Un trabajo hecho en base a Inglès

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Manu
National Park
is a protected
area located
in
southeastern
Peru, located
partly in the
departments
of Madre de
Dios and
Cusco, in the
provinces of
Manu and
Paucartambo.
With an area
of 1.9098
million
(hectares or
square
hectometer)
is divided
into three
zones: the
National
Park, with
1,532,806;
Reserved
Zone, with
257 000, and
the Transition
or Cultural
Zone, with
120 000 ha. It
also has the
documentation as a Biosphere Reserve.
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It extends from 300 meters above sea level at the confluence of the Manu River with the
Madre de Dios River, to the 3800 meters at the summit of the mountain Apu Kañajhuay.
Some researchers believe in the virgin
areas of this reserve is Païtiti or the lost
city of the Incas.
HISTORY
Inca – colonial:
In the Manu Biosphere Reserve there is
evidence of ancient culture s such as
the Pyramids of Paratoari ( in the headwaters of the manu Paratoar ) near the Pongo de
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Mekanto , Pusharo Petroglyphs , a set of
engravings of which has not yet been
explain its origin and meaning , which
were first reported by Father Vincent de
Cenitagoya in 1921 and are located on the
right bank Shinkibenia river , a tributary
of the river Palotoa , others petroglyphs
found in the river Q'eros , on the great rock " Xinkiori " , legendary for Huachipaeris .
Similarly, it is aware of an archaeological site Mameria area , located in the headwaters of
Piñi Piñi and High Tone.
The Manu area has a history marked by the arrival of outsiders , since the time of the Inca
Empire in the Inca Pachacutec Inca Tupac Yupanqui and annexed this area to their empire ,
until the arrival of the Spanish that shortly after Cuzco invasion Paucartambo founded ,
where established farms and parcels and where in addition to King Charles III of Spain
ordered the construction of a bridge to facilitate trade in the products of the area, was well as
the valley began to supply product Cuzco as coke, sugar, cotton, pepper , wood and others.
In March 1567, the Spanish Juan Alvarez Maldonado by Mojos Province undertook a journey
of 37 days to the first expedition from Paucartambo to the current town of Pillcopata . In
May of the same year , Manuel de Escobar mounted a second expedition followed the river
Madre de Dios River to Manu .
Republican:
In 1861, the Colonel Faustino Maldonado launched a new expedition from Paucartambo to
the Madre de Dios River. It was after him that 30 years later the rubber baron Carlos
Fitzcarrald baptizes Tambopata River mouth as Puerto Maldonado, the capital of the
department of Madre de Dios.
In the lowlands , indigenous people were affected by mining activities in the late nineteenth
century , the exploitation of rubber marked the beginning of intrepid Fitzcarrald companies
as one of the most famous tappers his time. However, Manu area was partially exploited.
Rubber activities ceased in the 20s when the resource, unable to bounce back from intensive
exploitation and competition from less expensive prosperous crops in Asia, began to decline.
Between 50 and 60, the construction of the final section of the road (which is now known as
Via Interoceanica South) began logging of cedar and mahogany, the work of extracting
properties and subsequently their fur (jaguar, tiger and otters). More recent are the oil
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exploration activities. Meanwhile, in the Andean region, agricultural activities were affected
by the agrarian reform initiated in 1969.
From the twentieth century, the religious presence became more significant. In 1902 the
Dominicans founded their first mission in Asuncion. In 1908 they installed the second
mission , San Luis del Manu , the Manu River mouth , then leaving it in the mission were
established Palotoa River (in the area of Pantiacolla ) , which after being destroyed by a flood
Shintuya definitely started in 1958.
Creation:
In 1967, on the initiative of Celestino Kalinowski , son of a famous Polish naturalist who
came to Peru in 1887, and the report of the British adviser Ian Grimwood , the Peruvian state
recommended the creation of a National Park in Manu . In 1968 was declared National Forest
and later, Manu National Park was established on May 29, 1973, by Supreme Decree 0644-73
-AG , in order to preserve its natural and cultural heritage for the benefit of present and
future same purpose determined for recognition by Unesco Biosphere Reserve Manu now
covers an area of 1,881,200 ha ( 18,812 km ²) in the provinces of Paucartambo in Cuzco and
Manu in Madre de Dios . Its boundaries were drawn using the principle of natural
boundaries and domain sockets. However, the Park boundary in the same river Manu had to
stop at the confluence with the river because there was Panagua oil exploration.
DISTRIBUTION
• CORE AREA OR MANU NATIONAL PARK:
It is intended to protect and only allowed activities and biological anthropological research,
limited to the observation of life and ecological processes in their natural form, in the park is
Cocha Biological Station Cashu, one of the most
important centers of tropical forest research. The place
to visit is intangible and must have a special permit.
In this same area there Amazonian native human
populations belonging to different ethnic groups that
inhabit from time immemorial, whose number is
estimated at about 1000 indigenous, but there is also a
Quechua population of about 200 people in the
Callanga.
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• BUFFER ZONE MANU OR RESTRICTED AREA:
It is located in the lower part of
the Manu River in this area are
permitted tourist activities
(organized by authorized
agencies) and research with
minimal handling. It is possible
to observe a rich natural
landscape and the large
number of wildlife visible from
the rivers and the lakes
(meandering river that close and are isolated from the mainstream, forming lakes that hold a
wealth of fauna). The visits are controlled. It extends from the valley of the river Panagua, to
Boca Manu.
• TRANSITION ZONE AND CULTURAL:
It is formed by the banks of the Madre de Dios River and the Andean territories bordering
the southern part of the reserve, between the National Park boundary and the river
Mapacho. The area is dominated by settler populations who develop agricultural, livestock
and forestry and who have basic health services, education and development, albeit
incipient.
Around the Manu Biosphere Reserve there are other areas such as the Territorial Reserve for
State Ethnic Groups Kugapakori and Nahua, Sanctuary and Reserve Megantoni Amarakaeri;
these areas and river basin Mapacho, plus the expansion of the existing cultural area (later
called Multiple Use Zone Andean and Amazon) are considered within studies and proposals
for integration into the Manu Biosphere Reserve.
GEOGRAPHY
In its vast territory , from the high plateaus to 3500 m , co vered with grass , where the dry
air and temperatures vary depending on whether the sun or under the shade, and depending
on the months reaching -9 ° C to 22 ° C steptiembre between the months of April and the
rainy snow or hail from October to April were down a long stretch of transition called " scrub
forest " that down to about 2600 meters from where the vegetation forming a forest , area in
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which to date have identified about 450
species of plants and fat where rainfall
can reach between 500 and 1000 mm .
Forests " Montano low" take place
between 2200 and 1650 m; being found
trees up to 25 m . families covered high
orchids and ferns grow on the walls of
deep precipices . Among them can be
found Araceae broad leaves and ferns that characterize the place , in these mist covered
forests , there is a cold climate and a landscape darkened shadows and constantly damp and
wet rain
The forest " Montano Rain " also known as " cloud forest " , between 600 m and 1650 m . in
the fog is constant cover splendid scenery full of greenery, here there are trees up to 30 m in
height that are overgrown looking for orchids , ferns and averages , forming a dense forest
broken only by small streams and waterfalls that are born and lost in the vegetation .
Currently it is estimated that this area contains no less than 200 different species of trees
with a density that can exceed 700 per hectare. Here the temperature varies between 20 ° and
25 ° C at night can drop to 16 or 18 ° C.
In " tropical rainforest " also called " lowland " is spread over the vast Amazonian plain from
300 to 600 m . This is undoubtedly the most representative and comprehensive landscape of
the reserve. Here in the area of winding river Manu , the trees have a gigantic height , on the
high tops of these, some species of trees may emerge as the shihuahuaco ( Dipteryx
micrantha ) and kapok (Ceiba pentandra ) .
climate
The rainy season or low season from January to March but throu ghout the year may have
unexpected rainfall, the temperatures in the lowlands range from 35 ° C during the day and
20 ° C overnight.
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FLORA AND FAUNA
It is one of the most biodiverse regions of the world.1 In Manu you can find the full range of
ecological zones that exist in the Amazon and this makes it one of the most prized protected
areas. In a single hectare have come to
find up to 250 species of trees. [Citation
needed] In the Biosphere Reserve of
Manu there have been 222 species of
mammals and 1005 birds.
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It is
located
in one of
the most
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desert of the Peruvian coast, in the department of Ica, and has an area of 335,000 Ha-some 200,000
in the Pacific Ocean. Paracas
Peninsula is located in an
exceptionally rich marine area,
where outcrops of extremely cold
waters produce an abundance of
plankton that feeds on fish,
crustaceans and molluscs.
ENVIRONMENT
Part of the area of the reserve,
specifically 217 594 hectares,
cons ists of aquatic
environments (for many the
world's richest sea).
Due to its importance as a
resting and feeding place for
migratory species in 1991 was
elevated to the category of Regional Reserve Hemispheric Shorebird Network (currently
"Wetlands for the Americas").
Also in April 1992, he was recognized as one of the sites specifically for the Convention on
Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention), especially as habitat for aquatic
species such as fur seals, Humboldt penguins (which are in danger of extinction), sea birds
such as boobies, guanay, pelicans and other important species.
CLIMATE
The climate is typical of
subtropical wilderness
training, me aning that
there is approximately a
difference of 6-8 ° C in the
average temperature of the
hottest month and the
coldest. In February and
August, respectively, it is 22 °
C and 15.5 ° C, with an
annual average 18.7 ° C.
Precipitation is very poor,
with an average annual total
of 1.83 mm., The relative
humidity is around 82%,
with 83% in winter.
The prevailing winds are south and southwest, reaching an average speed of 14.9 km / h, but
can reach up to 32 km / h, being the strongest of the coast, known by the name of "Paracas".
With a mild climate and an average of 22 degrees and sunny almost constantly, with low
humidity, the room is nice.
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PLANKTON
Plankton is favored by water
microcurrent, which attract large
numbers of fish, other species in the
area and the farmers. In general the
outcrop of Paracas is one of 9 in the
world, this upwelling brings
nutrients to the seabed, fertilize
surface waters, this leads to an
overproduction of phytoplankton,
which biologists called high
primary productivity.
THE RESERV
The reserve on the coast
enabling environments for
the preservation and
reproduction of numerous
peaceful species of resident
and migratory .
Among the most commonly
found are the pelicans , gray
gull ( Larus modestus ) ,
tendril ( Larosterna Inca ) ,
scorer ( Rynchops nigra ) ,
Arctic plover ( P luvialis
squatarola ) chuita
( Phalacrocorax gaimardi )
guanay ( Phalacrocorax
bougainvilli ), the condor,
the Humboldt penguin ( endangered ) and flamingoes ( Phoenicopterus chilensis ) , among
other species.
The fish found in this sea area are the sole ( Etropus extenes ), the white toyo ( Mustelus
whitneyi ) , bonito (Sarda chilensis ), the tramboyo , skate, cheetah, sardine, anchovy
Engraulis ringens , butterfish , grouper, croaker , lorna and many other species .
The mammals in this book are represented mainly by sea lions of a hair or comical ( byronia
Sealion ), the fur seal or fur ( Arctocephalus australis ), the dolphin ( Delphinus Delphinius )
and sea cat ( Lontra felina) , this , in danger of extinction.
Also the book is filled with green and leatherback turtles , reptiles like lizards ( Microlophus
spp . ) And geckos ( Phyllodactylus spp . ) , Octopus , squid ( Loligo gahi ) , clams and
crustaceans as the road ( Ocypode gaudichaudii ) , crab violet ( Platyxantus orbigny ) and
muimuy ( Emerita analog ) .
FLORA
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This part of the Pacific Ocean is rich in phytoplankton and algae. According to research
conducted in situ, have been able to record more than 250 species of algae, such as weeds
(Gigartina chamissoi and Grapeloupia doryphora), sea lettuce (Ulva fasciata form costata),
and aracanto (Macrocystis integrifolia) .
The terrestrial flora has few species, due to the extreme aridity of the desert. However, there
are areas in the desert, called hillocks, which receive a constant supply of coastal fog, which
are developed in small communities of lichens, Tillandsias, and some herbs (among the most
common are species of Solanum and Oxalis). The northern part of the Reserve includes large
areas covered by Distichlis spicata and a small forest of sofaique (Geoffroea decorticans)
meylin key and wan.
THE CHANDELIER
The Chandelier, located northwest of the Paracas Bay, is a petroglyph (channels or lines
engraved in rock) that has an extension of 120 meters, which is also called Tres Cruces or
Trident. The candle is engraved cream-colored rock, but mostly covered with sand. The sand
is never completely clear chandelier because the winds are always removing excess sand from
the channels.
It is believed that the Paracas
chandelier relates to the lines and
geoglyphs of Nasca and Pampas de
Jumana.
The best way to appreciate this
petroglyph is from the sea and the
Ballestas Islands tours always stop
and spend a few minutes so that
tourists can take their photos.
THE CATHEDRAL
The Cathedral was an imposing
rock formation caused by se a
erosion and wind over the centuries. Its concave shape was reminiscent of the domes of the
cathedrals, and some cats living inside marine or chingungos and seabirds.
A World Heritage Site, was one of the natural images of Peru's most photographed and
disseminated. Its structure collapsed during the violent earthquake of 8 degrees on the
Richter scale of August 15, 2007 which had its epicenter in the town of Pisco. The remains of
this figure are among Yumaque and Supay beaches.
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The Machu Picchu Historic Sanctuary is a protected area of Peru of more than 35 000
hectares comprising the natural environment of the archaeological site of Machu Picchu,
nestled in the steep of the Yungas cloud forest on the eastern slope of the Peruvian Andes
and both sides Urubamba river, which runs in this section to the northwest.
This allows this unique protected area cover what could be considered one of the most
extraordinary altitudinal transects Peru, and protect, with only about twenty kilometers
linear ecosystems varying the eternal snow, to more than 4,000 m, and the steamy jungles
tropical, just over 1,700 meters.
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BASIC INFORMATION
• Category: Historical Sanctuary.
• Date added: January 8, 1981.
• Law added: Supreme Decree No. 001-81-AG.
• Area: 32,592 hectares.
• Location: District of Machu Picchu, province of Urubamba, Cusco region
• Ecoregion: Peruvian Yungas.
CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES
Protect the Inca citadel of Machu Picchu, a set of archeological groups linked to the Capac
Yum and other archeological findings and Andean culture.
Keep the spectacular landscape environment, natural habitat of important species of flora
and fauna that are vulnerable or endangered.
PROTECTED SPECIES
Among them: the Andean bear uku mari ¨
vicuña and alpaca (Spectacled Bear)
declared symbol Sanctuary, the quetzal high
(Pharomachrus auriceps) and t he cock of
the rock (rupicola peruviana) in wildlife and
wacanki (Masdevallia veitchiana) and wiñay
wayna (Epidendrum secundum) Quechua
word meaning "cry" and "forever young",
respectively.
GEOGRAPHY
Seen from the air, the territory of the temple was
shown as a large open book in half, with the
mighty Urubamba River in the central part and tw
o great mountain chains that precipitate to either
side of a deep valley covered by tropical
vegetation.
On each side of the river, the limits of this natural
area comprehensively protect entire sections of
two of the most important sub-region: in its
northern Cordillera Urubamba and in the south of
Vilcabamba. And with them, two of the most
important summits: the Nevado Veronica (5,682
m) and the majestic Salkantay (6,271 m),
considered the Apu or tutelary deity of the region.
Rounding out the boundaries of the Sanctuary
Cusichaca valleys and Acobamba, east and west,
respectively.
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CLIMATE
By its geographical and
topographical National
Sanctuary of Machu Picchu
presents climatic varieties
reason that there are peaks
reaching up to 6,270 meters,
where the temperature is
extremely cold and the lower
parts with approximately 2,000
m with warmer temperatures.
Temperatures in the Machu
Picchu area differ when assessed
in the highlands or on the
bottom of the canyons, though
generally, the climate of this area is kind, that is, with typical subtropical characteristics:
warm and humid, with sensation of heat during the day and cool at night. By being in a
subtropical zone has a temperature ranging between 8 ° and 22 ° C. Minimum temperatures
are from 8 ° to 11.2 ° C, while the maximum is the order of 20 - 22.20 ° C.
ECOSYSTEM
Scientists have recorded up
to ten inside living areas and
two distinct ecoregions , the
most important from the
ecological point of view the
high Andean grasslands ,
elfin forests high and high or
Yungas jungle , represented
by the cloud forests and the
mountain brow . This huge
variety of ecological or
habitat can , in turn , the
existence of an amazing
variety of flora and fauna,
perfectly adapted to the
specific conditions of their environment.
The natural world of Machu Picchu begins , then, above 4,000 m , where the wind constantly
sweeps bunch grass plains and where the rocks are filled with lichen and moss. In the
territory of the Andean condor and taruka , the largest and most elusive of deer of the Andes,
from the playful vizcachas ( typical rodent Heights ) and puma or mountain lion . A land
where the temperature variations are so intense that some creatures survive only : intense
sun during the day and freezing at night unforgiving .
High Andean scenery on the route the Inca Trail to Machu Picchu , which spans much of the
Sanctuary
Descending , we arrive at an area where the cold winds from the snowy mountains join the
warm currents of the forest amounting to form a strange world in miniature. They dwarf
forests , trees twisted scenario where the dimensions appear to be disrupted by freak of
nature : here the trees are small and mosses , giants deer measured a few inches and the
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hummingbirds the size of a pigeon . It is the land of bromeliads and the rarest flowers , the
home of the Andean bear and the toucan ucumari high.
Further down , where moisture reigns throughout the year and the rains are more frequent
than anywhere else in the country , the cloud forests are shown to visitors from time to time ,
just when the mysterious veil of mist that cover is opened to make way for a magical and
wonderful , this is one of the most prolific and unfamiliar environments of nature , a realm of
waterfalls and mysterious beings where trees grow almost hanging from the cliffs , taking
advantage of the low fertile soil they produce and subject to large granite rocks that outcrop
in the mountains. This is the home of colorful cock of the rock , Peru's national bird , flocks
of colorful tanagers , toucans and quetzals emerald tall, of ocelots and coatis , the kingdom
of giant ferns , bromeliads and orchids , whose group here reaches up to 200 species ,
including the spectacular highlighting wakanki and wiñay wayna , whose flowers have been
used to name some of the most spectacular archaeological sites Qhapac Nan ( Inca Trail ) .
Finally , at the bottom of the valleys and on the thermal effect of the waterways that run
through the forests of the mountain brow provide the ideal conditions for a wide variety of
crops : coca achiote , corn , cacao , coffee and fruit . this was the pantry of the Incas, who
resorted to it in pursuit of its most precious , and continues to be for the people settled in
their domains . A bamboo forest land that bloom after decades to die en masse, as following
a mandate mysterious and strange territory where the valleys widen and rivers appease his
anger to make way for transparent channels licking slime mountain rich in nutrients. This is
the prelude to the great Amazon forest .
CONSERVATION AND THREATS
From the environmental point of view , the main value of t he Sanctuary lies in the role
played by the dense forests of
the mountains to the
maintenance of fluid balance
in the region, capturing
rainwater and leading without
causing erosion to the course
Urubamba . If these forests
disappear, be lost with them
numerous species of flora and
fauna unique and almost
unknown to science , but
especially in the area would
begin an irreversible process of
environmental deterioration
that would bring devastating
consequences for man and the destruction of communication channels , the disappearance
of growing areas , floods and landslides.
Hikers on Inca trail in a cloud forest .
At present , the main threat to the Sanctuary , and disproportionate growth of tourism , are
forest fires . Started by farmers living in the highlands bordering the protected area , seasonal
fires , aimed at renewing natural pastures become uncontrollable and enter , aided by the
wind and the fragility of vegetation , slope down towards the middle of the woods haze .
Often , the fire destroys everything in its path , destroying vast tracts of virgin forest, until
the effect of rainfall appeased the fury of the flames. In recent years, the magnitude of these
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fires has been such that its devastating effect even managed to transpose the limits of the
Inca citadel of Machu Picchu.
Fortunately , the administration of the Sanctuary , in coordination with the different sectors
involved in conservation , and with the support of international cooperation , has been
working on developing a plan Purpose of resources, training farmers about the dangers of
annual burning of pastures and offering non-destructive alternative uses of resources to area
residents who depend on it.
The Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu was recognized internationally by UNESCO in 1983 ,
granting the category of Cultural and Natural Heritage of Humanity . Only two areas in the
Americas hold this distinction (the other is Tikal in Guatemala ) .
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