primary auxiliaries verrb

1. 1
Group 10

2. Primary Auxiliaries
&
summary of rules

3. Primary Auxiliaries
 Auxiliaries verb that are not modals are called PRIMARY
auxiliaries.
There are : HAVE, BE, DO
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4. HAVE
USES OF HAVE :
1. HAVE Used in perfect sentences
For example :
◈ We have done a lot so far.
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HAVE
Have
Had
Has

5. BE
Use of Be
1. Used in progressive sentences:
For example:
◈ I am taking a bath.
◈ She is preparing dinner for us.
2. Used in passive sentences:
◈ I was given a free meal.
◈ He was seen by fans at the airport.
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6. “
Aspect is the relationship of actions or
states to periods of time or duration.
There are two kinds of aspect:
PERFECT and PROGRESSIVE.
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7. Perfect Aspect
Perfect aspect (PERF) is indicted by the presence of the auxiliary verb HAVE.
For example :
◈Sally has finished this book
S perf v o
◈Sue had given the dog a bone
s perf v io do
“The form of the verb which follows the Perfect auxiliary is called the PAST
PARTICIPLE.
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8. Tree diagram of :
sue had given the dog a bone
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*Unlike the modal auxiliaries, the
primary auxiliaries do carry tense.
In a verb group without modal, it
is always the first element which is
marked for tense, that is element
immediately following tense

9. Rules to remember :
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10. The other kind of aspect is called progresive aspect and this is indicate by the
presence of the auxiliary verb BE.
For example :
◈ Sally is walking along the beach (present tense)
prog v
◈ Sue was giving the dog a bone. (past tense)
prog v
* The form of the verb which follows the progressive auxiliary is called
the PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
PROGRESIVE ASPECT
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11. Tree diagram of : Sue was giving the dog a bone
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*The primary auxiliaries
do carry tense

12. The progressive can also combine with modal and/or perfect auxiliaries. Again, each
type of auxiliary may appear only once in the verb group and if modal appears, then
tense cannot.
For example:
◈ Modal + progressive + V
Sue may be giving the dog a bone.
◈ Present tense + perfect + progressive + V
Sue has been giving the dog a bone.
◈ Modal + perfect + progressive + V
Sue may have been giving the dog a bone.
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13. Rule to remember :
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14. Passive voice
◈ In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence receives the
action. While the active voice, the subject of the sentence does
the action.
◈ Formula of passive voice:
◈ Be + -en form (past participle)
For example (active):
◈ A dog chased that girl
For example (passive)
◈ That girl was chased by a dog

15. Tree Diagram
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16. To change the sentence from active to passive we first switch the
positions of agent and affected.
Example:
•A dog (agent)chased that
girl(affected) ~>That girl
was chased by a dog.
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17. Tree diagram :

18. Passive Voice characteristics :
◈ passive voice always contains to be and verb3.
◈ In passive voice, we usually find the word "by" which
functions to describe the action or subject.
◈ In the passive voice there are always objects.
◈ The verb in passive voice is a type of transitive verbs.
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19. Passive can also appear with other auxiliaries. So,
for example we could have:

20. It is possible to use all the auxiliary
verbs together:

21. Do turns up to lend
support to the lexical verb
only in certain
constructions and where
there is no other auxiliary
verb already present.
Do
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22. Use of Do, Does and Did:
*Can be used in a statement
sentence
E.g:
◈ I do my homework
◈ he does his assignments
◈ she did her work
*Can be used in a question
sentence.
E.g :
◈ Do l play cricket?
◈ does he work in a company?
◈ Did she watch a movie?
*Can be used in negative
sentences.
E.g :
◈ l don't play cricket
◈ He does not work in a
company
◈ She did not watch a movie.
*4. Can be used to provide
emphasis. E.g
◈ You do like bananas.
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23. SUMMARY OF RULES

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