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Health and safety in microbiological practices
1. Health and Safety in
Microbiological Practices
Dr. Diganta Dey
Ashok Laboratory Clinical Testing Centre Pvt. Ltd.
2. Risk Group Classification
(WHO Laboratory Biosafety Manual, 3rd Edition, 2004)
Risk Group 1
no or low individual and community risk
Risk Group 2
moderate individual risk, low community
risk
Risk Group 3
high individual risk, low community risk
Risk Group 4
high individual and community risk
3. Relation of risk groups to biosafety
levels, practices and equipment
Risk
Group
Biosafety
Level
Laboratory
Type
Laboratory
Practice
Safety Equipments
1 Basic- Biosafety
Level-1
Basic teaching,
Research
GMT None, open bench work
2 Basic- Biosafety
Level-2
Primary health
services;
diagnostic
services, research
GMT plus Protective
clothing, biohazard
sign
Open bench plus BSC
for potential aerosols
3 Containment-
Biosafety Level-3
Special diagnostic
services,
Research
As Level-2 plus
special clothing,
controlled access
directional airflow
BSC and or other
primary devices for all
activities
4 Maximum
containment-
Biosafety Level-4
Dangerous
pathogen units
As Level-3 plus airlock
entry, shower exit,
special waste disposal
Class III BSC, or positive
pressure suits in
conjunction with Class II
BSCs, double ended
autoclave, filtered air
BSC, biological safety cabinet; GMT, good microbiological techniques
4. Selection of a Safety Cabinet
through Risk Assessment
Protection Provided
Biological
Risk
Assessed
Personnel Product Environmental BSC Class
BSL 1 – 3 Yes No Yes I
BSL 1 – 3 Yes Yes Yes II (A1, A2, B1,
B2)
BSL – 4 Yes Yes Yes III; II—When
used in suit
room with suit
5. Biosafety Cabinet – Class I
(A) front opening
(B) sash
(C) exhaust HEPA filter
(D) exhaust plenum
Does not provide
product protection
HEPA, an air filter must
remove 99.97% of particles
that have a size of 0.3 µm
6. Biosafety Cabinet – Class II
The Class II, Type A1 BSC
(A) front opening
(B) sash;
(C) exhaust HEPA filter
(D) supply HEPA filter
(E) common plenum
(F) blower
Class II BSC are of four types:
Type A1 (formerly A), Type A2
(formerly A/B3), Type B1, and
Type B2
Provides product protection
7. Biosafety Cabinet – Class III
(A) glove ports with
O-ring for attaching
arm-length gloves to
cabinet
(B) sash
(C) exhaust HEPA
filter
(D) supply HEPA
filter
(E) double-ended
autoclave or pass-
through box
9. Personal Protective
Equipment
“Specialized clothing or equipment worn by an
employee for protection against infectious
materials” (OSHA)
Gloves: Protect hands
Gowns/aprons: Protect skin and/or clothing
Masks and respirators: Protect mouth/nose
Respirators: Protect respiratory tract from
airborne infectious agents
Goggles: Protect eyes
Face shields: Protect face, mouth, nose and
eyes
Overshoes
10. Hand Protection: Gloves
Minimise the risk of
acquiring infections from
patients
Prevent microbial flora
from being transmitted
from health care providers
to patients
Glove material - vinyl,
latex, nitrile
Sterile or non-sterile
One or two pair
Single use or reusable
11. Gowns or Aprons
Cover street clothing
Control contamination of
clothing
Material:
◦ Natural or man-made
◦ Reusable or disposable
◦ Resistance to fluid
penetration
Clean or sterile
12. How to Don Eye and Face
Protection
Masks - protect nose and mouth
Place over nose, mouth and chin.
Fit
flexible nose piece over nose
bridge.
Secure on head with ties or
elastic and adjust to fit
Should fully cover nose and
mouth
and prevent fluid penetration
Goggles - protect eyes
Should fit snuggly over and
around eyes
Personal glasses not a substitute
for goggles
13. Respiratory Protection
Respirators that filter the air before it is inhaled
should be used for respiratory protection.
The most commonly used respirators in healthcare
settings are the N95, N99, or N100 particulate
respirators.
The device has a sub-micron filter capable of
excluding particles that are less than 5 microns in
diameter.
Respirators are approved by the CDC’s National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
Like other PPE, the selection of a respirator type
must consider the nature of the exposure and risk
involved. For example, N95 particulate respirators
might be worn by personnel entering the room of a
patient with infectious tuberculosis. However, if a
bronchoscopy is performed on the patient, the
healthcare provider might wear a higher level of
respiratory protection, such as a powered air-
purifying respirator or PAPR.
19. Needle Stick Injury
Most common dangers: HIV, HBV, HCV
Exposure:
◦ Percutaneous- penetrating injury e.g. NSI
(most common)
◦ Mucocutaneous- mucus membrane (eyes,
mouth) e.g. splashes
◦ Cutaneous (skin)- Intact or Broken
Infectious material: Blood, CSF, sterile
fluid, sputum, vaginal discharge, semen
Not infectious: Tear, urine, stool, saliva
Dictum- all material is infectious
20. Needle Stick Injury
Best approach is
prevention
Vaccination- HBV
Keep Lab clean
Good spill
management
Wipe work benches
with 1% hypochlorite
or 70% alcohol after
work
Standard precautions
PPE - gloves, apron,
goggles
No mouth pipetting
Apply band-aid over cuts
No
eating/drinking/cosmetics
Safe sharp handling
Safe disposal
Careful work
Never recap
Never break
Never reuse
21. Post exposure prophylaxis
First aid
Inform authority
Counseling
PEP
◦ HIV, HBV
◦ BEST WITHIN 2HRS.
◦ Not effective after 72 hrs, so take within 72 hrs.
◦ Baseline tests- HIV (antibody), HBV (HBsAg, antibody), HCV (antibody).
◦ PEP taken for HIV - at least 4 weeks (HAART: zidovudine + lamivudine)
◦ If injured is HIV pos- no PEP
◦ PEP taken for HBV – Intramuscular HBIg (0.6 mIU/mL) within 24 hrs
Dos Don’ts
Wash with soap and water
Wash mouth with NS
Eyes-Lean back on chair and ask
friend to wash with NS/ use eye
washing station
Panic
Put finger in mouth
Squeeze
Apply disinfectant
23. Management of Laboratory Spillage
Best approach is to avoid spillage- know the position of all
chemicals, don’t keep bottles at the edge, wear PPE.
First step is First Aid, alerting everyone and evacuation if
needed.
Person involved in cleaning must wear PPE.
Towels and gloves should be disposed of in a yellow clinical
waste bag for an autoclave if in a laboratory.
Wash hands after the process.
Keep hypo for 10 mins in case of large spill.
After microbiological spill treat with 1% hypochlorite, and
autoclave towel before discarding.
Discard jars must contain-
◦ 1% hypochlorite.
◦ In case of AFB- 2% phenol
1% Hypochlorite is prepared from commercially available 4%
hypochlorite
25. Disposal of Biomedical Wastes
BMW: Waste generated by any health care
facility. Example- gloves, cotton, needles,
syringe, test tubes etc.
Most of the generated waste is infectious and
can injure or infect workers
Segregation at site: Puncture proof container,
Yellow, blue, and black plastic bags
Liquid waste: Pre-treat with 10% hypochlorite
and discharge through drains
Microbiological waste: Autoclave for 60 mins
and discard in yellow bags
26. Disposal of Biomedical Wastes
Bag Waste Example Destination
Yellow (non-
chlorinated)
Contaminated Human waste,
blood stained
cotton, used
pipette,
microbiological
waste
Incineration
Blue (non-
chlorinated)
Solid, glass Test tube, IV set Disinfection by chemical
treatment/ Autoclaving/
Microwaving followed
by Mutilation/ Shredding
Puncture proof
(1%
hypochlorite
filled 3/4th)
Sharps Needles, scalpel -Do-
Black (non-
chlorinated)
Non infectious Paper, food Disposal in municipal
dump site
28. Fire Hazards
Fire-fighting equipment should be placed near room
doors and at strategic points in corridors and hallways.
Fire extinguishers should be regularly inspected and
maintained, and their shelf-life kept up to date.
TYPE USE FOR DO NOT USE FOR
Water Paper, wood, fabric Electrical fires,
flammable liquids,
burning metals
Carbon dioxide
(CO2) extinguisher
gases
Flammable liquids
and gases, electrical
fires
Alkali metals, paper
Dry powder Flammable liquids
and gases, alkali
metals, electrical
fires
Reusable equipment
and instruments, as
residues are very
difficult to remove
Foam Flammable liquids Electrical fires
Types and uses of fire extinguishers