Eye pathologies

2. What is Stye
A stye or hordeolum is a small, painful lump on the inside
or outside of the eyelid. It is actually an abscess filled with
pus and is usually caused by a staphylococcus bacteria
eye infection.
Styes are common with most people experiencing one or
two of them at some stage in their life.
Styes are usually visible on the surface but can appear
deeper inside the eyelid.

3. Types of Stye
An external stye starts as a small spot next to an eyelash.
It turns into a red, painful swelling that usually lasts
several days before it bursts and then heals. Most
external styes are short-lived and self-limiting.
An internal stye (on the underside of the lid) also causes a
red, painful swelling, but its location prevents the familiar
whitehead from appearing on the eyelid

4. Sign and symptoms
• Styes: a red, hot, exquisitely tender swelling
near the edge of the eyelid.
• Chalazion: a painless, smooth, round bump
typically situated in the mid-portion of the
eyelid.

6. Blepharitis
• Blepharitis is inflammation usually involving the part of the
eyelid where the eyelashes grow - the eyelid margins. The
eyes can eventually become red, irritated and itchy, with
dandruff-like crusts appearing on the eyelashes.
• Blepharitis occurs when the small oil glands near the base
of the eyelashes don't work properly, either because of a
bacterial infection or some complication of a skin condition,
such as seborrheic dermatitis (seborrheic dermatitis that
affects the scalp is called dandruff).

7. Forms of Blepharitis:
• Anterior blepharitis - the outside of the eyelid is
affected; where the eyelashes are attached.
Mainly caused by Staphylococcus (bacterium) and
scalp dandruff.
• Posterior blepharitis - the moist inside part of the
eyelid is affected. It is caused by problems with
the Meibomian glands in this part of the eyelid.
The Meibomian glands make a lubricant called
sebum, which is discharged through tiny
openings in the edges of the eyelids. Posterior
blepharitis is mainly caused by rosacea and scalp
dandruff (seborrheic dermatitis). Rosacea is a
chronic, inflammatory skin condition which
principally affects the face.

8. Sign and symptoms
• Red, sore and itchy eyelids
• A burning sensation in the eyes
• A gritty/sandy sensation in the eyes
• Crusty eyelashes
• Eyelashes may grow abnormally (misdirected)
• Eyelids appear greasy
• Eyelids may stick together when waking up after sleep
• Flaky skin around the eyes
• Loss of eyelashes
• Photophobia - sensitivity to light
• Red eyes
• Watery eyes

10. NONANTIBIOTIC PROPERTIES OF TETRACYCLINES
Inhibition of inflammation: Dox can suppress the
expression of inflammatory cytokines, as CD54 and IL-1beta,
in human conjunctive epithelial cells (Xiao et al. 2005).
(Inflammopharmacol (2011) 19:99–110)
Proteolysis: Tetracyclines and their analogues inhibit
matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).(J AM ACAD DERMATOL VOLUME 54,
NUMBER 2)
Angiogenesis: The antiangiogenic effect of tetracyclines
may have therapeutic implications in inflammatory
processes accompanied by new blood
vessel formation.(J AM ACAD DERMATOL VOLUME 54, NUMBER 2)
Apoptosis: Recent experimental data indicate that
tetracyclines have antiapoptotic properties (Neuroscience 2000;99:333-42).

11. ....FJContimycinantiinflamma
tory property of DOX.pdf
Doxycycline Is Anti-Inflammatory and Inhibits Staphylococcal
Exotoxin-Induced Cytokines and Chemokines
Teresa Krakauer* and Marilyn Buckley
Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, United States Army
Medical Research Institute of
Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702-5011
Received 21 March 2003/Returned for modification 28 May 2003/Accepted
21 July 2003
Reference:
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Nov. 2003, p.
3630–3633 Vol. 47, No. 11

12. Meibomitis
Meibomitis is an inflammation
of the meibomian glands and is
very closely related to
blepharitis. The oily glands
openings on the lid margins
become blocked with inspicated
meibomian secretions. The oil
produced by the meibomian
glands is thicker and has a milky
appearance, rather than a clear
oil. Meibomitis is also known as
meibomian gland dysfunction or
MGD.

13. Symptoms
Blepharitis may cause 'grittiness' and a burning
sensation in the eyes, excessive tearing, irritation, red-
rimmed and swollen eyelids, dry eyes, and crusting
around the eyelash roots. A severe blepharitis can be
associated with conjunctivits, known as a
blepharoconjunctivitis.
Meibomitis plugging reduces the amount of good
quality oil and can make the tears sting and evaporate
quickly. If the meibomitis is acute, the eyelids can be
red, thickened and tender. Pressing on the eyelids can
demonstrate the thickened, milky oil which has been
likened to squeezing toothpaste.
Meibomitis is worse in patients with ocular acne
rosacea.

14. The International Workshop on Meibomian Gland
Dysfunction: Report of the Subcommittee on
Management and Treatment of Meibomian
Gland Dysfunction
Warm compresses and lid massage up to four times per day for 15
minutes,
Adjunctive use of lubricants in cases of additional dry eye disease,
Topical antibiotic ointments for moderate to severe cases
Systemic tetracycline derivatives (e.g., tetracycline 250 mg four
times per day or doxycycline 100 mg two times per day) for 6
weeks to several months in recurrent cases,
To consider topical steroids in severe cases for a short term and
incision and curettage with optional steroid injection
in chalazion.
DOI:10.1167/iovs.10-6997g
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Special Issue 2011, Vol. 52, No. 4
Copyright 2011 The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.