There are three main categories of agroforestry systems: agrisilvicultural systems which combine trees and crops; silvipastoral systems that combine trees and pasture for animals; and agrosilvopastoral systems that combine trees, crops, and animals. Traditional Nepalese hill farming systems have close linkages between forests, crop fields, livestock, and grazing lands, with resources and byproducts circulating between each component. Farm forestry linkages provide benefits like using forest and crop residues as fodder, manure from livestock fertilizing fields and forests, and fuel and building materials from forests.

1. RANGE MANAGEMENT
B.Sc. Final Year 1st Semester
Credit Hours: 2
Full Marks: 50(TH: 40 & PR.10)
By: Deepak Gautam

2. Farm
ForestLivestock

3.  Basically, there are three categories of agroforestry
systems:
 Agrisilvicultural systems: Trees + crops
 Silvipastoral systems: Tree + pasture (animals).
 Agrosilvopastoral systems: Tree + crop + animals

4. Silvipastoral systems

5. Agrisilvicultural systems

7. 1.3 FORAGE RESOURCES OF NEPAL: FARM FORESTRY LINKAGE
Forest ↔Crop field ↔livestock ↔ Forest
For examples:
i. Forest to crop field (leaf /letter as a compost)
ii. Crop field to livestock ( crops residue as a food)
iii. Livestock to crop fields ( Dung as a Manure)
iv. Forest to livestock ( grass/fodder as a food) or shelter to
hide.
iv. Livestock to forest (Dung as a Manure)

8. Figure: A model of traditional Nepalese hill farming system
Farm Household
Forest
Cropped Fields
Livestock
Grazing Land
Building materials,
fuel, food, medicine
Manure, draught
Crop residues
1.3 Farm forestry linkage

9. Farm Forestry linkage

10. BENEFITS OF FARM FORESTRY LINKAGE (AGRO FORESTRY)