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Soil Compaction Solutions
- 1. Soil properties, Tire Configuration, Tire Evaluation, Measurement and Other topics Soil Compaction
- 2. What Is Soil Compaction?
- 3. A Management DecisionWhat Is Soil Compaction? 1. Timing of field operations 2. Type of field operations (freq + aggression) 3. Weight and configuration of equipment 4. Crop selection and rotations 5. Return of organic amendments 6. Soil management We Decide!
- 4. Let’s Beat Soil Compaction! 1. Build Better Soils 2. Avoid Wet Soils 3. BiggerTires 4. Lower Tire PSI 5. Use Inflation/Deflation Systems 6. Better Tires 7. More Tires/Axles 8. Less Passes 9. Control Traffic 10. Lower Load Weights
- 5. Phenomenon of Cyclic Loading On most implements: Axle Weight changes dramatically and continuosly during operation. Always increasing or decreasing The change is usually linear Exception is grain buggies and wagons! They get “pulses” of load!
- 6. Why is Soil Compaction so Complicated? Changing Soil Types, Slopes CHANGE Soil Moisture! A B
- 7. Soil Compaction = Reduced Porosity pre impact post impact 36 psi Source: Brunotte et al., vTI 7
- 10. Why Do We Care About Soil Compaction? Results in: 10 *
- 11. Why Do We Care About Soil Compaction?Results in: Decreased water infiltration Reduced water holding capacity Reduced root growth and rooting depth Increased soil erosion Reduced nutrient uptake Increased input cost Reduced yield Reduced water and soil quality 11 *
- 12. Håkansson I (2005) Machinery- induced compaction of arable soils, incidence – consequences – counter-measures. SLU, Uppsala, Reports from the Division of Soil Management. No. 109, 154 pp. Compaction Compaction Compaction Compaction Compaction Compaction Compaction Surface Compaction https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/5517/1/hakansson_i_101206.pdf
- 13. Single Subsoil Compaction Event Consequences Year after compaction Relativeyield(%) 80 85 90 95 100 105 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Håkansson I (2005) Machinery-induced compaction of arable soils, incidence – consequences – counter-measures. SLU, Uppsala, Reports from the Division of Soil Management. No. 109, 154 pp. Compaction
- 14. Depth and Impact of Soil Compaction Shearer and Fulton,OSU, CompactionSmart2016
- 15. Load Measurement
- 16. Everything is a Spring… We can measure soil pressure to compare tires on different vehicles 16
- 17. What are the loads on soil? Axle weight, tire pressure, contact area, length of contact are all factors. • Increased soil moisture increases depth of compaction. 17 *
- 18. What are the loads on soil? 6 inches 12 inches 20 inches 18
- 19. Compaction Action! And Elgin and Dundas Equipment fully loaded: maximum risk Equipment weighed Tire pressure set based on weight, speed Select equipment tested at road inflation pressure and field pressure 19
- 21. Tires: Size, Volume and Technology Weight! Speed! Pressure! If You Aren’t Optimizing You Are Losing! • Safety • Tire wear and failure • Fuel economy • Soil Compaction • Crop Damage • Increased Input Costs • Decreased returns
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- 27. What are the loads on soil? 6 inches 12 inches 20 inches 27
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- 31. Tire Pressure
- 32. 2019 Dundas Soil and Crop Compaction Event Unit D31 Nuhn Quad-Steer 17000 Liquid Manure Spreader + Class Xeron 4500 Tractor
- 35. D31 A+B CLASS Xeron 4500 48,590 lbs (22 T) Tanker NUHN I7000 103,100 lbs (47 T) 12,780 600/60R42 11,930 600/60R42 15,510 17,25017,380 17,700 Tanker NUHN I7000 80,530 lbs (37 T) 13,820 13,60012,930 14,580 17,400 17,860 12,740 12,860 12,100 600/60R42 11,780 600/60R42 Tractor and Tankers equippedwith CentralTire Inflation System SpreaderTires: 35.5LR32which= 900/60R32
- 43. 2019 Dundas Soil and Crop Compaction Event Unit D22 New Holland SP275F SP Sprayer w Automated Inflation/Deflation System w 710s vs 380s
- 45. D22A+B L+R New Holland SP275F SP Sprayer 48,120/48,480lbs (21.8/22 T) 11,340/13,400 380/105R50 8,280/10,300 710/70R38 13,420/11,620 710/70R38 15,080/13,160 380/105R50 Weights: Boom In/Out Sprayer Equipped with Automated Inflation/Deflation System 1. 380’s – 45 vs 25 PSI 2. 710’s – 20 vs 15 PSI
- 53. 2019 Dundas Soil and Crop Compaction Event Unit D27 Agrimaster A600 Gravity Wagon with 425 Radials
- 55. Gravity Wagon Horst Agrimaster A600 40,600 lbs (18.4 T) 10,400 425/65R22.5 10,160 425/65R22.5 8,500 425/65R22.5 11,540 425/65R22.5 D27 70 PSI front Tires 50 PSI Rear Tires
- 60. 2019 Dundas Soil and Crop Compaction Event Unit D28 Agrimaster A600 Gravity Wagon with 550 Bias
- 62. Gravity Wagon Horst Agrimaster A600 41,720 lbs (19 T) 10,640 550/60-22.5 10,500 550/60-22.5 8,180 550/60-22.5 12,400 550/60-22.5 D28 35 PSI Front Tires46 PSI Rear Tire 23 PSI Rear Tire
- 70. 2019 Dundas Soil and Crop Compaction Event Unit D40 Class 750T Tracked Combine with CTIS
- 72. D40 A+B 7,200 28LR26 7,500 28LR26 31,500 Track 31,180 Track Steering Tires Equipped with CTIS to managePSI 77,380 lbs (35.1 T) CLAAS Lexion 750
- 77. 2019 Dundas Soil and Crop Compaction Event Unit D18 JD S660 Big Singles Combine w 1250s
- 79. JD S660 63,120 lbs (32 T) 9,800 750/65R2 6 8,500 750/65R2 6 23,240 1250/50R32 21,580 1250/50R32 D18 20 PSI Rears 23 PSI Fronts
- 83. 2019 Dundas Soil and Crop Compaction Event Unit D16 CaseIH 8250 Dualed Combine w VF580s
- 85. CaseIH 8250Dualed Combine 69,460lbs(35 T) 8,700 VF750/65R26 9,000 VF750/65R26 14,120 IF580/85R42 12,720 IF580/85R42 D16 14,380 IF580/85R42 10,540 IF580/85R42 20 PSI 41 PSI
- 90. Tire Load and Soil Stress Location Normalized to 40 psi and 6-8 Ton Tire Load 90 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 NomralizedSoilPressure TireLoad (Tons) 6" Normalized Stress 12" Normalized Stress 20" Normalized Stress Linear (6" Normalized Stress) Linear (12" Normalized Stress) Linear (20" Normalized Stress)
- 91. Tire Pressure and Soil Stress Location Normalized to 40 psi and 6-8 Ton Tire Load 91 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 NomralizedSoilPressure TirePressure(psi) 6" Normalized Stress 12" Normalized Stress 20" Normalized Stress Linear (6" Normalized Stress) Linear (12" Normalized Stress) Linear (20" Normalized Stress)
- 92. Timing • Organic Matter and soil moisture all affect how strong the soil will be for any given moment. • Tire pressure or size alone cannot limit compaction. • Timing plays a major factor in the load placed on the soil. 92
- 93. Loads from Forage Equipment • For a majority of ag equipment, the load on the tires varies dramatically as equipment is loaded and unloaded. • Forage equipment is an exception to this rule. • the load may not vary at all as it travels across and field. • Balers,choppers and haybines havea fixed wheel weight that does not change. • This makes tire selection much more important. Selecting an appropriate tire will help reduce the load on the soil. 93
- 94. Options for avoiding Compaction and the challenges • Some options for limiting compaction can cost money up front • Newer Tires (IF,VF etc.) • CTIS • Additional Axles • Others can cost no money at all • Timing • Controlled Traffic • Reducing Axle Load 94
- 95. Tire Types and Construction Radial – Separate tread and sidewall allows tread face to remain flat as the tire flexes Bias – Integral sidewall alters tread face when tire flexes 95 Ag Tires - Practical Applications From Michelin TIRE TECHNICAL DATA BOOK 2017
- 97. Sidewall Information 710/70 R42 173D TL MACHXBIB 97 Ag Tires - Practical Applications
- 98. Sidewall Information 710/70 R42 173D TL MACHXBIB 98 Ag Tires - Practical Applications 710- Tread Width in millimeters 70 – Aspect Ratio ( % of sidewall height to Tread Width) R – Radial 42 – Rim diameter in inches 173– Load Index Rating (indication of maximum load) D – Speed Rating (maximum travel speed) TL – Tubeless MACHXBIB – Manufacturermodel name
- 99. Table Information 710/70 R42 173D TL MACHXBIB 99 Ag Tires - Practical Applications
- 100. Table Information 100 Ag Tires - Practical Applications
- 101. Table Information Some manufacturerstableswill include more information Rolling Circumference– useful for calibratinggrounddriven equipment Flat Plate Area – an indicationof the contactpatch(butnot necessarily floatation)on a hard surface at a given pressure and load SRI – Speed Radius Index – Useful for matchingfront and rear tires on power units 101 Ag Tires - Practical Applications
- 102. Air Pressure Setting
- 103. Table 1. Sample Tire Inflation Table (demonstration only) Tire Size Load Index Dimensions Load Capacity (lbs/tire) Width/Aspect Rim Diameter 000 … … … psi 12 15 20 … 50 mph 30 7000 8070 9890 … - 25 … … … … - 20 … … … … - 5 10200 11750 14410 … - … … …. … … … … … … … … Width/Aspect Rim Diameter 000 … … … Psi 12 15 20 … 50 Mph 30 7440 8430 10580 … - 25 … … … … - 20 … … … … - 5 10970 12430 15610 … - 103 Ag Tires - Practical Applications
- 104. Sidewall Information 710/70 R42 173D TL MACHXBIB 104 Ag Tires - Practical Applications
- 105. Questions? Thanks! Alex Barrie, MASc, P.Eng Soil Management Engineer (A) Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs E: Alex.Barrie@Ontario.ca C:226-979-4707 105