This PowerPoint presentation is made by Me-A Second Year Medical Student for purpose of my project.This is a just a summary of the The different processes of Biomedical Waste Management.

1. BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AND
DISPOSAL
MADE AND PRESENTED BY – DEVESH
KHANDELWAL
2ND YEAR MBBS-2019

2. STEPS OF BMW
MANAGEMENT
Waste Segregation
Pre-treatment(for Laboratory Liquid Waste)
Storage
Transportation
Treatment/Disposal

3.  SEGREGATION
Done at point of Generation and put in separate colored bags.Color coding
varies from nation to nation.
Color coding of Bags Segregation of biomedical waste are:

4. Importance of Segregation:
Wrong Segregation may lead to serious consequences such as:
Needle stick Injury Transmitting hepatitis B or HIV(if sharp items are
Segregated into Yellow or Red Bags)
Production of carcinogens(if plastic items are Wrongly Segregated into
Yellow bag and subjected to incineration, leads to production of
carcinogenic furans)
Securement : All Bags used for waste collection need to be sealed
once they are filled to 3/4th of their capacity.
Labelling: Bags and containers should be labeled properly with the
date and time.

5. Pre-treatment:The laboratory liquid waste should always be pre-
treated either with chemical (1-2%Hypochlorite) or autoclave before
Segregating into appropriate containers.
Storage:
The waste should be transported within 24hrs by dedicated trolley to the
central BMW storage facility of hospital.Separate routes should be used for
transport to prevent exposure to staff and patients and to minimize the
passage of loaded carts through patient care and other clean areas.
Interim storage of waste at ward is strongly discouraged.
Transportation: Transport of waste from central storage area to
common biomedical waste treatment facility(CBMWTF).
Treatment &Disposal: It involves all the procedures and processes
intended to reduce the bulk of waste and make it non-infectious and
harmless.

7. METHODS OF
TREATMENT AND
DISPOSAL OF BMW

8. INCINERATION
Physical Method of Disposal of BMW(By Dry Heat)
Mechanism-Burning of Anatomical and Biomedical Waste providing a
very high temperature of 870-1200°C and hence converting waste into
Ash,Flue gas and Heat.

12. Disadvantages of Incineration
Not environment friendly and produces a lot of pollution.
Expensive to build,operate and maintain.
Ash after Incineration is potentially toxic and poisonous.So if not Disposed
properly,it can harm the population and environment.
Damaging Public Health - Acc. to (CAP,2013) research, The communities
where incinerator plants are built,its long term effects come in front as
health hazards such as cancer,birth defects,reproductive
dysfunction,neurological problems and other health effects that are known
to occur at very low rate.

13. AUTOCLAVE
Process of Steam Sterilisation under Pressure
PRINCIPLE - Steam steriliser functions similar to pressure cooker and
follow the general laws of gas
Water boils when it vapour pressure equal to that of surrounding
atmosphere
When that must vary pressure is raised,the boiling temperature is also
raised
At normal pressure,water boils at 100ﾟC but when the pressure inside
a closed vessel increases ,the temperature at which water boils also
increases
MECHANISM - Moist heat destroys microorganisms by irreversible
coagulation,denaturation of enzymes and proteins

14. Autoclaving is a thermal process where steam is brought into direct contact with
waste in a controlled manner and for sufficient duration to sterilize the wastes.
MOST COMMONLY USED STERILIZATION CONDITION- 121°C for 15 min.at pressure
of 15 pounds psi.
USES OF AUTOCLAVE - It is used for-
All critical and semi-critical items that are heat and moisture
resistant:surgical,anaesthetic and dental instruments,implanted medical devices
and surgical drapes and Linens.
Culture media preparations

15. COMPONENTS AND WORKING OF AN
AUTOCLAVE

17. Advantages and Disadvantages
of Autoclaving
ADVANTAGES
Low cost than
EtO&Plasma Sterilizers.
Sterilization cycles are fast
Compared to EtO
Sterilizers.
It is non-toxic and
leavesno by-product
behind(unlike EtO).
DISADVANTAGES
Heat can damage acrylics
& styrene,PVC material
and corrode some metals.
Higher temperature for a
prolonged time can harm
or shorten life of
instruments.
Moisture also can
adversely affect
electronics and can leave
watermark stains.

18. Hydroclave
Innovative equipment for steam sterilization process.
Sterilization conditions- 132°C at 36 psi steam pressure for 20 min.
Hydroclave process : Stage I
Bagged waste, in ordinary bags.
Sharp containers
Liquid containers
Cardboard containers

19. Stage II:
A. Powerful Rotators mix the waste and break it into pieces.
B. Steam fills the double wall (Jacket) of the vessel and heats
the vessel interior.
C. The liquid in the waste turn to steam.
D. After 20 mins. the waste and liquids are sterile.
Stage III
A.The vent is opened and the vessel de -pressurizes.
B. Steam heat and mixing continue until all the liquids are
evaporated and the waste is dry.

20. Stage lV
A. The unloading door is Opened.
B. The mixer now rotates in
opposite direction, so angled
blades on the mixer can
push the waste out the unloading door.
C. The dry,sterile waste can be
fine-Shredded further or dropped
in a waste disposal bin.
RESULTS:
✓ Dry waste,regardless of its original water
content.
✓Low odour,due to the dryness.
✓ Volume reduction upto 85%and weight upto 70%
✓Production of finally a harmless Waste products.

22. MICROWAVE TREATMENT
High frequency Microwaves causes particles in waste to
vibrate leading to generation of heat which helps in
disinfecting the waste material.
ADVANTAGES:
1. Less maintainance cost
2.No harmful air emissions & liquid discharge
3.Effective for Sharks & bulk liquids
DISADVANTAGES:
1.High investment cost

24. PLASMA PYROLYSIS
Plasma refers to a gaseous state consisting of ions,photons,free electrons and free
radicals.
This method of waste disposal is based on THERMO-CHEMICAL Properties of Plasma.
METHOD- Plasma Pyrolysis uses ionized gases in the Plasma state to convert
electrical energy to temperature of several thousand degrees using plasma arc
torches or electrodes.The system provides high temperature combined with high UV
radiations which destroys ppathogen completely.
ADVANTAGES:
1.Eco-friendly & Green technology.
2.Disposal of all types of waste is possible.
DISADVANTAGES:
1.Technique specific apparatus & set up is required.

25. Components & Working of Plasma Pyrolysis
Machine