.
The concept encourages the need for governments to actively
invest in technology. Through this concept, subnational regions
have transitioned from stagnation to a period of sustained
economic growth. They achieve this by capturing the key phases
of economic development as well as the central role that human
capital plays in the economic growth and development process.
The concept maintains that the variations in cultural,

biogeographical, and institutional characteristics can enhance
the transition from stagnation to economic growth and
development. The unified growth concept, therefore, contributes
to economic geography since it identifies factors that can
govern the transition from economic stagnation to economic
growth and ultimately economic development.
Mashonaland is a subnational region in Northern Zimbabwe
divided into three provinces namely Mashonaland West,
Mashonaland east Mashonaland central. It borders Zambia to
the North and Mozambique to the east and northeast. It is also
the traditional homeland of the Shona, a Bantu-speaking group
in Zimbabwe. The region has a population of about two million
people. The region predominantly consists of savanna grassland
although there are areas that have savanna woodland. The
economy of the region consists mainly of agriculture, service,
and mining industries. Many citizens of this region are
predominantly farmers hence agriculture drives the economy of
Mashonaland. It also has prospects for tourism which have
significantly improved its economy.
However, the subnational government is increasingly faced with
poor leadership which negatively affects the adoption of
economic policies. As a result, Mashonaland’s economy lags.
On a closer assessment of the region, the evidence of poverty is
both a contributor of the low economic development and a
consequence of the same thus coming out as a serious issue that
the region grapples with. Mashonaland has an opportunity to
expand its economy by focusing on its strong points such as
agriculture and mining. Research shows that the prioritization
of literacy and education can enable an economy to compete
positively in the global arena (Wamboye & Nyaronga, 2018).
There is also a concern that Mashonaland’s economic issues
result from an unsustainable population that is solely dependent
on scarce resources. There is also a need to narrow the gap
between the rich and poor and prioritize entrepreneurship as a
key to economic growth. To make entrepreneurship,
Mashonaland has always considered a business-friendly

regulatory environment so that it can foster innovation.
The concept of unified growth is relevant in this region because
it can be used to revive the stagnant economy so that it
develops. The government can be used by the subnational
government to identify factors that negatively affect the
economy and identify strategies of dealing with them to realize
economic development
Against this background, the objective of the paper is to
examine which factors have contributed to Mashonaland’s
economic development?
Our Hypothesis is that the unified growth concept has been an
effective strategy in Mashonaland’s transition towards economic
development.
The paper is structured as follows. The literature review section
will explain the unified growth concept further, its importance,
how to measure it, and how it has been applied in different
regions of the world. The empirical section will explain the
region’s economic evolution using the unified growth concept.
The conclusion will summarize the findings of the paper and
discuss the limitations.
Literature Review
The unified growth concept explains this entire growth process
from ancient civilizations to date by identifying the forces
behind the transition. In terms of definition, the concept refers
to a formal framework that explains the entire growth process of
human history.
The term ‘unified’ includes all the common yet fundamental
economic growth engines that propel economic growth (Galor,
2011). The unified growth concept emerged as a modern theory
for explaining economic growth and development after the
failure of endogenous growth theory which argues that
economic growth and development are due to endogenous
factors rather than external forces. It also holds that investment
in innovation, human capital, and knowledge are critical factors

in understanding economic growth (Cozzi, 2017). The
endogenous growth theory predominantly focused on technology
and human capital accumulation as the main engines of
economic growth.
Although the concept of unified growth closely relates to the
endogenous growth theory, it captures several irregularities in
economic growth processes and their contribution to the
underlying economic inequality among nations. The concept
was initially advanced by Galor (2011) who defined it as an
economic framework that aids in the transition from economic
stagnation to sustained economic growth. His research led to a
radical scientific conviction that has significantly changed how
people perceive economic growth.
Economic growth is explained using the Gross Domestic
Product (GDP). Galor holds that there are three fundamental
stages in economic growth; the Malthusian, post-Malthusian,
and modern growth stages. The concept holds that in any
economy, progress in technological innovation can be easily
offset by unsustainable population growth. It also points to the
need for investing in education since it empowers individuals to
adapt to any changes in the environment. At the heart of the
concept is the need for institutional and cultural change so that
the pace of transition from stagnation to economic growth is
enhanced.
The concept also considers the relationship between human
traits and the economic growth process. For instance, traits that
are complementary to the technological environment generally
generate high levels of income as compared to those that
denounce technological advancements. This explains why there
is a great disparity between developed and underdeveloped
regions. It, therefore, offers insights into the deep causes of
economic growth.
The unified growth concept accounts for Malthusian stagnation,
demographic transition, an escape from economic stagnation,
and the realization of modern economic growth and
development. The Malthusian stagnation was introduced by

Malthus in 1798. Malthus argued that no amount of
technological change would increase per capita income. He
pointed out that population growth would consume any
additional income. The unified growth concept overcomes the
Malthusian Limitations by providing a coherent framework for
economic growth. It is a concept that provides an analytical
framework for understanding the differences in incomes per
capita (Foreman-Peck & Zhou, 2019). The literature on
economic growth and development has predominantly focused
on textbook models and concepts of economic growth. However,
these models and concepts do not account for many aspects of
long-term economic development. The unified growth model is
a comprehensive growth framework that accounts for factors
such as population, technological innovation, human capital,
and total factor productivity. It also guarantees the acceleration
of economic growth from a quasi-stagnation state to sustained
growth rates.
The importance of the unified growth concept is that it
succinctly explores all the possible factors from institutional,
cultural, and technological dimensions that are responsible for
economic growth. From there, it becomes clearer, the factors
that also impede economic growth and development. For
instance, it follows that when there are institutional failures
such as corruption and leadership inefficiencies, economic
growth cannot be achieved. Also, when there is no
prioritization of technological investments, economic growth
cannot be realized. Golor conceptualized that the rise in the
standard of living has not been universal due to the differences
in technology and cultural and institutional foundations. The
concept is also important because it provides a mechanism from
which unsustainable economic growth can be reversed. For
instance, Golor (2011) states that through the demographic
transition, economies have managed to convert portions of their
gains from progress in technology and factor accumulation into
income growth per capita. Many nations who took advantage of
this concept managed to enhance labor productivity and the

growth process. The concept is also important for understanding
the persistent effect of deep-rooted factors such as human
development in economic growth.
Empirical Section
Mashonaland’s Economy
Without capital accumulation, it is almost impossible to sustain
any growth process. Although an economy may register
considerable productivity by intensively and efficiently using
its resources, such gains cannot lead to sustained growth.
Research points that unless these gains are translated into
productive investment, the economy will suffer numerous
shortcomings in its quest for economic development (UNCTAD,
2011). Mashonaland, which is a low-income region may suffer
these shortcomings if there are no investment changes that can
lead to capital accumulation. Currently, the region is unable to
sustain its population by providing basic needs. However, it has
increasingly relied on its rich agricultural lands to revive the
economy. Figure 1 shows the natural farming regions of
Zimbabwe with Mashonaland being a specialized and diversified
region. While recommendations point to legal and policy
changes, there is a need for a change in mindset so that the
economy can accelerate investment and growth.
Figure 1: Natural Farming Regions in Zimbabwe
McAllister, G., & Wright, J. 2019.
Mashonaland has adequate resources and thus it has taken
advantage of this great wealth to accumulate capital and
enhance economic growth through a bottom-up approach. With
these, the region can invest in new technologies which can help
it to set its terms of trade given the abundance of raw materials
at its disposal. The subnational under such a condition, the
realization of rapid and sustained economic growth may become
a reality for Mashonaland. Self-reliance is an important recipe
for economic development. Although Mashonaland is

increasingly focused on economic development, it has not
established a virtuous circle of investments hence an inability to
sustain growth and realize economic development. The
following sections detail some of the most important factors
that have prevented the region from realizing economic
development.
Socioeconomic Factors That Were Responsible for The
Economic Stagnation of Mashonaland
The Politicization of Economic Issues
One major problem that impeded Zimbabwe from forging ahead
towards economic development was the politicization of
economic interests. This trickled down to the sub-national level,
a situation that prevented the adoption and implementation of
projects. There is an overarching idea that development projects
cannot be instituted in an area where there is a perceived
political enemy. Such a mindset impedes the pursuit of critical
developments that would significantly support societal
economic development in the region. This is in part due to the
sub-national government’s failure to channel investment into
the project due to internal politics. Such indecision points to the
countries’ lack of concern with national economic interests.
There is also a tendency among many African leaders to use
economic development interests as rhetoric for political
campaigns and this also takes place in Mashonaland.
Politicians, therefore, make unrealistic promises to the people
during elections and fail to deliver once they are in office. This
situation points to leaders taking advantage of people’s
desperation for economic growth and development. They are
aware of what the people need yet they choose not to deliver
further compounding the issue of underdevelopment.
Zimbabwe has also experienced economic sabotage in the forms
of tax evasion and armed struggle all of which have stagnated
the economies of its subnational regions. Although many of
these may seem like productive efforts to force the government
into action, they have led to the staling of economically based

productions. This economic debacle has significantly hurt
Mashonaland’s growth prospects and it specifically points to
poor governance and poor governance structures in the region.
Corruption
Discussions about governance in Africa cannot be complete
without discussing corruption. Research shows that although
Africa and Asia initially had similar levels of income, Asia has
outpaced Africa because its economic development lies
primarily on local investments. However, the corruption in
Zimbabwe has led to the extraction of economic rent and
transferring the financial capital to the European countries
instead of encouraging local investment (Opoku, Ibrahim &
Sare, 2019). Many leaders enter power with the mentality of
acquiring wealth at the expense of the economy. Corruption
undermines private and state-led efforts towards improving the
economy of the region (Nwaoba, 2017). The tendency of not
punishing public officials for embezzling public funds
encourages others to misappropriate funds to the disadvantage
of economic development.
As a result, there will be continuous economic
underdevelopment of the region that will be very difficult to
remedy. This may create bigger problems of a socioeconomic
debacle for the region. For instance, as the circle continues so
does the problem of socioeconomic impediments increasingly
become systemic. When such ills become entrenched in society,
there is a permanent inhibition on economic growth and
development. Such a situation makes it very difficult to make
necessary changes for economic development. Figure 2
illustrates the increasing corruption index of Zimbabwe since
1998 that has had negative implications on the national and
subnational economies.
Figure 2: Zimbabwe's Corruption Index
Take-profit.org (2021)
According to Transparency International, Zimbabwe’s

corruption has increased significantly from 2009 since it ranks
at position 160 out of 180 countries. The figures reflect on the
governance structure of Mashonaland. Although the region is
trying to zero down on corruption, the subnational governments
still grapple with massive embezzlement of funds, a situation
that has impeded their economic prospects. For instance, the
government of Robert Mugabe led to the collapse of the
country’s agricultural economy. Zimbabwe’s agricultural
economy was formerly Africa’s strongest agricultural
economies. Such instances coupled with poor governance made
Zimbabwe one of Africa’s poorest economies and it will take a
lot of time for the subnational governments such as
Mashonaland which predominantly depends on agriculture to
recover.
When a society offers tangible and intangible support for
corruption, it cannot realize any tangible or intangible economic
growth prospects. Although corruption exists in other parts of
the world, research shows that it has deep roots in most African
countries, and this has ruined their chances of advancing
economic growth. These instances deny Mashonaland its
optimum opportunity for accelerated economic development.
Overdependence on Foreign Aid
African countries have been active recipients of foreign aid
since they got independence. In return, the West has continued
to provide Africa with aid in social, economic, and
humanitarian forms usually to the disadvantage of Africa.
Although there is an argument that foreign aid from
humanitarian organizations has moral imperatives, in the long
run, they do provide a stable platform for the African countries
to sustainably develop. Asia which has received little foreign
aid in comparison to Africa is better placed in terms of
economic development.
Despite the foreign aid that African countries receive, there is
little improvement in the living standards of people since the
region continues to grapple with poverty (Tang & Bundhoo,
2017). For instance, United States Agency for International

Development (USAID) has provided more than $3.2 billion in
development assistance to Zimbabwe since the 1980s to improve
living standards, support democratic efforts and enable
economic growth at the sub-national levels. Instead, only a few
rich individuals benefit from the aid while the poor remain
poor, a situation that hinders economic development. This is
evidence that Africa’s overdependence on foreign aid
increasingly hurts its economic development prospects instead
of helping it. This also reflects on Mashonaland’s economy. As
a subnational government, it depends on the economic pursuits
of the national government which has become complacent due to
its reliance on aid.
First, foreign aid is synonymous with the promotion of
corruption especially in regions where corruption is already
widespread. Since the region also grapples with issues of
governance and accountability, foreign aid does not realize its
true purpose. Instead, it reinforces the number of resources that
corrupt government officials can access. Also, the aid is not
evenly distributed among the population since in many cases it
leaves out key sectors of the economy that can improve the lives
of the poor. Dependence on aid has also made many African
regions complacent to an extent that they never promote their
local businesses (Fashina et al., 2018). Such a mentality
prevents any form of economic improvement and therefore
drags growth prospects behind.
Mashonaland’s dependence on foreign aid also reinforces the
concept of neo-colonialism which has deprived many countries
of their capability to sustain themselves economically (Tang &
Bundhoo, 2017). Mashonaland on job creation for its
populations so that it can deal with the underlying issue of
poverty. With a very young population, the creation of policies
and implementation plans will empower young people through
job creation. It can also create more jobs by investing in the
private sector, the manufacturing, infrastructure, and
agricultural sectors.
The socioeconomic factors that impede economic development

to a decline in government revenue and developmental projects
in the region. For instance, due to poor governance in the
subnational government, there has been an enormous decrease
in accruable government revenue. This is partly due to
economic sabotage, corruption, and poor infrastructural
developments. It is also due to lack of employment
opportunities which has led to few people paying personal
income. Such situations do not provide a favorable environment
for economic development. The continuous persistence of the
impediments that Africans have perpetrated against African
development will always cripple the ability of African regions
to provide adequate employment opportunities for their people.
With the current issue of population growth, if the current
socioeconomic impediments persist, Mashonaland will continue
with the challenge of providing reasonable opportunities to its
people, a situation that will further the economic
underdevelopment.
Factors that Can Revive Mashonaland’s Economy
Mashonaland has a lot of resources that it can focus on to
revamp its economy. It also has the capability in terms of labor
and know-how to encourage local investment because this is the
key to having superior economic development. There is
currently a poor culture of investment that is witnessed in little
or no planning, evaluation, and execution of investments. Many
citizens are continuously caught up in the web of migration
because the governments do not prioritize investments in local
economic and commercial industries and ventures in
infrastructural development and manufacturing. Without real
investment in these key areas, there is poor economic
development that ultimately unleashes economic hardship on
people. The evidence also shows that the region’s greatest
undoing is its governance system that prioritizes politics at the
expense of economic development.
Infrastructure refers to the basic equipment and structures such
as bridges and roads that an organization, a country, or a region

needs to operate efficiently. Infrastructure development,
therefore, contributes to the economic development of a country
or a region by providing services and increasing their overall
productivity which enhances people’s quality of life. For
instance, infrastructure development can translate to an increase
in aggregate output in agriculture through better transportation
(Gaal & Afrah, 2017). Water and irrigation projects can also
significantly improve the quality of life of people and therefore
transform low-income economies into developed economies.
Infrastructure development plays an important role in tackling
poverty.
Mashonaland collaborative initiatives with other subnational
governments. This will sustain its development and encourage
long-term prosperity for the region. Collaborative initiatives
reflect on trade activities to accelerate economic growth and
development. However, this depends on the willingness of
leaders to actively seek such engagements and do away with
underlying issues such as corruption and poverty. Without these
key changes, economic development for Mashonaland will still
be a distant reality. This initiative will help the region to
actively pursue economic development. There is a need to put
an end to the socio-economic impediments to economic
development such as corruption.
From the foregoing, the main solution that Mashonaland needs
to prioritize is leadership change so that it can successfully
handle the other underlying issues. For instance, a focused
leadership will prioritize the livelihoods of its people and
institute policies that will improve the quality of their lives.
These include education and health policies and increased local
investments so that people can have access to job opportunities
(Wamboye & Nyaronga, 2018). Good leaders will also tackle
the issue of rising population and increased youth
unemployment more productively. More importantly, focused
leadership will invest in technology which is an important
component of the unified concept. Through this, Mashonaland
will manage to transition from economic stagnation to sustained

economic growth.
Conclusion
The main objective of the paper was to analyze the economic
development of Mashonaland, a subnational region in
Zimbabwe. The main research question focused on finding out
the factors that contributed to Mashonaland’s economic
development. The paper hypothesized that the unified growth
concept has been an effective strategy that Mashonaland used to
transition from stagnation towards economic development. The
research revealed that although Mashonaland has the potential
for economic growth given its successful agricultural sector,
there were deep-seated socioeconomic issues that impeded
economic growth and development. Research shows that the
region’s tendency to politicize economic issues impedes the
pursuit of critical developments that would significantly support
societal economic development in the region.
Zimbabwe has also experienced economic sabotage in the forms
of tax evasion and armed struggle all of which have
significantly affected the economic prospects of subnational
governments such as Mashonaland. Although many of these may
seem like productive efforts to force the government into
action, they have led to the staling of economically based
productions in the region. A classic example is corruption
which has led to the destruction of the agricultural economy
which is Mashonaland’s economic stronghold. There is also the
problem of poor infrastructure which has denied many people
the opportunity to participate in the market economy.
The paper suggests that the socioeconomic impediments that
Mashonaland faces in its quest for economic development are
the same problems that many economic regions of the world
have faced in the past. For instance, the problem of population
growth which is currently Africa’s major concern troubled
industrialized economies.
However, these economies managed to successfully transition
from economic stagnation to sustained economic growth.
Research suggests that to understand the economic growth and

development of a region, it is important to understand the entire
process. This includes an understanding of the cultural ,
institutional, and geographic factors that promote economic
growth. These are also the same factors that impede the
economic growth and development of regions. The concept of
unified growth is adapted to the Mashonaland region because it
can be used to successfully identify the factors that can help the
region transition from economic stagnation to sustained
economic growth. The research limitations include limited data
about Mashonaland’s economic development.
References
Cozzi, G. (2017). Endogenous growth, semi-endogenous
growth... or both? A simple hybrid model. Economics Letters,
154, 28-30.
Fashina, O. A., Asaleye, A. J., Ogunjobi, J. O., & Lawal, A. I.
(2018). Foreign aid, human capital and economic growth nexus:
Evidence from Nigeria. Journal of International Studies, 11(2),
104-117
Foreman-Peck, J. S., & Zhou, P. (2019). The demographic
transition in a unified growth model of the English economy
(No. E2019/8). Cardiff Economics Working Papers.
Gaal, H. O., & Afrah, N. A. (2017). Lack of Infrastruc ture: The
Impact on Economic Development as a case of Benadir region
and Hir-Shabelle, Somalia. Developing Country Studies, 7(1).
Galor, O. (2011). Unified growth theory. Princeton University
Press.
McAllister, G., & Wright, J. (2019). Agroecology as a practice-
based tool for peacebuilding in Fragile environments? Three
stories from rural Zimbabwe. Sustainability, 11(3), 790.
Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/3/790/htm
Myint, H. (2016). Economic development. Encyclopedia
Britannica. Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/topic/economic-development
Nwaoba, I. V. (2017). What Hinders Economic Development in
Africa? European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, (02).
Opoku, E. E. O., Ibrahim, M., & Sare, Y. A. (2019). The causal

relationship between financial development and economic
growth in Africa. International Review of Applied Economics,
33(6), 789-812.
Tang, K. B., & Bundhoo, D. (2017). Foreign aid and economic
growth in developing countries: Evidence from Sub-Saharan
Africa. Theoretical Economics Letters, 7(05), 1473.
UNCTAD, (2011). Economic Development in Africa:
Performance, Prospects, and Policy Issues. In United Nations
Conference on Trade and Development.
Wamboye, E. F., & Nyaronga, P. J. (Eds.). (2018). The service
sector and economic development in Africa. Routledge.
MEA2203 Module 02 Case Study Assignment
Patient Name: Cheryl Rodriguez
Date of Birth: 11/3/2001
Clinical Notes: Patient presents with three erythematous rings
of vesicles on the posterior torso. (One of the lesions is pictured
here.) The patient has no history of relevant trauma. Patient
reports that the lesions are itchy, and she occasionally feels a
burning sensation.
Question #1: The physician suspects a fungal infection. If this
is a fungal infection, what is her specific diagnosis?
Click or tap here to enter text.
Question #2: How is this type of fungal infection spread
(transmitted)?
Question #3: What type of treatment will be necessary?
Question #4: How can Ms. Rodriguez prevent future fungal
infections?

Question #5: Who is most at risk for this type of fungal
infection?
Patient Name: Rosie Deveraux
Clinical Notes: Patient presents to the clinic with an itchy scalp.
She has been scratching her head for several days and has
several red, irritated spots throughout her scalp. Her mother
suspects that she may have been in contact with another child
who had a lice infection while at school.
Upon examination, the presence of lice eggs (nits) is confirmed.
Question #1: What is the scientific name of the louse found in
this case?
Question #2: The term excoriation can be used to describe the
irritation found on her scalp. What does “excoriation” mean?
Question #3: Explain how this infection is different from
scabies.
Question #4: What type of treatment will be necessary?
Question #5: This type of infection is considered a parasitic
infection. What does “parasitic” mean?

Patient Name: Marcus Daniels
Clinical Notes: Patient presents with a limp and moderate right
hip pain. He reports that the pain began after a minor fall his
staircase at home. He had a small bruise from the incident that
resolved within a week, but the pain remained and continues to
get worse. He reports that the pain feels “deep,” as if it is
“inside the joint.” He has been using ibuprofen for several days,
but does not notice a difference in pain levels. In the last two
days, has notice increased fatigue and a mild fever.
Blood tests showed an increase in WBC (white blood cell count)
and ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate). An x-ray showed an
abnormality in the bone tissue in the proximal femur, ischium,
and ilium.
The physician suspects osteomyelitis and refers Mr. Daniels for
further testing.
Question #1: What is the cause of osteomyelitis?
Question #2: Which diagnostic tools might the physician
consider to confirm the diagnosis of osteomyelitis?
Question #3: How is osteomyelitis treated?
Question #4: Why was Mr. Daniels’ WBC count elevated?
Question #5: List and describe two possible complications of
osteomyelitis.
Running Head: DIAGNOSTIC TESTS 2

2
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Diagnostic Tests
Mikayla Schumacher
February 23, 2021
The physician suspects a fungal infection. If this is a fungal
infection, what is her specific diagnosis?
The patient’s diagnosis will be made clinically and will be
confirmed by histopathology and further examination will be
done to exclude other causes of itchy lesions and the burning
sensations and to look for any underlying causes and also, she
may be diagnosed with a target lesion with a careful medi cal
history and full skin examination (Target and targetoid Lesions |
DermNet NZ, 2018).
How is this type of fungal infection spread?
Fungal infection is spread through direct skin-to-skin contact or
by sharing personal items or by being in contact with
contaminated skin cells or hair that’s shed.
What type of treatment will be necessary?
Antifungal drugs will be effective for the treatment of fungal
infection in the form of pills, powders, or creams.
How can Ms. Rodriguez prevent future fungal infections ?

Ms. Rodriguez should practice good hygiene, avoid sharing her
items and stay away from animals with signs of fungal infection
to avoid contracting a fungal infection in the future.
Who is most at risk for this type of fungal infection?
Patients with a weak immune system and those taking
antibiotics are prone to fungal infection.
What is the scientific name of the louse found in this case?
The scientific name of this louse is Pediculus humanus capitis
De Geer (body louse and head louse, Pediculus spp., 2018).
What does “excoriation” mean?
Excoriation refers to a place where the skin is abraded or
scraped. And is characterized by repetitive and deliberate
scratching, digging, picking, or squeezing of the skin resulting
in tissue damage.
Explain how this infection is different from scabies.
This infection is different from scabies since the itching of the
scalp occurs at all times of day while in scabies itching is often
worse at night and is not on the neck or head area.
What type of treatment will be necessary?
Permethrin lotion is effective for head louse treatment for it
kills live lice and after some days another prescription is made
to kill unhatched eggs.
What does “parasitic” mean?
Parasitic means infections that are due to protozoa arthropods or
helminths for they depend on other organisms and takes their
nourishments.
What is the cause of osteomyelitis?
Osteomyelitis is caused by staphylococcus bacteria, which are
types of germs mainly found on the skin or in the nose of even
healthy persons. These germs enter a bone through the
bloodstream.
Which diagnostic tools might the physician consider to confirm

the diagnosis of osteomyelitis?
The right diagnostic criteria for this condition are conducting a
bone biopsy in the bone necrosis setting or magne tic resonance
imaging.
How is osteomyelitis treated?
Surgery is the major treatment for osteomyelitis to remove
portions of bone that are dead or infected and afterward
intravenous antibiotics are given by the physician
(Osteomyelitis, 2019).
Why was Mr. Daniels’ WBC count elevated?
Mr. Daniels WBC count elevated indicating an increase in white
blood cells to fight infections in the injury, or due to a reaction
to drugs (ibuprofen) which is causing an increase in white blood
cell production.
List and describe two possible complications of osteomyelitis.
Osteomyelitis has various possible complications including
bone abscess and this may cause infection in the injury since
germs can easily travel through the bloodstream and even bone
necrosis for the affected bone may die and never function.
References
body louse and head louse, Pediculus spp. (2018).
Entnemdept.ufl.edu.
http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/urban/human_lice.htm
Fungal Skin Infection: Types, Treatment, Prevention. (2020,
January 7). Healthline.
https://www.healthline.com/health/fungal-skin-
infection#prevention
Osteomyelitis. (2019).
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/ConditionsAndTreat
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