· You should respond to at least two of your peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts. Your reply posts are worth 2 points (1 point per response.) · All replies must be constructive and use literature where possible. # 1 Hearing & Eye Age-Related Diseases         Presbycusis, also known as age-related hearing loss, is a debilitating disease with a complicated etiology that affects tens of millions of people worldwide and roughly half of those over 65 in the United States (Say et al., 2021). The loss is usually bilateral, causing difficulty hearing high-pitched tones and conversational speech (Meiner & Yeager, 2019). The causes of age-related hearing loss are thought to be genetic and environmental. Men are more affected by this condition than women. This condition's origin is yet unknown.         Some signs and symptoms that could be seen in patients with this condition are not answering when spoken to, talking loudly, paying attention to the speaker's lips, turning up the radio or TV volume, putting one palm over one ear, and tilting the head to one side when someone is speaking (Meiner & Yeager, 2019). The causes of presbycusis are multifaceted. In addition to physiologic and anatomical alterations brought on by aging-related deterioration, genetic factors are among the additional contributing elements (Cheslock & De Jesus, 2022). It is believed that glutamate signaling, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones all contribute to it. Hearing loss occurs more frequently in postmenopausal women who use progestin and a combination of hormone replacement therapy. Presbycusis has also been linked to exposure to loud noises and ototoxic substances such as salicylates, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, and some chemotherapeutic drugs. Ototoxicity has also been linked to certain occupational and environmental exposures to toxins such as toluene, styrene, lead, carbon monoxide, mercury, and other toxins (Cheslock & De Jesus, 2022). This problem has also been associated to a history of ear infections and the presence of several systemic disorders.         Studies aimed at establishing a clear association for the cause have not been successful. As a result, the diagnosis entails eliminating other potential causes of hearing loss, such as infections, head trauma, metabolic disorders, vascular diseases, and heart disease (Meiner & Yeager, 2019). It is important for nurses when caring for patients with this condition to speak clearly and use a normal tone of voice. Patients and their families need to be instructed on how to use and where to obtain assistive listening devices (Meiner & Yeager, 2019). Nurses must educate patients and family members that when using hearing aids, they need to perform daily listening and battery checks. These devices must be stored in a hearing aid drying container with batteries removed.         Vision is an important sense that is needed to complete ADLs. Age-related changes and macular or.

1. · You should respond to at least two of your peers by extending,
refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts.
Your reply posts are worth 2 points (1 point per response.)
· All replies must be constructive and use literature where
possible.
# 1
Hearing & Eye Age-Related Diseases
Presbycusis, also known as age-related hearing loss, is a
debilitating disease with a complicated etiology that affects tens
of millions of people worldwide and roughly half of those over
65 in the United States (Say et al., 2021). The loss is usually
bilateral, causing difficulty hearing high-pitched tones and
conversational speech (Meiner & Yeager, 2019). The causes of
age-related hearing loss are thought to be genetic and
environmental. Men are more affected by this condition than
women. This condition's origin is yet unknown.
Some signs and symptoms that could be seen in patients
with this condition are not answering when spoken to, talking
loudly, paying attention to the speaker's lips, turning up the
radio or TV volume, putting one palm over one ear, and tilting
the head to one side when someone is speaking (Meiner &
Yeager, 2019). The causes of presbycusis are multifaceted. In
addition to physiologic and anatomical alterations brought on
by aging-related deterioration, genetic factors are among the
additional contributing elements (Cheslock & De Jesus, 2022).
It is believed that glutamate signaling, glucocorticoids, and sex
hormones all contribute to it. Hearing loss occurs more
frequently in postmenopausal women who use progestin and a
combination of hormone replacement therapy. Presbycusis has
also been linked to exposure to loud noises and ototoxic
substances such as salicylates, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides,
and some chemotherapeutic drugs. Ototoxicity has also been
linked to certain occupational and environmental exposures to

2. toxins such as toluene, styrene, lead, carbon monoxide,
mercury, and other toxins (Cheslock & De Jesus, 2022). This
problem has also been associated to a history of ear infections
and the presence of several systemic disorders.
Studies aimed at establishing a clear association for the
cause have not been successful. As a result, the diagnosis
entails eliminating other potential causes of hearing loss, such
as infections, head trauma, metabolic disorders, vascular
diseases, and heart disease (Meiner & Yeager, 2019). It is
important for nurses when caring for patients with this
condition to speak clearly and use a normal tone of voice.
Patients and their families need to be instructed on how to use
and where to obtain assistive listening devices (Meiner &
Yeager, 2019). Nurses must educate patients and family
members that when using hearing aids, they need to perform
daily listening and battery checks. These devices must be stored
in a hearing aid drying container with batteries removed.
Vision is an important sense that is needed to complete
ADLs. Age-related changes and macular or retinal diseases that
occur can affect seeing (Meiner & Yeager, 2019). For example,
age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause
of blindness in those over 50 years of age. Damage to the
macula in AMD results in alterations to the center of the field
of vision. AMD symptoms include a black spot in the center of
the field of vision, a loss of color vision, words that appear
blurry, and straight lines that appear wavy. Retinal detachment
is another condition that occurs when the sensory layer of the
retina and pigmented layer separate. Aging can cause rips or
perforations in the retina, and when fluid leaks between the
layers, detachment occur (Meiner & Yeager, 2019). Flashes of
light, vision loss, and a veil or curtain blocking vision are all
symptoms. Hypertension retinopathy is caused by chronic
uncontrolled hypertension (Meiner & Yeager, 2019). The retina
will suffer gradual damage as a result, with little to no
symptoms. Vascular wall hyperplasia and permanent artery
constriction are among the abnormalities found. These senses

3. are crucial for human functioning and affect the quality of life
of our patients.
References
Cheslock, M., & De Jesus, O. (2022). StatPearls: Presbycusis.
StatPearls Publishing.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559220/
Meiner, S. E., & Yeager, J. J. (2019). Gerontologic nursing (6th
ed.). Elsevier.
Say, M. A., Sevik Elicora, S., Erdem, D., Bilgin, E., & Baklaci,
D. (2021). Evaluation of the vestibular system in individuals
with presbycusis using video head impulse test and
videonystagmography. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 141(6), 545–
550. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016489.2021.1905177
# 2
Hearing and Eye Aged-Related Diseases
“Presbycusis is a gradual age-related loss of hearing in both
ears (Panza et al., 2015)”. The term’s precise definition is
"elder hearing," which is supposed to afflict anyone over 70.
Hearing other people's speech slurred or mumbled is a standard
indicator and symptom. Patients have difficulty distinguishing
high-pitched sounds like "the" and "s." They also have
difficulty understanding talks, especially when there is
background noise. Men's voices are more accessible for patients
to hear than women’s. Certain sounds may be irritating or too
loud for them at times. The causes of presbycusis are
multifaceted. The most common cause of presbycusis is age-
related alterations in the ears and nerve pathways leading to the
brain.
In certain circumstances, the condition is inherited. It can also
happen as a side effect of some medications or as a result of
prolonged exposure to loud noises. Exclusion is used to make a
diagnosis of presbycusis. Infection, noise exposure, trauma,

4. generally inherited hearing loss, tumor, autoimmune illness,
metabolic dysfunction, and otosclerosis are among the
differential diagnoses for sensorineural hearing loss. Its
etiology is caused by environmental and inherited factors like
tobacco use, lifetime exposure to noise, ear infections, trauma,
ototoxic drugs, and autosomal recessive and dominant, among
others.
Adequate care is delivered when there is an excellent grasp of
surgical therapy, amplification, and medical management
indications. A comprehensive physical examination and history
are essential for treating and diagnosing presbycusis. The first
step of physical examination is palpation of the auricle and
visualization, followed by the Weber and Rinne tests and speech
testing using standard word lists.
Three intervention-education methods suitable for a presbycusis
patient can be developed. The first is to educate patients,
coworkers, and caregivers on the prevalence of age-related
hearing loss. They will also be educated on the significance of
early detection. The use of hearing aids is the second type of
intervention. These will be delivered following a consultation
with an audiologist who will do a hearing aid evaluation. The
third intervention measure is surgical treatment. This is
primarily appropriate when hearing loss is caused by
osteosclerosis. “A stapedectomy is surgery to treat hearing loss
caused by otosclerosis (Alzhrani et al., 2017).”
Eye Aged-Related Diseases
Glaucoma is one form of age-related retinal and macular
disease. Glaucoma occurs when an increase in intraocular
pressure can destroy optic nerves and cause blindness. This may
cause damage to the optic nerve and lead to loss of vision and
even blindness. There are usually no obvious signs at first, but
with time, sufferers may realize the gradual failure of their
peripheral or side vision. When left untreated, they may
experience progressive tunnel vision. It has no evident
symptoms, but as it worsens, one may notice a progressive loss
of peripheral vision. Various drugs can be used, but in certain

5. situations, surgery is required (trabeculoplasty, the use of a
laser to improve fluid flow out of the eye, thereby relieving
pressure, trabeculectomy, the creation of a new drainage path in
sight under the eyelid). One of the factors is the use of steroid
medicine and aging. (Ahmed and colleagues, 2020)
The second disease is cataracts. It appears as a cloudy eye lens,
an otherwise transparent part of the eye. This cloudiness occurs
when the protein and water of the eye lens clump. This then
obscures the transmission of light. As the condition progresses,
vision may be significantly affected, and the patient may
undergo a surgical procedure to remove the cataract or the
clouded lens and replace it with a clear one. The third disease is
macular degeneration. This condition is characterized by losing
sight of one’s central vision. It is not common for people with
macular degeneration to go blind completely. However, it
becomes difficult for them to perform daily activities such as
reading and driving.
“Diabetic retinopathy is the primary cause of new blindness in
Americans in their forties and fifties. It is also a leading cause
of vision morbidity in the elderly (Quillen, 1999).” The
prevalence of diabetic retinopathy increases with diabetes
duration. Significant diabetic retinopathy, on the other hand,
may be detected in the elderly at the time of diagnosis or in the
first few years of diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy is classified as
either non-proliferative or proliferative. Non-proliferative
diabetic retinopathy is distinguished by retinal circulation
abnormalities such as microaneurysms, intraretinal
hemorrhages, cotton-wool spots, retinal edema and exudates,
and intraretinal microvascular abnormalities. Macular edema is
the most prevalent cause of vision loss in non-proliferative
diabetic retinopathy. Macular edema patients may be
asymptomatic or complain of impaired or distorted central
vision. Ophthalmoscopic examination reveals retinal thickness,
frequently accompanied by lipid exudate, microaneurysms, and
intraretinal hemorrhages.

6. References
Ahmed, T., Zulfiqar, A., & Ishaq, S. (2020). Age-Related
Diseases. Nutrients and Nutraceuticals for Active & Healthy
Ageing, 27–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3552-9_3
Alzhrani, F., Mokhatrish, M. M., Al-Momani, M. O., Alshehri,
H., Hagr, A., & Garadat, S. N. (2017). Effectiveness of
stapedotomy in improving hearing sensitivity for 53 otosclerotic
patients: retrospective review. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 37(1),
49-55. https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2017.49
Panza, F., Solfrizzi, V., & Logroscino, G. (2015). Age-related
hearing impairment—a risk factor and frailty marker for
dementia and AD. Nature Reviews Neurology, 11(3), 166–175.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2015.12
Quillen, D. A. (1999, July 1). Common Causes of Vision Loss
in Elderly Patients. AAFP.
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/0701/p99.html