2. Why model the economy?
To understand causes of business cycles
and possible resolutions or fixes.
On one graph put inflation,
unemployment, GDP, and
economic growth
3. Aggregate Demand
Negative Slope:
As Price Level goes up:
Real Balance Effect
Feel Poorer
Interest Rate Effect
Need to borrow more
consumption borrowing, i rates,
Investment borrowing
Open Economy Effect
Go to exports
5. Aggregate Supply
Positive Slope:
As Price Level goes up
Profit Illusion
As prices go up,wages
and input costs stay fixed.
Inventory Effect
If below full capacity can
sell from inventory with no
cost pressures
9. Aggregate Supply Debate
Keynsians Classical
Never at full employment
even in good times
Prices and wages sticky
Adjustment will not happen
Always at full employment
Prices and wages slippery
Adjustment will happen
12. Demand shifts with Classical
-Wages and
PricesAdjust
-Restoring
the economy
back to full
output
13. Aggregate Supply Debate
Keynsians Classical
Never at full employment
even in good times
Prices and wages sticky
Need to push AD right
with government
Always at full employment
Prices and wages slippery
Need to stay out of way
and wait for wages/prices
to fall
15. Practice
Aggregate Demand
Aggregate Supply
Consumer Income or
expectations
Investment income or
expectations
Government Spending
Change in exports or
imports
Costs of Production
Technology or weather
Government Policy
19. Practice
1.AD or AS
2.Shift Right or Left
3.Find new
equilibrium
4.Outcomes:
-Price Level?
-Output?
-Unemployment?
1.The personal income tax rate goes up by a
significant amount
20. Practice
1.AD or AS
2.Shift Right or Left
3.Find new
equilibrium
4.Outcomes:
-Price Level?
-Output?
-Unemployment?
2.The stock market falls to record low levels
following remarks by the Fed Chairman
that “it is all just irrational exuberance”
21. Practice
1.AD or AS
2.Shift Right or Left
3.Find new
equilibrium
4.Outcomes:
-Price Level?
-Output?
-Unemployment?
3.A new computer program reads your
mind and automatically prepares word
documents dramatically increasing
productivity.
22. Practice
1.AD or AS
2.Shift Right or Left
3.Find new
equilibrium
4.Outcomes:
-Price Level?
-Output?
-Unemployment?
4. Nationwide the minimum wage goes to
$20 with retirement contributions.
23. Practice
1.AD or AS
2.Shift Right or Left
3.Find new
equilibrium
4.Outcomes:
-Price Level?
-Output?
-Unemployment?
5. The European union dissolves.The
ensuing uncertainty throws the entire
continent into a recession.
24. Practice
1.AD or AS
2.Shift Right or Left
3.Find new
equilibrium
4.Outcomes:
-Price Level?
-Output?
-Unemployment?
6. A La Nina weather system causes massive
droughts through out the US severely
reducing crop production, livestock health
and even the snow pack for ski resorts.
25. Practice
1.AD or AS
2.Shift Right or Left
3.Find new
equilibrium
4.Outcomes:
-Price Level?
-Output?
-Unemployment?
7. Congress passes tax cuts for firms that
expand jobs by 10%.
26. Practice
1.AD or AS
2.Shift Right or Left
3.Find new
equilibrium
4.Outcomes:
-Price Level?
-Output?
-Unemployment?
8. With increased pressure to fight crime,
states significantly tighten their sentencing
laws and increase their prison budgets.
27. Practice
1.AD or AS
2.Shift Right or Left
3.Find new
equilibrium
4.Outcomes:
-Price Level?
-Output?
-Unemployment?
9. A major earthquake and tsunami in China
disrupts supply chains across the world.
28. Practice
1.AD or AS
2.Shift Right or Left
3.Find new
equilibrium
4.Outcomes:
-Price Level?
-Output?
-Unemployment?
10. Following the building of a wall Canada
and Mexico leave NATO and form their
own trading bloc excluding the US.
29. Effects on AD of Deflation
If consumers expect prices to keep falling, they may hold off
on purchases today.
Value of debt rises, causing C & I confidence to fall
Cost of borrowing increases, as
paying back $ that are worth more
than those borrowed.
If input costs are locked up, profits fall
30. Costs of Recessionary Gap
Unemployment, Loss Production, Loss tax revenue
Long-term:
Loss of relevant skills
for job seekers –
Permanently unemployed
Business failures
Decreased investment
Lost government
programs, higher deficits
Shifts LRAS to the left