7. Professor Carenza Lewis - The Black Death
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7. Professor Carenza Lewis - The Black Death
- 1. The Black Death (in your garden) Professor Carenza Lewis
- 4. Jefferson Family Cross Bank, Great Easton The Sun Inn, Great Easton
- 6. The Black Death ‘In men and women alike it first betrayed itself by the emergence of certain tumours in the groin or armpits, some of which grew as large as a common apple, others as an egg... after which the form of the malady began to change, black spots or livid making their appearance in many cases on the arm or the thigh or elsewhere, now few and large, now minute and numerous… …The condition of the people was pitiable to behold. They sickened by the thousands daily, and died unattended and without help. Many died in the open street, others dying in their houses, made it known by the stench of their rotting bodies… …Consecrated churchyards did not suffice for the burial of the vast multitude of bodies, which were heaped by the hundreds in vast trenches, like goods in a ships hold and covered with a little earth.’ (Giovanni Boccaccio – 1313-1375)
- 7. Black Death in England ‘…This plague slew Jew, Christian and Saracen alike, it carried off confessor and penitent together. In many places not even a fifth part of the people were left alive. It filled the whole world with terror. So great an epidemic has never been seen or heard of before this time, for it is believed that even the waters of the flood which happened in the days of Noah did not carry off so vast a multitude…’ (Chronicler of Louth Park 1349, opp cit in Ziegler 1969, 144) ‘…Men and women carried their own children in the shoulders to the church and threw them into a common pit. From these pits such an appalling stench was given off that scarcely anyone dared even to walk beside the cemeteries’ (William of Dene, Rochester, 1348/9, opp cit in Ziegler 1969, 127)
- 8. How to asses the impact of the Black Death?
- 10. Archaeological evidence? Beresford, M. and Hurst, J. 1971. Deserted Medieval Villages. Leicester: Lutterworth Press, 66 (fig 13).
- 11. Documentary evidence locally? Manors of Southern and central England with known mortality in the Black Death (Benedictow 2004: 361 (map 9)
- 12. Documentary evidence nationally? Pelham, R.A. 1969. ‘Fourteenth-century England’. H.C. Darby (ed) Historical Geography of England before 1800. Cambridge: CUP, 230-265 (fig 30) Glasscock, R.E. (ed) 1975. The Lay Subsidy of 1334. Cambridge: CUP, xxvii (map 1)
- 13. N 0 miles 50 Oxford Clay Ampthill and Kimmerdige clays Greensands Chalks Crags Thames sands and gravels Bedrock geology of eastern region of England NN 0 miles 500 miles 50 Oxford Clay Ampthill and Kimmerdige clays Greensands Chalks Crags Thames sands and gravels Bedrock geology of eastern region of England N 0 miles 50 Gaywood Wiveton Hindringham Binham Terrington St Clement Wisbech St Mary Thorney Ufford Ramsey Castor Houghton Sharnbrook Pirton Ashwell Willingham Cottenham Girton Great Shelford Isleham Garboldisham Carleton Rode Acle Chediston Coddenham Long Melford Clare West Mersea Thorrington Writtle Little Hallingbury Manuden Mill Green Hessett Eastern Region of England showing UC CORS sites N 0 miles 50 NN 0 miles 500 miles 50 Gaywood Wiveton Hindringham Binham Terrington St Clement Wisbech St Mary Thorney Ufford Ramsey Castor Houghton Sharnbrook Pirton Ashwell Willingham Cottenham Girton Great Shelford Isleham Garboldisham Carleton Rode Acle Chediston Coddenham Long Melford Clare West Mersea Thorrington Writtle Little Hallingbury Manuden Mill Green Hessett Gaywood Wiveton Hindringham Binham Terrington St Clement Wisbech St Mary Thorney Ufford Ramsey Castor Houghton Sharnbrook Pirton Ashwell Willingham Cottenham Girton Great Shelford Isleham Garboldisham Carleton Rode Acle Chediston Coddenham Long Melford Clare West Mersea Thorrington Writtle Little Hallingbury Manuden Mill Green Gaywood Wiveton Hindringham Binham Terrington St Clement Wisbech St Mary Thorney Ufford Ramsey Castor Houghton Sharnbrook Pirton Ashwell Willingham Cottenham Girton Great Shelford Isleham Garboldisham Carleton Rode Acle Chediston Coddenham Long Melford Clare West Mersea Thorrington Writtle Little Hallingbury Manuden Mill Green Hessett Eastern Region of England showing UC CORS sites Domesday Book Population in eastern England showing UC CORS sites 15 and above 10-14 5-10 Less than 5 15 and above 10-14 5-10 Fewer than 5 People per square mile N 0 miles 50 Domesday Book Population in eastern England showing UC CORS sites 15 and above 10-14 5-10 Less than 5 15 and above 10-14 5-10 Fewer than 5 People per square mile 15 and above 10-14 5-10 Less than 5 15 and above 10-14 5-10 Fewer than 5 People per square mile NN 0 miles 500 miles 50 N 0 miles 50 Types of medieval field system in eastern England (simplified from Martin 2012) Very regular shared open fields closely following ‘classic’ model, mostly with 2 3 fields Irregular version of open fields, not clos following ‘classic’ mo and often enclosed v early. ‘Private’ enclosed fie belonging to one person/ family N 0 miles 50 NN 0 miles 500 miles 50 Types of medieval field system in eastern England (simplified from Martin 2012) Very regular shared open fields closely following ‘classic’ model, mostly with 2 3 fields Irregular version of open fields, not clos following ‘classic’ mo and often enclosed v early. ‘Private’ enclosed fie belonging to one person/ family Very regular shared open fields closely following ‘classic’ model, mostly with 2 3 fields Irregular version of open fields, not clos following ‘classic’ mo and often enclosed v early. ‘Private’ enclosed fie belonging to one person/ family New data More than 2,000 excavations from currently occupied rural settlements in 60 parishes in eastern England, an area of mixed settlement across one of the most highly populated parts of Britain in the medieval period.
- 14. 10cm 10cm 10cm 10cm Context 1 Context 2 Context 3 Context 4 ‘Test pit’ method 1m
- 15. Pottery is the most useful artefact type for large-scale analysis because: • It’s widely made and used and ubiquitous in medieval settlements, • It’s easily broken and frequently discarded • It’s durable in archaeological contexts, • It changes form frequently and so is easily datable
- 19. • Raise aspiration to attend university • Develop confidence and deploy skills for life, learning and employment • Contribute to university research Higher Education Field Academy) Aim – To help widen participation in higher education through participation in archaeological excavation
- 22. Skills development 75% 23% 2% Verbal communication Helped No difference Hindered 80% 17% 3% Structured working Helped No difference Hindered 78% 20% 2% Creative thinking Helped No difference Hindered 74% 24% 2% Reflective learning Helped No difference Hindered 83% 14% 3% Effort and persistence Helped No difference Hindered 86% 12% 2% Team working Helped No difference Hindered
- 23. 60% 40% Before HEFA Interested in applying to university Not interested in applying to university 95% 5% After HEFA Interested in applying to university Not interested in applying to university HEFA outcomes – Lincoln 2015
- 24. Public archaeology – the perils of assuming you know best!
- 32. 1 sherd 4g or less 1 sherd 5g or more 2-4 sherds 5 sherds or more Disturbed levels 1 sherd 4g or less 1 sherd 5g or more 2-4 sherds 5 sherds or more Undisturbed levels Pirton 2007-11 Test pits containing pottery dating to 1st – mid 5th century AD N
- 33. Pirton 2007-11 Test pits containing pottery dating to mid 5th – mid 9th century AD N 1 sherd 4g or less 1 sherd 5g or more 2-4 sherds 5 sherds or more Disturbed levels 1 sherd 4g or less 1 sherd 5g or more 2-4 sherds 5 sherds or more Undisturbed levels
- 34. Pirton 2007-11 Test pits containing pottery dating to late 9th – late11th century AD N 1 sherd 4g or less 1 sherd 5g or more 2-4 sherds 5 sherds or more Disturbed levels 1 sherd 4g or less 1 sherd 5g or more 2-4 sherds 5 sherds or more Undisturbed levels No pottery
- 35. Pirton 2007-11 Test pits containing pottery dating to early 12th – early 14th century N 1 sherd 4g or less 1 sherd 5g or more 2-4 sherds 5 sherds or more Disturbed levels 1 sherd 4g or less 1 sherd 5g or more 2-4 sherds 5 sherds or more Undisturbed levels No pottery
- 36. Pirton 2007-11 Test pits containing pottery dating to late 14th – mid-16th century N 1 sherd 4g or less 1 sherd 5g or more 2-4 sherds 5 sherds or more Disturbed levels 1 sherd 4g or less 1 sherd 5g or more 2-4 sherds 5 sherds or more Undisturbed levels No pottery
- 37. Pirton 2007-11 Test pits containing pottery dating to late 16th – end 18th century AD N 1 sherd 4g or less 1 sherd 5g or more 2-4 sherds 5 sherds or more Disturbed levels 1 sherd 4g or less 1 sherd 5g or more 2-4 sherds 5 sherds or more Undisturbed levels No pottery
- 38. What has this told us that’s new? The example of the Black Death!!! Across the East Anglian region, 90% of the excavated settlements show a decline in the number of pottery- producing pits in the late medieval period.
- 39. • There is no evidence for a decline in per capita pottery use in the fourteenth – sixteenth centuries • There is no evidence for that the observed results from changes in the disposal of discarded pottery • Pottery is frequently zoned, with some locations continuing to produce pottery in the later medieval period while others nearby do not. • The pottery data correlates broadly with historical data Is the pottery showing demographic change?
- 40. • Pottery from test pits can act as a proxy for people, showing variation in population levels across space and time • Test pits in CORS can tell us not just where people moved from, but where they remained or moved to. • It can do this street by street, settlement by settlement or region by region The impact of the late medieval demographic crisis on rural settlements
- 41. The demographic impact of the Black Death 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Eastern region (average) Eastern region
- 42. With less-refined pottery dating… 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Eastern region (average) Eastern region
- 45. N 0 miles 50 Gaywood Hindringham Binham Wisbech St Mary Thorney Ufford Ramsey Castor Houghton Sharnbrook Pirton Ashwell Willingham Cottenham Girton Gt Shelford Isleham Garboldisham Carleton Rode Acle Chediston Coddenham Long Melford Clare West Mersea Thorrington Writtle Little Hallingbury Manuden Hessett Bramford Paston Potton Peakirk Clavering Nayland Swaffham Bulbeck Stapleford Walberswick Wiveton Terrington St Clement Daws Heath Amwell Shillington Meldreth West Wickham Late medieval (late C14th – mid C16th) 0 1-9% 10-19% 20-29% 30-39% 40-49% 50-60% 61%+ Toft
- 46. N 0 miles 50 Deserted settlements in eastern England (after Beresford and Hurst 1971)
- 47. N 0 miles 50 Gaywood Hindringham Binham Wisbech St Mary Thorney Ufford Ramsey Castor Houghton Sharnbrook Pirton Ashwell Willingham Cottenham Girton Gt Shelford Isleham Garboldisham Carleton Rode Acle Chediston Coddenham Long Melford Clare West Mersea Thorrington Writtle Little Hallingbury Manuden Hessett Bramford Paston Potton Peakirk Clavering Nayland Swaffham Bulbeck Stapleford Walberswick Wiveton Terrington St Clement Daws Heath Amwell Shillington Meldreth West Wickham Late medieval (late C14th – mid C16th) 0 1-9% 10-19% 20-29% 30-39% 40-49% 50-60% 61%+ Toft
- 49. A changed world – the impact on local communities
- 50. Dispersed and nucleated settlements affected Post-Black Death -76%
- 51. Abandonment of outlying dispersed settlements Post-Black Death reduction -38%
- 52. Higher status and lower status settlements affected Post-Black Death -71%
- 53. Withdrawal from common fringes Post-Black Death reduction -62%
- 54. + 1 2 3 4 + + Mid C9th-late C11th Early C12th-mid + Late C14th-mid C16th Late C16th-late C18th Great Shelford (Cambridgeshire) Withdrawal from recently occupied areas
- 56. Growth of places with economic base not dominated by agriculture Post-Black Death +17%
- 58. N North Warnborough 2013-2016 Test pits containing pottery dating to early 12th to mid 14th century AD No pottery 1 sherd 4g or less 1 sherd 5g or more 2-4 sherds 5 sherds or more Key
- 59. N North Warnborough 2013-2016 Test pits containing pottery dating to late 14th to mid 16th century AD No pottery 1 sherd 4g or less 1 sherd 5g or more 2-4 sherds 5 sherds or more Key
- 60. Kibworth 2009 Test pits containing pottery dating to the early 12th – early 14th century N No pottery 1 sherd 4g or less 1 sherd 5g or more 2-4 sherds 5 sherds or more Key
- 61. Kibworth 2009 Test pits containing pottery dating to late 14th – mid 16th century N No pottery 1 sherd 4g or less 1 sherd 5g or more 2-4 sherds 5 sherds or more Key
- 62. N Old Clee 2017 Test pits containing pottery dating to early 12th – early 14th centuries No pottery 1 sherd 4g or less 1 sherd 5g or more 2-4 sherds 5 sherds or more Key
- 63. N Old Clee 2017 Test pits containing pottery dating the late 14th – mid 16th centuries No pottery 1 sherd 4g or less 1 sherd 5g or more 2-4 sherds 5 sherds or more Key
- 64. N Healing 2017 Test pits containing pottery dating to the early 12th – early 14th centuries No pottery 1 sherd 4g or less 1 sherd 5g or more 2-4 sherds 5 sherds or more Key
- 65. N Healing 2017 Test pits containing pottery dating to the late 14th – mid 16th centuries No pottery 1 sherd 4g or less 1 sherd 5g or more 2-4 sherds 5 sherds or more Key
- 68. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Roman E-M AS Late AS High med Late med Post-med Eastern region Bardney Castleton Kibworth Reeth N Warnborough Long Preston Any time, any place, anywhere…
- 69. Acknowledgements: The excavations discussed here have been funded by Aimhigher, HEFCE, English Heritage, the University of Cambridge, the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF), AHRC, the BBC, Arts Council England and several smaller groups. Literally thousands of people have had an essential involvement and for reasons of space thanks must be given to them anonymously, remembering especially those who took part in test pit excavations or permitted these on their property. Special thanks are due to Catherine Ranson, Clemency Cooper and Paul Blinkhorn. This research has benefited from discussion with many people, and I am grateful to them for their helpful, illuminating and supportive comments, and especially to James Barrett, Chris Briggs, Stephen Rippon, Barney Sloane and Matthew Johnson