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‫אנטנות‬ ‫במערכי‬ ‫צד‬ ‫אונות‬ ‫הקטנת‬
‫זהים‬ ‫לא‬ ‫אלמנטים‬ ‫המכילים‬
‫ואלק‬ ‫חשמל‬ ‫להנדסת‬ ‫הפקולטה‬,'‫תואר‬II
‫חולון‬ ‫טכנולוגי‬ ‫מכון‬
‫מגיש‬:‫רזניק‬ ‫דימטרי‬
‫מנחה‬:‫פרופ‬'‫מצנר‬ ‫חיים‬
‫תוכן‬
‫מבוא‬
‫הפרויקט‬ ‫מטרות‬
‫תאורטי‬ ‫רקע‬
‫ספרות‬ ‫סקר‬–‫בנושא‬ ‫אחרים‬ ‫חוקרים‬ ‫עשו‬ ‫מה‬
‫סימולציית‬Matlab
‫סימולציית‬CST
‫סיכום‬
‫מבוא‬
‫הקטנת‬‫אונות‬‫צד‬‫דרושה‬‫במערכי‬‫אנטנות‬‫רבים‬,‫כאשר‬‫במונח‬
"‫הקטנה‬"‫אנו‬‫מתייחסים‬‫לרמת‬‫אונות‬‫הצד‬‫המתקבלת‬‫במערך‬
‫אחיד‬,‫כלומר‬‫מערך‬‫המכיל‬‫אנטנות‬‫זהות‬,‫הממוקמות‬‫במרחקים‬
‫זהים‬,‫ומוזנות‬‫במתחים‬‫זהים‬(‫אמפליטודה‬‫ופאזה‬),‫אז‬‫מתקבלת‬
‫רמת‬‫אונות‬‫צד‬‫של‬‫כ‬-13.4dB‫מתחת‬‫לאלומה‬‫הראשית‬.‫כך‬,
‫למשל‬,‫במכמ‬"‫ים‬‫מוטסים‬‫שונים‬‫יש‬‫צורך‬‫להקטין‬‫את‬‫רמת‬
‫אונות‬‫הצד‬‫ליותר‬‫מ‬-40dB‫מתחת‬‫לאונה‬‫הראשית‬.
‫השיטה‬‫המקובלת‬‫להנחתת‬‫אונות‬‫הצד‬‫מתבצעת‬‫בעזרת‬‫שליטה‬
‫על‬‫רמות‬‫ההספק‬‫המגיע‬‫לאלמנטים‬‫השונים‬,‫שחסרונה‬‫בתכנון‬
‫רשת‬‫הזנה‬‫מסובכת‬.
‫הפרויקט‬ ‫מטרות‬
‫הקטנת‬‫רמת‬‫אונות‬‫צד‬‫של‬‫מערך‬‫אנטנות‬‫על‬-‫ידי‬‫שימוש‬
‫באלמנטים‬‫בעלי‬‫פרמטרים‬‫גיאומטריים‬‫שונים‬‫במערך‬.
‫לבדוק‬‫יכולת‬‫להקטנת‬‫אונות‬‫צד‬‫במערכים‬‫בהן‬‫האנטנות‬
‫השונות‬‫מוזנות‬‫באחידות‬,‫אך‬‫האנטנות‬‫המרכיבות‬‫את‬
‫המערך‬‫שונות‬‫זו‬‫מזו‬‫בכיוון‬‫האלומה‬‫הראשית‬‫של‬‫כל‬
‫אחת‬‫מהן‬‫ביחס‬‫למישור‬‫המערך‬.
‫תאורטי‬ ‫רקע‬
‫לינארי‬ ‫אנטנות‬ ‫מערך‬
‫האלמנטים‬ ‫את‬ ‫למקם‬ ‫היא‬ ‫המערך‬ ‫של‬ ‫מעשית‬ ‫והכי‬ ‫פשוטה‬ ‫הכי‬ ‫התצורה‬
‫בשורה‬,‫בשם‬ ‫גם‬ ‫המוקרת‬‫מערך‬‫לינארי‬:
1.‫ציר‬ ‫לאורך‬ ‫לינארי‬ ‫מערך‬X.
2.‫ציר‬ ‫לאורך‬ ‫לינארי‬ ‫מערך‬Y.
3.‫ציר‬ ‫לאורך‬ ‫לינארי‬ ‫מערך‬Z.
4.‫דו‬ ‫מערך‬-‫מישור‬ ‫על‬ ‫מימדי‬XY.
‫אנטנת‬‫מיקרוסטריפ‬(Microstrip Antenna)
‫אנטנת‬‫מיקרוסטריפ‬‫פשוטה‬‫מורכבת‬‫מטלאי‬‫מתכתי‬(Patch)‫שטוח‬‫ודק‬
‫בצורה‬‫גיאומטרית‬‫כלשהי‬‫המורכבת‬‫על‬‫גבי‬‫מצע‬‫דיאלקטרי‬‫בצידו‬‫העליון‬,
‫כאשר‬‫בחלק‬‫התחתון‬‫של‬‫מצע‬‫דיאלקטרי‬‫מורכב‬‫מ‬‫מ‬‫שטח‬‫אדמה‬‫מתכתי‬.
‫לרוחב‬‫סרט‬‫של‬‫קורן‬‫מודפס‬‫מלבני‬‫בגודל‬𝐿 × 𝑊‫שנמצא‬‫על‬‫גבי‬‫מצע‬
‫דיאלקטרי‬‫בעל‬‫עובי‬h‫ומקדם‬‫דיאלקטרי‬𝜀 𝑟(Permittivity)‫ישנו‬‫קשר‬:
‫קורן‬‫מודפס‬‫מתוכנן‬‫כך‬‫שמקסימום‬‫של‬‫עקום‬‫הקרינה‬‫שלו‬‫יהיה‬‫בכיוון‬
‫המנורמל‬‫למישור‬‫עליו‬‫הוא‬‫ממוקם‬(Broadside).‫ניתן‬‫לעשות‬‫זאת‬‫ע‬"‫י‬
‫בחירה‬‫נכונה‬‫של‬‫אופן‬‫עירור‬‫התנודות‬‫מתחת‬‫לקורן‬‫מודפס‬(TE, TM,
TEM).
𝐵𝑊 ~
3.77 𝜀 𝑟 − 1 𝑊 · ℎ
𝜀 𝑟
2
· 𝐿 · 𝑓0
‫כאשר‬𝑓0‫מסמן‬‫את‬‫תדירות‬‫מרכזית‬.
‫ספרות‬ ‫סקר‬–‫בנושא‬ ‫אחרים‬ ‫החוקרים‬ ‫עשו‬ ‫מה‬
‫מערך‬‫אנטנות‬‫שופר‬[1]
‫במערך‬‫אנטנות‬‫שופר‬‫מוצמד‬‫במישור‬E,‫מומשו‬ST‫ו‬-BT‫על‬-‫ידי‬‫שינויי‬‫גודל‬‫פתח‬
‫השופר‬,‫ו‬-DT‫מומש‬‫באמצעות‬‫שינויי‬‫גודל‬‫הצדדים‬‫בכל‬‫שופר‬:
a. 2-Horn
array
a. Sizes of the horns in the array
(mm)c. E-Plane radiation pattern
At 3.75GHz SLL = -24dB
[1] M. Borovik, G. Rinsky, Z. Ibragimov, H. Matzner,
"Sodelobe Level Reduction in Uniformly-fed E-plane
Coupled Horn Antenna Arrays", PSAR 2015, Singapore,
‫סימולציית‬MATLAB
‫תכננתי‬‫קוד‬Matlab‫לפי‬‫הפרמטרים‬‫ידועים‬‫שאני‬‫הולך‬‫להשתמש‬‫בהם‬:
.1‫תדר‬‫עבודה‬‫של‬5GHz,‫תחום‬‫המרחק‬‫בין‬‫האלמנטים‬‫הנע‬‫בין‬0.5𝜆 ≤ 𝑑
≤ 𝜆.
.2‫עירור‬‫עבור‬‫כל‬‫אלמנט‬‫מהצורה‬:𝑓 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑞(𝜃 + 𝛽),‫כאשר‬𝛽
‫מציינת‬‫זוית‬‫הפזילה‬‫של‬‫כל‬‫האלמנט‬‫במערך‬.
.3‫תכננתי‬‫את‬‫הקוד‬‫עבור‬‫מספר‬‫זוגי‬‫של‬‫אלמנטים‬‫ב‬‫מערך‬‫לינארי‬‫הממוקמים‬
‫על‬‫ציר‬Z:
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Zenith angle Theta [deg]
Normalizedradiationpattern[dB]
Number of elements = 4, d/ = 0.5
 = 0 deg
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Zenith angle Theta [deg]
Normalizedradiationpattern[dB]
Number of elements = 4, d/ = 0.5
 = 0 deg
q = 2 SLL = -17.15dB q = 4 SLL = -22dB
‫בני‬ ‫לינארים‬ ‫מערכים‬4‫ו‬-16‫אלמנטים‬:
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Zenith angle Theta [deg]
Normalizedradiationpattern[dB]
Number of elements = 16, d/ = 0.5
 = 8 deg
q = 2 SLL = -23.03dB
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Zenith angle Theta [deg]
Normalizedradiationpattern[dB]
Number of elements = 16, d/ = 0.5
 = 6 deg
q = 4 SLL = -23.32dB
‫בעל‬ ‫לינארי‬ ‫מיקרוסטריפ‬ ‫מערך‬4‫בצורת‬ ‫זהים‬ ‫לא‬ ‫אלמנטים‬U‫אלמנט‬ ‫עם‬
‫בגודל‬ ‫כפול‬ ‫פארזיטי‬‫שונה‬
‫הרעיון‬‫טכניקות‬ ‫מספר‬ ‫לשלב‬ ‫הוא‬ ‫התכנון‬ ‫מאחורי‬ ‫שעמד‬/‫מנת‬ ‫על‬ ‫מתודות‬
‫ה‬ ‫לרמת‬ ‫להגיע‬-SLL‫נמוכה‬ ‫שיותר‬ ‫כמה‬.‫כך‬,‫בשינוים‬ ‫השתמשתי‬‫הבאים‬:
.1‫שינוים‬‫במרחק‬ ‫הדרגתיים‬(ST – Space Taper:)‫השפעת‬ ‫את‬ ‫בחנתי‬
‫בין‬ ‫נע‬ ‫האלמנטים‬ ‫בין‬ ‫מרחק‬ ‫טווח‬ ‫כאשר‬ ‫אלו‬ ‫שינוים‬0.5𝜆 ÷ 0.75𝜆.
.2‫שינוים‬‫הראשית‬ ‫אלומה‬ ‫ברוחב‬ ‫הדרגתיים‬(BT – Beamwidth Taper:)
‫בשינוים‬ ‫מדובר‬‫בחז‬‫ק‬‫ת‬‫האלמנט‬ ‫על‬ ‫שמופעל‬ ‫העירור‬ ‫שדה‬q,‫בחנתי‬ ‫כאשר‬
‫בין‬ ‫הנע‬ ‫הטווח‬ ‫את‬2 ÷ 6.‫על‬ ‫מעשי‬ ‫באופן‬ ‫לעשות‬ ‫ניתן‬ ‫אלו‬ ‫שינוים‬-‫ידי‬
‫בצורת‬ ‫הבודד‬ ‫האלמנט‬ ‫קורות‬ ‫בין‬ ‫מרחק‬ ‫הזזת‬U.
.3‫שינוים‬‫הראשית‬ ‫האלומה‬ ‫בכיוון‬ ‫הדרגתיים‬(DT – Directional Taper:)
‫מדובר‬‫אלמנט‬ ‫כל‬ ‫של‬ ‫הראשית‬ ‫האלומה‬ ‫בכיוון‬ ‫בשינוים‬,‫לשלוט‬ ‫ניתן‬ ‫זאת‬
‫הפארזיטים‬ ‫אלמנטים‬ ‫הזזת‬ ‫באמצעות‬.
‫סימולציית‬CST
‫סיכום‬
‫בפרויקט‬"‫הקטנת‬‫אונות‬‫צד‬‫במערכי‬‫אנטנות‬‫המכילים‬‫אלמנטים‬‫לא‬‫זהים‬"
‫הצגתי‬‫רעיון‬‫חשדני‬‫להפחתת‬‫אונות‬‫צד‬‫על‬-‫ידי‬‫שימוש‬‫ב‬-Directional
Taper (DT),‫כך‬‫שלכל‬‫האלמנט‬‫תהיה‬‫זוית‬‫פזילה‬‫שונה‬‫של‬‫האונה‬
‫הראשית‬.
‫הסבר‬‫לשימוש‬‫הרעיון‬‫שעומד‬‫מאחורי‬‫זה‬‫יכול‬‫להיות‬‫בכך‬,‫שאין‬‫ביכולתינו‬
‫לשערך‬‫באיזה‬‫זוית‬‫יגיע‬‫האות‬‫הרצוי‬‫לאנטנה‬,‫מכיוון‬‫שזה‬‫משתנה‬‫אקראי‬.
‫בביצוע‬‫הסימולציות‬‫בתוכנת‬Matlab‫והן‬‫בתוכנת‬‫הדמיה‬CST,‫קיבלתי‬
‫תוצאות‬‫מבטיחות‬‫מאוד‬‫של‬‫הקטנת‬‫רמת‬‫אונות‬‫צד‬‫תוך‬‫כדי‬‫שמירה‬‫על‬
‫תיאום‬‫גבוה‬.
‫המסקנה‬‫שלי‬‫היה‬‫שבהחלט‬‫ניתן‬‫להוריד‬‫באופן‬‫משמעותי‬‫את‬‫רמת‬‫אונות‬
‫צד‬‫תוך‬‫שימוש‬‫באלמנטים‬‫לא‬‫זהים‬‫במערך‬,‫ובמצב‬‫שמהנדסים‬"‫נלחמים‬"
‫על‬‫כל‬dB‫שניתן‬‫להוריד‬‫ולשפר‬‫ביצועי‬‫מערכי‬‫האנטנות‬‫בכדי‬‫להתאים‬
‫לדרישות‬‫הסטנדרט‬(‫כגון‬‫התקן‬‫האירופאי‬)‫רמת‬‫אונות‬‫צד‬‫שגבולותיה‬
‫הוחמרו‬‫כבר‬‫בעבר‬,‫אין‬‫ספק‬‫ששיטה‬‫זו‬‫ראויה‬‫לאיבחון‬‫ולשימוש‬‫מעשי‬.

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