In this presentation, we'll take a look at 10 of the biggest and most significant engine improvements of all time. From fuel injection to hybrid motors, we'll take a look at where engines have been, and hopefully get some insight on where they're headed… Benefits: More fuel-efficient, less polluting Drawbacks: More complicated, more expensive to manufacture

1. Four Stroke Engine
In this presentation, we'll take a look at 10 of the biggest and most significant
engine improvements of all time.
From fuel injection to hybrid motors, we'll take a look at where engines have
been, and hopefully get some insight on where they're headed…
Benefits: More fuel-efficient, less polluting
Drawbacks: More complicated, more expensive to manufacture

2. • Four-stroke engines were one of the earliest improvements made to internal
combustion engines
• In the late 1800s. On a four-stroke engine, there are four steps the engine takes as
it burns Gasoline: intake, compression, power, and exhaust .
• These steps all occur when as piston moves up and down two times.
• Earlier, simpler two-stroke engines accomplish the same task -- burning gasoline
to create mechanical motion -- but they do it in two steps.
• Today, two-stroke engines are found on small equipment like lawnmowers, small
motorcycles, and large, industrial engines.
• Nearly all cars use the four-stroke cycle.

4. However, compared to two-stroke
engines, they are more complicated and
expensive to make, and require the use of
valves for the intake and exhaust of
gases.
In spite of this, four-stroke engines have
become the industry standard for cars,
and they likely aren't going away any
time soon.

5. Benefits: More power without an
increase in engine size
Drawbacks: Fuel consumption, turbo lag
Forced Induction engine

6. • An engine requires three things to generate motion:
fuel, air, and ignition.
• Cramming more air into an engine will increase the
power generated by the engine's pistons.
• In a forced induction engine, air is forced into the
combustion chamber at a higher pressure than
usual, creating a higher compression and more
power from each stroke of the engine
• Turbochargers and superchargers are essentially air
compressors that shove more air into the engine.
• Forced induction systems were used on aircraft
engines long before they started being added to car
engines

7. On the newest Hyundai Sonata, for
example, the top engine
one can buy is no longer a V6, but
a turbo four-cylinder.
many carmakers are turning to
forced induction on smaller
engines instead of building larger
engines.

8. A good example is the turbocharged Mini
Cooper S, which only has a 1.6-liter engine
but produces more than
200 horsepower in some applications,
In addition, high-performance cars like the
Porsche 911 Turbo or Corvette
ZR-1 use forced induction to achieve
tremendous gains in power.

9. Fuel Injection
Benefits: Better throttle response, increased fuel
efficiency, more power, easier starting
Drawbacks: More complexity and potentially
expensive repairs

10. •Since the late 1980s, carburetors have been almost
completely replaced by fuel injection, a far more
sophisticated and effective system of mixing fuel and
air.
• Fuel injectors spray gasoline into the air intake
manifold, where fuel and air mix together into a fine
mist.
•That mix is brought into the combustion chamber by
valves on each cylinder during the intake process.
•The engine's on-board computer controls the fuel
injection process.
• Engines with fuel injection are also more efficient
and more responsive to changes in the throttle

12. They do have drawbacks in terms of
their increased complexity. Fuel
injection systems are more costly to
repair than
carburetors as well.
They have become the industry standard
for fuel delivery, and it doesn't look like
carburetors will be making a comeback
anytime soon…

13. Direct Injection
• Benefits: More power, better fuel economy
• Drawbacks: More expensive to make,
relatively new technology
• Direct injection is a further refinement of
the improvements made by fuel injection.
which adds efficiency to the engine.

15. • On a direct injection engine, fuel is sprayed directly into
the combustion chamber,
• Engine computers then make sure the fuel is burned
exactly when and where it is needed, reducing waste.
• Direct injection provides a leaner mix of fuel, which
burns more efficiently. In some ways it makes gasoline-
powered engines more similar to diesel engines, which
have always used a form of direct injection.
• As we learned earlier, direct injection engines boast an
increase in power and fuel economy over stand fuel
injection systems.
• More and more companies are starting to increase their
use of direct injection, but it has yet to become the
standard.

16. Direct injection engine is the hot new
technology in the automotive world right now.
Expect to see it on more and more cars as time
goes on……………………………….

17. Aluminum Block Engine
I just want to say that,
Over the past few years, cars have been trending towards being more
light weight in many ways.
Automakers look for ways to reduce a vehicle's weight in order to
generate better fuel economy and performance.
One of the ways they've done that is largely by replacing engines
made of iron with aluminum ones.

18.  Aluminum weighs far less than iron -- typically, an aluminum
engine weighs half, what an iron one weighs.
 That translates into an overall lighter weight for the car, which
means better handling and more fuel efficiency .
Drawbacks
 As a metal, it's not as strong as iron and doesn't hold up to
high levels of heat as well ,
 Many early aluminum block engines had problems with
cylinders warping, leading to concerns over durability.
BENEFIT
 Those problems have been largely solved, however, and
aluminum has clearly asserted itself as the future of engines
due to its weight-saving properties. Lighter weight leads to
more efficiency and better handling

20. Duel over head camshaft {DOHC}
• “Dual overhead camshafts" , The term refers to
the number of overhead camshafts above each
cylinder in the engine.
• Camshafts are part of your car's valve train,
which is a system that controls the flow of fuel
and air into the cylinders. For many decades cars
primarily had OHV engines, meaning overhead
valves, also called "pushrods."

21. • Benefits: Better performance
• Drawbacks: Increased complexity

23. Variable Valve Timing and lift Electronic
Control (VTEC)
People often speak of "VTEC kicking in." But what
exactly does that mean?
VTEC refers to variable valve timing and lift
electronic control, a form of variable valve
timing. There are times when an engine requires
more
Simple Working of VTEC ENGINE -- More air and fuel
into the valves at different speeds. This makes an
engine more flexible and allows it to deliver peak
performance in a variety of conditions. It also increases
fuel economy.

24. Benefits: Fuel economy, more flexible power delivery
Drawbacks: Greater cost to produce

25. Engine Control Unit {ECU}
Benefits: Fuel economy, better diagnosis of problems
Drawbacks: Cost, complexity

26. • An engine is an incredibly sophisticated device.
• The ECU makes sure processes like ignition timing, the
air/fuel mixture, fuel injection, idle speed, and
• It monitors what's going on in the engine using an array
of sensors and performs millions of calculations each
second in order to keep everything operating correctly.
• Other computers in the car control things like electrical
systems, airbags, interior temperature, traction control ,
anti-lock brakes and the automatic transmission.
• By making the engine run more efficiently, engine
computers can result in greater fuel efficiency and easier
diagnosis of problems.
Working of ENGINE CONTROL UNIT:-

28. Benefits: Torque, fuel economy, cleaner emissions
Drawbacks: Cost of fuel, low RPMs, higher initial cost

29. We've talked a lot about gasoline engines so far,
but what about diesel engines?
• Similar gas engines, many of them still think of diesels as the noisy, sooty, smelly,
unreliable motors of the 1970s and 1980s.
• That's not the case anymore. The modern diesel engine is powerful, clean and
extremely fuel-efficient.
• Today's engines use a low-sulfur form of diesel fuel, and systems within the car
help eliminate particle matter and excess pollution.
• The diesels made by companies like Volkswagen, Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Volvo
and others boast engine
• Improvements like turbo-charging, sophisticated fuel injection, and computer
control to provide a driving experience that's both efficient and high in torque.

31. Benefits: Fuel economy
Drawbacks: Higher initial cost,
complexity

32. • Recent Engine improvements- boosting
efficiency in the hybrid engine.
• Hybrids were an obscure a decade ago, but
now everyone knows how they work -- an
electric motor is partnered with a traditional
gasoline engine in order to achieve high fuel
economy numbers, but without the "range
anxiety" of an electric engine.

33. • Hybrids like the TOYOTA PRIUS represent the
latest evolution in internal combustion
technology. While their benefits come in the form
of fuel efficiency
• Hybrids have a higher initial cost than their non-
hybrid counterparts , and some have argued that
gas must be much more expensive than it is now
(unbelievable as that may sound) before the
driver recoups the extra cost of the hybrid car.

35. Hybrids have a higher initial cost than
their non-hybrid counterparts , and some
have argued that gas must be much more
expensive than it is now (unbelievable as
that may sound) before the driver
recoups the extra cost of the hybrid car.

36. However, it's clear that engines
are trending towards reduced
emissions and greater fuel-
efficiency.
While electric-only Cars are becoming more common, it's clear the
internal combustion engine isn't going anywhere quite yet

37. It will simply
Continue to evolve to be better and
better, just like it has since the days of
the Model T cars….
Waiting for new technology…..