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griffin_9e_ppt_ch01.pptx
1.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. CHAPTER 1 PART 1 Introduction to Management Understanding the Managerās Job
2.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Define management, describe the kinds of managers found in organizations, identify and explain the four basic management functions, describe the fundamental management skills, and comment on management as a science and art. 2. Justify the importance of history and theory to managers, and explain the evolution of management through the classical, behavioral, and quantitative perspectives. 3. Identify and discuss key contemporary management perspectives represented by the systems and contingency perspectives, and identify the major challenges and opportunities faced by managers today. Learning Objectives
3.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. Discussion Starter (1) ā¢ Unlike most traditional managers, Netflix CEO, Reed Hastings does not have an office. He wanders around headquarters, talking to people about their work and their ideas. Hastings continues to look for the ānext big thing.ā ā To watch a brief interview with Reed Hastings, visit CNN Money (http://money.cnn.com/video/news/2014/02/21/n- netflix-ceo-reed-hastings-business-of- being.cnnmoney/index.html). ā What qualities and traits do you think are essential for a manager to have in order to create a successful business?
4.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. 1-1 An Introduction to Management (slide 1 of 3) ā¢ Organization ā A group of people working together in a structured and coordinated fashion to achieve a set of goals ā¢ Management ā A set of activities (including planning and decision making, organizing, leading, and controlling) directed at an organizationās resources (human, financial, physical, and information) with the aim of achieving organizational goals in an efficient and effective manner
5.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. 1-1 An Introduction to Management (slide 2 of 3) EFFICIENTLY Using resources wisely in a cost-effective way and EFFECTIVELY Making the right decisions and successfully implementing them
6.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. 1-1 An Introduction to Management (slide 3 of 3) ā¢ Manager ā Someone whose primary responsibility is to carry out the management process
7.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. FIGURE 1.1 Kinds of Managers by Level and Area
8.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. Levels of Management ā¢ Top managers ā Executives who manage the overall organization ā Create the organizationās goals, overall strategy, and operating policies ā¢ Middle managers ā Implement the policies and plans developed by top managers ā Supervise and coordinate the activities of lower-level managers ā¢ First-line managers ā Supervise and coordinate the activities of operating employees ā Spend a large proportion of their time supervising the work of their subordinates
9.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. Managing in Different Areas of the Organization Kinds of Managers by Area Marketing Managers Financial Managers Operations Managers Human Resources Managers Administrative Managers Specialist Managers
10.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. FIGURE 1.2 The Management Process
11.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. What Skills Do Managers Need? Fundamental Management Skills Technical Interpersonal Conceptual Diagnostic Communication Decision Making Time Management
12.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. 1-1c Fundamental Management Skills (slide 1 of 3) ā¢ Technical skills ā The skills necessary to accomplish or understand the specific kind of work done in an organization ā¢ Interpersonal skills ā The ability to communicate with, understand, and motivate both individuals and groups ā¢ Conceptual skills ā The managerās ability to think in the abstract ā¢ Diagnostic skills ā The managerās ability to visualize the most appropriate response to a situation
13.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. 1-1c Fundamental Management Skills (slide 2 of 3) ā¢ Communication skills ā The managerās abilities both to effectively convey ideas and information to others and to effectively receive ideas and information from others ā¢ Decision-making skills ā The managerās ability to correctly recognize and define problems and opportunities and to then select an appropriate course of action to solve problems and capitalize on opportunities ā¢ Time management skills ā The managerās ability to prioritize work, to work efficiently, and to delegate appropriately
14.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. 1-1c Fundamental Management Skills (slide 3 of 3) ā¢ Watch this video from Bloomberg in which CEOs identify what they believe to be one skill every leader needs: ā YouTube (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NhW7bnh0sDk).
15.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. Discussion Starter (2) ā¢ Recall a recent group project or task in which you have participated. Explain how members of the group displayed each of the managerial skills.
16.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. 1-1d The Science and the Art of Management ā¢ The Science of Management ā Assumes problems and issues can be approached using rational, logical, objective, and systematic ways ā Requires technical, diagnostic, and decision-making skills ā¢ The Art of Management ā Requires a blend of intuition, experience, instinct, and personal insights ā Relies heavily on conceptual, communication, interpersonal, and time management skills
17.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. 1-2a The Importance of Theory and History (slide 1 of 2) ā¢ Why Theory? ā Provides a conceptual framework for organizing knowledge and providing a blueprint for action ā¢ Management theories are grounded in reality. ā¢ Most managers develop and refine their own theories of how they should run their organizations and manage the behavior of their employees.
18.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. 1-2a The Importance of Theory and History (slide 2 of 2) ā¢ Why History? ā Stresses an awareness and understanding of historical developments in management ā¢ Understanding the historical context of management provides a sense of heritage and can help managers avoid the mistakes of others.
19.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. 1-2b The Historical Context of Management ā¢ Robert Owen (1771ā1858) ā Recognized the importance of an organizationās human resources and expressed concern for the personal welfare of workers ā¢ Charles Babbage (1792ā1871) ā Focused on efficiencies of production through division of labor and advocated the application of mathematics to management problems
20.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. 1-2c The Classical Management Perspective ā¢ Classical management perspective ā Consists of two distinct branchesāscientific management and administrative management ā¢ Scientific management ā Concerned with improving the performance of individual workers ā¢ Administrative management ā Focuses on managing the total organization
21.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. Scientific Management Pioneers (slide 1 of 2) ā¢ Frederick W. Taylor (1856ā1915) ā Replaced old work methods with scientifically-based work methods ā¢ Eliminated āsoldiering,ā where employees deliberately worked at a pace slower than their capabilities ā Studied and redesigned jobs, introduced rest periods to reduce fatigue, and implemented piecework pay systems
22.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. FIGURE 1.3 Steps in Scientific Management
23.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. Scientific Management Pioneers (slide 2 of 2) ā¢ Frank Gilbreth (1868ā1924) and Lillian Gilbreth (1878ā1972) ā Both developed techniques and strategies for eliminating inefficiency. ā¢ Frank reduced bricklaying movements, resulting in increased output of about 200 percent. ā¢ Lillian made substantive contributions to the fields of industrial psychology and personnel management.
24.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. Administrative Management Theorists ā¢ Henri Fayol (1841ā1925) ā Identified the specific management functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling ā¢ Lyndall Urwick (1891ā1983) ā Integrated scientific management with the work of other administrative management theorists ā¢ Max Weber (1864ā1920) ā His theory of bureaucracy is based on a rational set of guidelines for structuring organizations in the most efficient manner.
25.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. Discussion Starter (3) ā¢ What assumptions do the scientific management and administrative management perspectives make about workers? To what extent are these assumptions still valid today?
26.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. The Classical Management Perspective Today ā¢ Contributions ā Provides many management techniques and approaches that are still relevant today ā Focused attention on management as a meaningful field of study ā¢ Limitations ā More appropriate for use in stable, simple organizations rather than the changing and complex organizations of today ā Proposed universal guidelines that do not fit every organization ā Slighted the role of the individual in organizations
27.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. 1-2d The Behavioral Management Perspective ā¢ Behavioral management perspective ā Emphasizes individual attitudes and behaviors and group processes
28.
Ā© 2019 Cengage.
All rights reserved. Behavioral Management Advocates ā¢ Hugo Munsterberg (1863ā1916) ā Advocated applying psychological concepts to employee selection and motivation ā¢ Mary Parker Follett (1868ā1933) ā Recognized the importance of human behavior in the workplace
29.
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All rights reserved. The Hawthorne Studies ā¢ Conducted at Western Electricās Hawthorne plant between 1927 and 1932 ā Illumination study ā¢ Lighting adjustments affected the productivity of both control and experimental groups of employees. ā Group study ā¢ A piecework incentive pay plan caused workers to establish informal levels of individual output. ā Overproducing workers were labeled ārate busters.ā ā Underproducing workers were considered āchiselers.ā ā Interview program ā¢ Confirmed the importance of human behavior in the workplace
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All rights reserved. The Human Relations Movement ā¢ Human relations movement ā Grew out of the Hawthorne studies ā Proposed that workers respond primarily to the social context of work, including social conditioning, group norms, and interpersonal dynamics ā Assumed that the managerās concern for workers would lead to increased worker satisfaction and improved worker performance
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All rights reserved. Human Relations Theorists ā¢ Abraham Maslow (1908ā1970) ā Advanced a theory suggesting that employees are motivated by a hierarchy of needs that they seek to satisfy ā¢ Douglas McGregor (1906ā1964) ā Proposed Theory X and Theory Y concepts of managerial beliefs about people and work ā¢ Theory X ā A pessimistic and negative view of workers consistent with the views of scientific management ā¢ Theory Y ā A positive view of workers; it represents the assumptions that human relations advocates make
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All rights reserved. Table 1.1 Theory X and Theory Y Theory X Assumptions 1. People do not like work and try to avoid it. 2. People do not like work, so managers have to control, direct, coerce, and threaten employees to get them to work toward organizational goals. 3. People prefer to be directed, to avoid responsibility, and to want security; they have little ambition. Theory Y Assumptions 1. People do not naturally dislike work; work is a natural part of their lives. 2. People are internally motivated to reach objectives to which they are committed. 3. People are committed to goals to the degree that they receive personal rewards when they reach their objectives. 4. People will both seek and accept responsibility under favorable conditions. 5. People have the capacity to be innovative in solving organizational problems. 6. People are bright, but under most organizational conditions their potential is underutilized.
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All rights reserved. Contemporary Behavior Science in Management (slide 1 of 2) ā¢ Organizational behavior ā Contemporary field focusing on behavioral perspectives on management ā Draws on psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, and medicine ā Takes a holistic view of behavior and addresses individual, group, and organization processes
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All rights reserved. Contemporary Behavior Science in Management (slide 2 of 2) ā¢ Important organizational behavior topics: ā Job satisfaction ā Stress ā Motivation ā Leadership ā Group dynamics ā Organizational politics ā Interpersonal conflict ā The structure and design of organizations
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All rights reserved. The Behavioral Management Perspective Today ā¢ Contributions ā The importance of behavioral process are more likely to be recognized by managers. ā Managers are more likely to view employees as valuable resources instead of mere tools. ā¢ Limitations ā The complexity of individuals makes behavior difficult to predict. ā It is not always accepted or understood by practicing managers.
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All rights reserved. 1-2e The Quantitative Management Perspective (slide 1 of 2) ā¢ Quantitative management perspective ā Applies quantitative techniques to management ā Helped Allied forces manage logistical problems during World War II ā Focuses on decision making, cost-effectiveness, mathematical models, and use of computers to solve quantitative problems
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All rights reserved. 1-2e The Quantitative Management Perspective (slide 2 of 2) ā¢ There are two branches of the quantitative approach: ā Management science ā¢ Focuses specifically on the development of representative mathematical models ā Operations management ā¢ Concerned with helping the organization produce its products or services more efficiently
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All rights reserved. The Quantitative Management Perspective Today ā¢ Contributions ā Provides managers with an abundance of decision- making tools and techniques ā Increased understanding of overall organizational processes ā¢ Particularly useful in the areas of planning and controlling ā¢ Limitations ā Cannot fully account for individual behaviors and attitudes ā Competence needed many retard the development of other managerial skills ā Typically require a set of assumptions that may not be realistic
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All rights reserved. 1-3a The Systems Perspective (slide 1 of 3) ā¢ System ā An interrelated set of elements functioning as a whole
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All rights reserved. FIGURE 1.4 The Systems Perspective of Organizations
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All rights reserved. 1-3a The Systems Perspective (slide 2 of 3) ā¢ Open system ā An organizational system that interacts with its environment. ā¢ Closed system ā A system that does not interact with its environment. ā¢ Subsystems ā A system within another system ā¢ Synergy ā Two or more subsystems working together to produce more than the total of what they might produce working alone ā¢ Entropy ā A normal process leading to system decline
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All rights reserved. 1-3a The Systems Perspective (slide 3 of 3) ā¢ Break into small groups. Select an organization and diagram its inputs, transformation processes, outputs, and feedback mechanisms.
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All rights reserved. 1-3b The Contingency Perspective ā¢ Universal perspectives ā Include the classical, behavioral, and quantitative approaches ā Try to identify the āone best wayā to manage organizations ā¢ Contingency perspective ā Suggests that appropriate managerial behavior in a given situation depends on, or is contingent on, unique elements in a given situation
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All rights reserved. 1-3c Contemporary Management Issues and Challenges ā¢ Globalization of product and service markets ā¢ Increased emphasis on ethics and social responsibility ā¢ The use of quality as the basis for competition ā¢ The shift to a predominately service-based economy ā¢ Meeting the challenges of a recovering economy ā¢ An increasingly diverse workforce ā¢ Creating new organizational structures to provide challenging, motivating, and flexible work environments ā¢ The effects of new information technology on how work is done in organization
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All rights reserved. EXPERIENTIAL EXERCISE: Johari Window
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All rights reserved. Discussion Starter (4) ā¢ Can a manager use tools and techniques from several different perspectives at the same time? For example, can a manager use both classical and behavioral perspectives? Give an example of a time when a manager did this, and explain how it enabled him or her to be effective.
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