Sumuel Godfrey, PhD e Representante dos Escritórios da UNICEF nas Regiões do Oriente e Sul da África. Foi o prelector no Espaço do Debate à Sexta feira da Development Workshop Angola. Ao longo da sua abordagem, entre as várias questões, o prelector cingiu na sua vasta experiência no sector de Água, Saneamento e Higiene nestas regiões.

1. UNICEF
Sector Wide Approaches
Dr Samuel Godfrey
7th September 2018
• TARGET: SDG 6.1 and SDG 6.2
financing and ONEWASH Ethiopia
• PLAN: ONEWASH
• FINANCING OPTIONS:
1. Blended Financing
2. South South Financing
3. Domestic commercial Financing
4. Maximising investment

2. 2012 – 2013
Revised MoU
OWNP Doc
Prepared
Harmonised
Sector-Wide Approach
Evolution of WASH in Ethiopia
Project Based
Supply Driven
1998 - 2002
Sector Policy,
Decentralisation
2004 – 2007
Start of UAP, MoU Signed
Establishment of NWCO
National Sanitation Strategy
2009 – 2011
GTP I,
WIF Signed,
WASH Inventory
2014 – 2016
CWA Opened
Coordination Office
Established
OWNP Report
Key UNICEF Contributions to OWNP:
• UNICEF Consultants wrote OWNP Document.
• Fiduciary Risk Assessment for pooled fund
• Programme Operational Manual for pooled fund.
• Seconded technical assistance to Ethiopian Government
• 1st National WASH Inventory
Key Sector Achievements:
• Achieved MDG Goal for Water
Supply (57.2% access in 2015)
• Ethiopia had largest reduction in
ODF in the world in MDG Period
(92% -> 29%).
Programme Based
Supply Driven

3. Results of ONEWASH Phase I (2014-17)
ONEWASH – phase 1 results (2014-2017)
• Water Supply – 18.7 million people gain access
to water supply through the construction of
38,336 different types of water supply schemes
• Sanitation – 11 million people became Open
Defecation Free and Open Defecation reduced
from 44% to 29%.
• School WASH - The Consolidated WASH
Account (CWA) constructed 1280 school wash
facilities
• Overall an acceleration towards the SDGs,
which is on top of good progress previously.
• Results have been better in water than sanitation
so far to date.

4. 4
Sector Coordination

5. Water Sector Working Group
WRM Sub-Group
Chaired by:
State Minister of MoWIE, USAID, IDCA.
ETF WASH
& WASH
Cluster
Chaired by:
MoWIE &
UNICEF
Rural
WASH
TWG
Chaired by:
MoWIE &
DFID/AfDB
URBAN
WASH
TWG
Chaired by:
MoWIE &
UNICEF/WB
Hygiene &
Environmental
Health Task
Force
Chaired by:
MoH & WB/UNICEF
WRM and
Planning
TWG
Chaired by:
MoWIE & JICA
(inactive)
Secretariat
Focal Person:
Nuredin Mohammed
Focal Person:
Kifle Alemanyehu
Research
data & info
management
TWG
Chaired by:
MoWIE & JICA
(inactive)
Executive Committee
Chaired by Minister of Water Irrigation and Electricity– H.E. Dr. Eng. Sileshi Bekele
Co-chairs: UNICEF Gillian Mellsop and JICA Kimiaki Jin
WASH Sub-Group
Chaired by:
State Minister of MoWIE, UNICEF, Finland.

7. Regular Sector Events & Coordination
MSF
JTR
Sector Review
CWA Mission
WASH
Implementation
Framework
Multi Stakeholder Forum on an annual basis.
Joint Technical Review Mission every 3-4 months
Annual and Mid-Year Reviews conducted.
Annual Review Workshop
Signed by 4 WASH Ministries, Development Partners, CSOs.
Recognises different implementation modalities
Aligns with the OECD Paris Declaration
Guiding Pillars:
Integration, Harmonization, Accountability & Partnership

8. Financing SDG 6.1 and 6.2 - Ethiopia
Investment % of GDP Comment
Water sector (WRM+WASH) USD 763 million 1.1 %
Based on projected GDP estimates for 2016 (USD
66.83 billion).
In 2010 it was 1.1.% (WB, 2016)
WASH USD 475 million 0.71 %
Water Resources
Management
USD 288 million 0.43 %
Criteria Amount needed
(mUSD/year)
Funding gap
(mUSD/year)
% of gap % of GDP
needed
OWNP (2,41 billion in 7 years) 344 No funding gap* 0% 0.51%
GTP-2 (251 RurWS, 396 UrbWS, 49 UrbSan). Note: only
partial estimate.
697 222 32% 1%
HDR (Human Development Report) recommends 1% GDP
investment/year
668 193 29% 1%
WB (AICD, Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostics)
recommends 3.5% of GDP investment/year
2,339 1,764 75% 3.5%
WB (achieving SDGs would require 3 times the amount
needed for MDG targets)
~2,000 1,525 76% 3%
SDG costing tool (preliminary analysis) 3,200 2,725 85% 4.8%

9. Financing Streams for SDG 6.1 and 6.2 -
Ethiopia
UNICEF SDG costing analysis showed that Ethiopia needs a sevenfold increase to achieve SDGs. This
requires increasing, and going beyond, conventional funding sources and using money more efficiently.
South – South Cooperation
Flows of technical expertise and
experience from other nations
with relevant experience.
Domestic Commercial Finance
E.g. water utilities receiving
commercial loans in local
currency from banks looking to
diversify risks and provide long-
term loans.
Blended Financing
Mixing loans and grants – for instance in the ‘On Lending Urban
Sanitation Facility’ - with loans for infrastructure, and grants for design
of works, institutional capacity building, hygiene and sanitation package.
Guarantees
International private
companies invest in Ethiopia
through revenue guarantee
schemes linked to usage of
water supply or sewerage
infrastructure.
Public Private Partnerships
For instance private sector
investment in the
construction and operation of
water utilities through a
concession contract.
3Ts – Taxes, Tariffs, Transfers
Increase domestic financing through 3Ts. Cross-
subsidization from urban to rural, wealthier to poor.
1
2
3
4
5
6
$3.2bn/year
additional
resource
needed
Improve Efficiency
Strengthen development and
humanitarian nexus. Climate
Resilient WASH. BCBT Model.

10. South South Partnership
Urban Sanitation – Brasil- Ethiopia (2015 -2018)
Urban Sanitation
• Government of Ethiopia
investing significantly in
condominium development.
• But struggling to develop
an appropriate sewerage
model.
• Model based on Brazilian
experience, and designed
by Brazilian engineers,
trialled in Wukro Town,
Tigray Region

11. South South Partnership
Urban Sanitation – Brasil- Ethiopia (2015 -2018)

12. Financing Streams for SDG 6.1 and 6.2 -
Ethiopia
UNICEF SDG costing analysis showed that Ethiopia needs a sevenfold increase to achieve SDGs. This
requires increasing, and going beyond, conventional funding sources and using money more efficiently.
South – South Cooperation
Flows of technical expertise and
experience from other nations
with relevant experience.
Domestic Commercial Finance
E.g. water utilities receiving
commercial loans in local
currency from banks looking to
diversify risks and provide long-
term loans.
Blended Financing
Mixing loans and grants – for instance in the ‘On Lending Urban
Sanitation Facility’ - with loans for infrastructure, and grants for design
of works, institutional capacity building, hygiene and sanitation package.
Guarantees
International private
companies invest in Ethiopia
through revenue guarantee
schemes linked to usage of
water supply or sewerage
infrastructure.
Public Private Partnerships
For instance private sector
investment in the
construction and operation of
water utilities through a
concession contract.
3Ts – Taxes, Tariffs, Transfers
Increase domestic financing through 3Ts. Cross-
subsidization from urban to rural, wealthier to poor.
1
2
3
4
5
6
$3.2bn/year
additional
resource
needed
Improve Efficiency
Strengthen development and
humanitarian nexus. Climate
Resilient WASH. BCBT Model.

13. UNICEF
Negative BHs & Cost effectiveness in drilling
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
22,000
0% 10% 20% 25% 30%
Price escalation due to drilling success rate and post
construction failure rate (SWs)
60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Post Construction failure rate
Unitcost/SW
Drilling Success rate

14. 14

15. Methodology
Data Sources Processing
Building
Blocks
Combining
Conceptual
Model
Interpretation
Final
Results
ASTER
SRTM
MODIS
TRMM
ARC2
LANDSAT
AMSR-E
SMOS
RADARSAT-2
Google Maps
Data Phase 1
DTM
Analysis
SM
Processing
Down-
scaling
Shallow &
deep
groundwater
conceptual
mode:
• Infiltration
zones
• Aquifer
extend
• GW flow
indication
• Recharge
indication
Groundwater
Potential
Maps
Elevation,
slope, flow
accumulation,
TWI Catchment
Precipitation
NDVI
Evaporation
Pot
Evaporation
Geology,
Lineaments
Land Use
Existing Wells

16. Groundwater Suitability Map

17. Multi Village Water Schemes
UNICEF financed 91 schemes (2015-2017)
Source: Bloomberg Business Week 2017, based on Atlas for Urban Expansion.
Schemes Health Facilities Schools People
Afar 7 9 9 75,500
Amhara 28 30 48 221,935
Oromia 12 3 3 82,500
SNNP 32 14 31 101,219
Somali 4 8 6 26,750
Tigray 8 5 5 32,500
Total 91 69 102 540,404

18. Financing Streams for SDG 6.1 and 6.2 -
Ethiopia
UNICEF SDG costing analysis showed that Ethiopia needs a sevenfold increase to achieve SDGs. This
requires increasing, and going beyond, conventional funding sources and using money more efficiently.
South – South Cooperation
Flows of technical expertise and
experience from other nations
with relevant experience.
Domestic Commercial Finance
E.g. water utilities receiving
commercial loans in local
currency from banks looking to
diversify risks and provide long-
term loans.
Blended Financing
Mixing loans and grants – for instance in the ‘On Lending Urban
Sanitation Facility’ - with loans for infrastructure, and grants for design
of works, institutional capacity building, hygiene and sanitation package.
Guarantees
International private
companies invest in Ethiopia
through revenue guarantee
schemes linked to usage of
water supply or sewerage
infrastructure.
Public Private Partnerships
For instance private sector
investment in the
construction and operation of
water utilities through a
concession contract.
3Ts – Taxes, Tariffs, Transfers
Increase domestic financing through 3Ts. Cross-
subsidization from urban to rural, wealthier to poor.
1
2
3
4
5
6
$3.2bn/year
additional
resource
needed
Improve Efficiency
Strengthen development and
humanitarian nexus. Climate
Resilient WASH. BCBT Model.

19. Water Tariff and Regulation
Brasil- Ethiopia (2015 -2018)

20. VOLUNTARY BASED SEMI PROFESSIONALIZED FULLY PROFESSIONALIZED
RURAL GROWTH
CENTRE
Benchmark:
 >25liter/capita/day
RURAL
(Multi VILLAGE
Scheme)
Benchmark:
 < 25litre/capita/day
 >100 HH (>1 Kebele) =
contextualized per region
 or complex motorized
scheme)
 and Annual Turnover (to be
identified)
RURAL HIGHLY
DISPERSED
(Village):
Benchmark:
 <25 litre/capita/day, 1km
distance
Community
based Management
Service Delivery Models & Professionalization (revised)PopulationDensityandServiceLevels
Self Supply
Delegated
Management Contracts to
private Operators
Public or Private
Sector
WASHCO
(Community Management)
Water Utility
Multi – CRITERIA decision support:
populations density, GTP2: water consumption, #HH served, geographic scope, complexity of scheme, turnover
WASHCO
(Community Partizipation)