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1. ST JOSEPH ENGINEERING COLLEGE, MANGALURU
(Affiliated to the Visvesvaraya Technological University(VTU), Belagavi, Karnataka)
Vamanjoor, Mangalore- 575028
“CASE STUDY ON
KINGDOM CENTER TOWER”
By
SARASWATHI C
4SO20CV413
Under the Guidance of
Mr. Bhojaraj
Associate Professor and Internal Guide
Department of Civil Engineering, SJEC
SEMINAR ON

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 CONSTRUCTION DETAIL
 ADVANCE TECHNIQUE
 FOUNDATION TECHNIQUE
 WIND LOAD MITIGATION
 CONCRETING PROCESS
 TYPE OF MATERIALS USED
 STEEL USED IN THE STRUCTURE
 CONCLUSION
 REFRENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
• The Kingdom Center Tower is a towering landmark of modern
architecture located in Riyadh, the capital city of Saudi Arabia.
• Designed by Adrian Smith, former design partner of the
renowned architectural firm, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
(SOM), the tower is a stunning display of modern engineering
and technological advancement.
• The tower's construction began in 1999 and was completed in
2002, at a total cost of approximately $500 million USD.
• The tower is the centerpiece of the Kingdom Center, a mixed-
use development that covers an area of 94,230 square meters
and includes a shopping mall, office space, luxury apartments,
and a Four Seasons hotel.

4. CONSTRUCTION DETAIL
• The construction of the Kingdom Center Tower began in 1999 and was completed in 2002, taking a
total of 3 years to build.
• The tower was constructed by Saudi Binladin Group, a leading construction company in Saudi Arabia.
• The tower's construction involved several stages, including site preparation, foundation work,
superstructure construction, and interior fit-out.
• The site preparation involved excavating the ground and installing the foundation piles and footings.
• The foundation of the tower is a 4-meter-thick raft foundation made of reinforced concrete, which
distributes the weight of the tower evenly over the ground.
• The tower's steel frame was erected using a slipform construction technique, where a concrete core was
constructed in the center of the building and used as a guide for the construction of the steel frame.
• The steel frame was clad with blue-tinted glass and stainless steel panels to create the tower's
distinctive triangular shape and pattern.
• The cost of the construction of the Kingdom Center Tower is estimated to be around $450 million
USD. This includes the cost of the land, design, construction, and interior fit-out of the tower.

5. ADVANCE TECHNIQUE
The construction of the Kingdom Center Tower utilized several advanced techniques to achieve
its unique design and impressive height. Some of the advanced techniques used in the tower's
construction include:
• Slipform Construction
• High-Strength Concrete
• Building Information Modeling (BIM)
• Wind Engineering
• Energy-Efficient Materials.
• Advanced MEP Systems

6. FOUNDATION TECHNIQUE
• The foundation of the Kingdom Center Tower is one of the most critical elements of the
building's construction. The foundation needed to support the weight of the tower, which is
over 1,000,000 tons, and resist the lateral forces that could affect the building's stability. The
foundation of the Kingdom Center Tower utilized several advanced techniques to ensure its
stability, including:
• Raft Foundation
• Piled Foundation
• Soil Testing
• Ground Improvement Techniques
• Monitoring

7. WIND LOAD MITIGATION
The Kingdom Center Tower's location in a region prone to high winds and sandstorms
required advanced techniques to mitigate the wind loads on the building and ensure its
stability and safety. The tower's unique design and construction incorporated several wind
load mitigation measures, including:
• Aerodynamic Design:
• Tapered Shape
• Structural Reinforcement
• Tuned Mass Dampers
• Wind Load Monitoring.

8. CONCRETING PROCESS
The construction of the Kingdom Center Tower required a large volume of
concrete, which was pumped to the construction site using advanced pumping
systems. The concrete pumping process for the Kingdom Center Tower
involved several steps, including:
• Concrete Mix Design
• Concrete Batching and Mixing
• Concrete Delivery
• Concrete Pumping
• Quality Control

9. TYPE OF MATERIALS USED
The Kingdom Center Tower, one of the tallest buildings in the world, required high-
strength concrete to support its massive weight and resist the lateral forces caused by
wind loads. The concrete used for the Kingdom Center Tower was a specially designed
high-strength concrete mix that incorporated several advanced materials and
techniques. The concrete mix used for the Kingdom Center Tower included Portland
cement, a fine aggregate (such as sand), a coarse aggregate (such as gravel), and water.
In addition to these standard ingredients, the concrete mix used for the Kingdom Center
Tower also included several advanced materials, such as:
• Silica Fume
• Fly Ash
• High-Strength Steel Reinforcement
• High-Strength Concrete

10. STEEL USED IN THE STRUCTURE
The Kingdom Center Tower's structural system included a reinforced concrete
core and perimeter steel framing, which supported the building's massive
weight and resisted the lateral forces caused by wind loads. The steel used in
the Kingdom Center Tower's construction was specifically designed to meet the
structural requirements of the building and withstand the extreme conditions it
would face.
The steel used in the Kingdom Center Tower was a high-strength, low-alloy
(HSLA) steel that was specifically developed for use in high-rise buildings.
HSLA steel has a higher strength-to-weight ratio than traditional steel, making
it ideal for use in tall buildings where weight is a critical factor.

11. CONCLUSION
The Kingdom Center Tower in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, is an iconic
structure that showcases the cutting-edge technologies and innovative
techniques employed in modern high-rise building construction.
The Kingdom Center Tower is a testament to human ingenuity and
innovation in the field of high-rise building construction.
Its unique design and advanced construction techniques have made it
a landmark structure that continues to inspire awe and admiration
from people around the world.

12. REFERNCES
• Kingdom Tower." Thornton Tomasetti,
www.thorntontomasetti.com/projects/kingdom-tower.
• "Kingdom Centre Tower." The Skyscraper Center, Council on Tall Buildings and
Urban Habitat, www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/kingdom-centre-tower/183.
• "Kingdom Centre." Arabian Business, 15 Aug. 2002,
www.arabianbusiness.com/kingdom-centre-211887.html.
• "Kingdom Tower: A New World's Tallest Building." CTBUH Journal, 2011,
www.ctbuh.org/Portals/0/Repository/ctbuh-journal-2011-1-p21.pdf.

13. THANK YOU