Basic Knowledge of Biopolymer

1. BIOSENSOR
T0PIC:- BIOPOLYMERS
 Submitted to

 Dr. R.P. SINGH
 Submitted By
 DILEEP KUMAR BANJARE
 17120006

2. Biopolymers are polymers produced by
living organisms; in other words, they are
polymeric biomolecules. Since they are
polymers, biopolymers contain monomeric
units that are covalently bonded to form
larger structures.

3. There are three types of BIOPOLYMERS
according to their monomeric units used
and the structure of biopolymer formed.
1. BIORENEWABLE
2. BIODEGRADABALE
3. BIOCOMATERIALS

4. Polymers of Biological Origin
Biorenewable Biopolymers are that
polymers which are obtained from natural
resource such as carbohydrates, nucleic
acid, proteins and lipids.

5. Large and complex organic molecules that
store and transfer genetic information in
the cell.
• Types of nucleic acids
 i. DNA =deoxyribonucleic acid
 ii. RNA = Ribonucleic acid

6. Monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides
• Components of a nucleotide –
nitrogen base
sugar
phosphate

7. • Double helix
• Found in the nucleus
• Stores hereditary
information

8. • Is a single helix
Can be found in the nucleus and the
cytoplasm of the cell
Helps build proteins
Can act as an enzyme

9.  Polymers of amino
acids covalently linked
through peptide bonds
• Natural organic
molecules….C, H, O,
N •
Monomers…….amino
acids

10.  Large, nonpolar organic
molecules
 LIPIDS do NOT
Dissolve in Water!
 Have a higher ratio of
carbon and hydrogen
atoms to oxygen atoms
than carbohydrates
 Lipids store more
energy per gram than
other organic
compounds

11. Biodegradable polymers are a special
class of polymers that breaks down after
its intended purpose by bacterial
decomposition process to result in natural
byproducts such as gases (CO2 , N2 ),
water , biomass, and inorganic salts.

12. 1. Biodegradable polymers
eg: collagen, poly glycolic acid etc.,
 2. Non biodegradable polymers
eg: poly vinyl chloride, polyethylene e

13. 1. Synthetic biodegradable polymers:
eg: Polycaprolactone
Aliphatic poly(esters)
Polyanhydrides
2) Natural biodegradable polymers:
eg: Albumin
Collagen
Dextran
Pectin,
starch

14.  Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a biodegradable
polyester.
 It has a low melting point of around 60 C.
 It has a glass transition temperature of about −60
C.
 slower degradation rate than PLA.
 It remains active as long as a year for drug
delivery.
 Applications:
 Drug delivery applications of PCL includes: -
 Cyclosporin in the form of nanoparticles –
Ciprofloxacin in the form of dental implants

15. Natural polymers are an attractive class of
biodegradable polymers as they are:

Derived from natural sources
Easily available
Relatively cheap
eg: Albumin Collagen

16.  Collagen is the most widely found protein in mammals and is
the major provider of strength to tissue.
 The number of biomedical applications in which collagen have
been utilized is too high; it not only has been explored for use
in various types of surgery, cosmetics, and drug delivery, but
also in bioprosthetic implants and tissue engineering of
multiple organs as well.
 It is used as sutures ,Dressings, etc.
 Disadvantages
 Poor dimensional stability.
 Variability in drug release kinetics.
 Poor mechanical strength. Applications:
 Majorly used in ocular drug delivery system

17.  It is a major plasma protein component. It accounts
for more than 55% of total protein in human
plasma. It is used to design particulate drug
delivery systems.
 Applications:
 Albumin micro-spheres are used to deliver drugs
like Insulin, Sulphadiazene, 5-fluorouracil,
Prednisolone etc.
 It is mainly used in chemotherapy, to achieve high
local drug concentration for relatively longer time

18.  Morphological factors
 Shape & size
 Variation of diffusion coefficient and mechanical
stresses
 Chemical factors
 Chemical structure & composition
 Presence of ionic group and configuration structure
 Molecular weight and presence of low molecular
weight compounds
 Physical fact
 Pors rocessing condition
 Sterilization process

19. Localized delivery of drug
 Sustained delivery of drug
 Stabilization of drug
 Decrease in dosing frequency
 Reduce side effects
 Improved patient compliance
 Controllable degradation rate

20.  Polymer system for gene therapy.
 Biodegradable polymer for ocular, tissue
engineering, vascular, orthopedic, skin adhesive &
surgical glues.
 Bio degradable drug system for therapeutic
agents such as anti tumor, antipsychotic agent,
anti-inflammatory agent.
 Polymeric materials are used in and on soil to
improve aeration, and promote plant growth and
health.
 Many biomaterials, especially heart valve
replacements and blood vessels, are made of
polymers like Dacron, Teflon and polyurethane.

21.  The Materials Which are used
for structural applications in the
fields of medicine are know as
biomaterials
 These materials are used to
make devices to replace
damaged or diseased body
parts in human and animal
bodies
 A variety of devices and
materials are used in the
treatment of disease or injury.
Commonplace examples
include suture needles, plates,
teeth fillings, etc

22. Based on the application in the medical field
biomaterial are classified into :
 Metals and alloys biomaterials
 Ceramics biomaterials
 Polymer biomaterials
 Composite biomaterials

23.  Metals and alloys are used as biomaterials due to their
excellent electrical and thermal conductivity and mechanical
properties
 Types of Metal and alloys are cobalt based alloys, titanium,
stainless steel , protosal from cast alloy, conducting metals
such as platinum
 The advantage of metal High strength, Fatigue resistance,
Relatively good wear resistance, Easy fabrication ,Easy to
sterilize ,Shape memory (NiTi-Nitinol)
 Disadvantages
 are High elastic modulus,
 Corrosion ,
 Metal ion sensitivity and
 toxicity Low wetting

24.  Metals and alloys biomaterials are used in
implant and orthopedic application
 Stainless steel Predominant implant alloy
 Protosal from cast alloy of Co ,Cr ,Mo used
for implant hip Endo prosthesis and advance
version of this protosal are widely used in hip
joints
 ASTMF-136 used in dental application for
making screws wires artificial teeth
 Ni –Ti shape memory alloy used in dental
arch wire, micro surgical instrument, blood
clot filtes.etc

25.  Ceramics are used as
biomaterials due to their high
mechanical strength and
biocompatibility
 Types of Bio-ceramic materials
are tri calcium phosphate,
Metals oxides such as Al2O3
and SiO2 ,Apatite ceramics,
Porous ceramics, Carbon and
Alumina
 Advantage - High compression
strength, Wear & Corrosion
resistance ,Can be highly
polished
 Disadvantage -High E
modulus (stress shielding)
Brittle -Low fracture toughness
Difficult to fabricate

26.  Al2O3 and SiO2 - used to make femoral head
 Tri calcium Phosphate - bone repairs
 Alumina used in orthopedic ,Porous alumina
used in teeth roots
 Apatite ceramics - bio active ceramics-used
as synthetic bone
 Carbon good biocompatibility, wide
application in heart valves
 Percutaneous carbon – stimulation of cochlea
and visual cortex for artificial hearing and aid
the blind respectively.

27.  Biopolymers are macromolecules (protein,
nuclei ,acids and polysaccharides) formed in
nature during the growth cycles of all
organism
 Easy to make complicated items Tailor able
physical & mechanical properties Surface
modification Biodegradable
 Leachable compounds Absorb water &
proteins etc. Surface contamination Wear &
breakdown Biodegradation (hydrolytically,
enigmatically) Difficult to sterilize.

28.  Synthetic polymeric materials
have been widely used in
medical disposable supplies,
prosthetic materials, dental
materials, implants, dressings,
extracorporeal devices,
encapsulates, polymeric drug
delivery systems, tissue
engineered products
 The main advantages of the
polymeric biomaterials
compared to metal or ceramic
materials are ease of
manufacturability to produce
various shapes (latex, film,
sheet, fibers, etc.)

29.  The term “composite” is usually reserved for those
materials in which the distinct phases are
separated on a scale larger than the
 APPLICATION
 dental filling composites
 reinforced methyl methacrylate bone cement and
ultra-highmolecular-weight polyethylene, and
 orthopedic implants with porous surfaces. atomic

30.  OPHTHALMOLOGY
 Used to improve vision,
eye implants, to restore
cornea, lens when they
are damaged
 Contact lens, eye shield
, vitreous replacement,
correction of corneal
curvature

31. Polymers ,composites ceramic materials and
metals alloys are four main groups of materials
used for dental applications
Ex: stainless steal,
Co-Cr-Mo alloy PMMA
,proplast and deacon