The document discusses vitamins, minerals, and water. It explains that vitamins are nutrients required in small amounts that assist chemical reactions in the body, while minerals are required in larger amounts and regulate reactions. There are two classes of vitamins - fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E, K that can be stored, and water-soluble vitamins like C and B vitamins that cannot be stored. Key minerals include calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, chloride, sulfur, iron and zinc. Water makes up about 65% of the body and is essential for chemical reactions and homeostasis. A balanced diet typically provides sufficient vitamins and minerals so supplements are usually unnecessary.

1. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
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Objectives
Identify the two main classes of vitamins.
List seven minerals your body needs in
significant amounts.
Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
Explain why water is so important to your body.
By Prof.Dr.ir.Faisal

2. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
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Myth As part of a healthy diet, people need to take
dietary supplements
Fact A diet that contains a variety of healthful foods
usually supplies all the vitamins and minerals that your
body needs

3. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
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• One of the first discoveries of the
importance of vitamins came in the
1700s.
Vitamins
• A Scottish doctor, James Lind,
discovered that sailors who were fed
citrus fruits recovered from scurvy.
• Today, health scientists know that scurvy
is caused by a lack of vitamin C, which is
found in abundance in citrus fruits.

4. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
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• Nutrients that are made by living things, are required
only in small amounts, and that assist many
chemical reactions in the body are vitamins.
• A nutrient that helps the body use carbohydrates,
proteins, and fats is a vitamin.
What Are Vitamins?
• There are two classes of vitamins
• fat-soluble vitamins—dissolve in fatty material
• water-soluble vitamins—dissolve in water

5. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
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• Fat-soluble vitamins can be stored by the body
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
• Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble vitamins
• Sources of fat-soluble vitamins are
• vegetable oils
• liver
• eggs
• certain vegetables

6. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
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7. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
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• Water-soluble vitamins cannot be stored by the
body.
Water-Soluble Vitamins
• Examples of water-soluble vitamins are C and all of
the B vitamins.
• Sources of water-soluble vitamins are
• fruits
• vegetables
• whole-grain foods
• and many other foods

8. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
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9. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
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10. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
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11. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
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• Vitamins called antioxidants help protect healthy
cells from the damage caused by the normal aging
process as well as from certain types of cancer.
Antioxidants
• Vitamins C and E are two of the most powerful
antioxidants.
• Vitamin C helps strengthen blood vessel walls,
strengthens your immune system, and aids in iron
absorption.

12. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
Oxidant vs Antioxidant
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13. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
Oxidant vs Antioxidant
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14. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
Antioxidant sources
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15. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
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16. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
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• A nutrient that regulates many chemical reactions in the
body is a mineral.
• Occurs naturally in rocks and soil
• Minerals that are required in amounts greater than
100mg are considered macro minerals.
• Calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium,
phosphorus, chloride (chlorine), and sulfur
• Your body requires very small amounts of trace minerals.
• Iron and zinc
Minerals

17. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
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• Calcium is important in blood clotting and the
functioning of your nervous system.
Calcium
• It is an essential ingredient in the formation and
maintenance of bones and teeth.
• A lack of calcium can sometimes lead to steoporosis,
a condition in which the bones gradually weaken.
• Muscle contraction and relaxation.

18. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
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• Potassium and sodium work together to maintain
water balance in the body.
Potassium
• Important in nerve signal transmission and cell
membrane gredient potential.

19. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
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• Iron is necessary for healthy red blood cells.
Iron
• If a person’s diet does not include enough iron, he
or she may develop anemia, a condition in which the
red blood cells do not contain enough hemoglobin.

20. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
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• Sodium is important in several body processes,
including the functioning of the heart and water
balance.
Sodium
• Too much sodium can cause a problem with blood
pressure.

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22. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
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23. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
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• Vitamin and mineral supplements, therefore, are not
usually necessary if your diet is nutritious and well-
balanced.
Vitamin and Mineral Supplements
• An excess, or overdose, of vitamins or minerals may
damage your health.
• If you do take a vitamin or mineral supplement, a
health care provider can advise you about how much
is the right amount.

24. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
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• About 65 percent of
your body weight is
water.
Water
• Nearly all of the
body’s chemical
reactions, including
those that produce
energy and build new
tissues, take place in
a water solution.

25. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
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• Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a steady
state inside your body.
Water and Homeostasis
• When you become overheated, your body excretes
perspiration, which cools your body. Thus, water
regulates body temperature.
• Water contains dissolved substances called
electrolytes that regulate many processes in your
cells.

26. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
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• Dehydration is a condition in which the water
content of the body has fallen to an extremely low
level.
Preventing Dehydration
• Symptoms of dehydration can include fatigue, dry
mouth, dizziness, weakness, flushed skin, headache,
blurred vision, difficulty swallowing, dry skin, rapid
pulse, and a infrequent urination.

27. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
Dehydration and Blood Viscosity
• Blood plasma is about 90% water.
• As the body loses water during dehydration, the
blood thickens, making it harder for the heart to pump
blood through the body.
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28. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
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• Every day, you need at least ten cups of water if you
are a female 14 to 18 years old.
How Much Water?
• Males in the same age group need 14 cups of water
per day.

29. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
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• A sports drink is not necessary if you exercise for 60
minutes or less.
Water Versus Sports Drinks
• If you exercise longer, a sports drink that contains
carbohydrates may be beneficial.
• Sports drinks with electrolytes are not necessary
unless you exercise for 5 hours or more.

30. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
Herbal Supplements
• Supplements that contain extracts or ingredients from
the roots, berries, seeds, stems, leaves, buds, or
flowers of plants are herbal supplements.
• Herbal supplements are officially classified as food
and not drugs.
• This means that herbal or dietary supplements do
not have to be proven safe or screened by the
FDA before placed on the market.
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31. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
Supplements - Creatine
• An amino acid that is made in the liver, kidneys, and
pancreas is called creatine.
• Found in meat and fish.
• Many teenagers use creatine to increase their athletic
performance or to become more muscular.
• Suspicion that excessive creatine use could cause
cramping, diarrhea, nausea, dizziness, dehydration,
muscle strain, high blood pressure, and abnormal
liver/kidney function.
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32. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
Supplements – Protein supplements
• A product taken orally that contains proteins that are
intended to supplement one’s diet and are not
considered food are protein supplements.
• Health and fitness experts say that the amount of
protein needed each day is about one gram of protein
per pound of body weight.
• Most people easily meet or exceed this
requirement.
• Any excess protein is converted to fat and not to
muscle.
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33. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
Questions
1. What are vitamins? How do they differ from minerals?
2. What are the two classes of vitamins? Which vitamins fall into
each class?
3. Which seven minerals are needed by the body in significant
amounts?
4. What roles does water play in the body?
5. Define homeostasis.
6. What vitamins are supplied by green, leafy vegetables? By
citrus fruits?
7. What are some ways that people with high blood pressure can
reduce their sodium intake?
8. How can feelings of thirst help a person maintain homeostasis
on a hot day?
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34. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
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