seminar topic hypertension/ raised blood pressure for PG & UG

1. Hypertension
Presented by
Dr. Chetan Sharma

2. • It is a chronic condition
• It is of concern due to its role in CHD, Stroke &
other vascular complications.
• It is one of the major risk factor for
cardiovascular mortality, which accounts for
20-50% of all death.
• It is measured by sphyngomanometer.

3. Classification of BP measurement
category Systolic blood pressure Diastolic blood pressure
normal <130 <85
High normal 130-139 85-90
Hypertension
Stage 1 (mild) 140-159 90-99
Stage 2(moderate) 160-179 100-109
Stage 3 (severe) >180 >110

4. Error in BP measurement
• 3 source of error-
• A. Observer errors- hearing acuity,
interpretation of Korotkow sounds.
• B. Instrumental errors- leaking valve, cuffs not
encircling the arm
• C. Subject errors- circumstances of
examination. It includes physical environment,
position of subject, external stimuli eg-fear,
anxiety.

5. • Hypertension is of 2 types-
• A. Primary/essential- when the cause is
unknown
• B. Secondary- when it is due to other disease
process or abnormality.eg-adrenal glands
tumour, congenital narrowed aorta, toxaemia
of pregnancy.

6. Rule of halves
• It is an iceberg disease.
• In developed countries only half of the
affected persons were aware of hypertension.
• Only half of aware population were taking
medication.
• Only half of those treated were considered
adequately treated.

7. prevalence
• Globally it was estimated to be 1.13 billion
cases.
• It is about 30-40%in adults.
• 24% in men & 20% in women
• The high prevalence is irrespective of income
status.

8. • In india- according to national health survey 4,
hypertension among age group 15-49, 11%
women were having hypertension.
• 30% women were in pre hypertensive stage
• 1% were on medication.
• 15% of men were hypertensive,30% were pre
hypertensive
• 1% were on medication.

9. Tracking of BP
• For this individuals were followed up over a
period of years from childhood to adult.
• Low blood pressure were tend to remain low
in later stage of life & higher blood pressure
tent to become higher
• This phenomenon is called tacking of blood
pressure.
• It is used to estimate children & adolescence
at risk.

10. Risk factors
• A. Non modifiable B. Modifiable
• A. Non modifiable- age, sex, genetic factor,
ethinicity (high bp in black)
• B. Modifiable-
• 1.obesity- greater weight gain = greater risk
• 2. salt intake- high salt intake(7-8g/day)= high
bp
• 3. saturated fat- raises bp

11. • 4.dietary fibre- risk of chd & hypertension is
inversely related to consumption of dietary
fibre.
• 5. alcohol- increased intake = increased risk
factor
• 6. heart rate- invariably higher in hypertensive
patient.
• 7. physical activity- reducing bodyweight have
indirect effect on blood pressure.

12. • 8. environmental stress- stress increases blood
pressure
• 9.socio economic status- high bp in low socio
economic category
• 10.other factors- oc pills, noise, vibration.

13. prevention
• 1. primary- reduced the incidence by reducing
risk factors.
• Population strategy- slight reduction in mean
bp of group leads to higher reduction in
incidence of chd. This reduction is done by-
• Reduced salt intake, moderate fat intake,
avoid high alcohol, weight management,
health education.

14. • High risk strategy
• 2. secondary prevention-
• Early case detection
• Treatment
• Patient compliance

15. Thank you