15. Protons
• Located in nucleus of atom
• Has a positive charge
• Number of Protons = Atomic Number
• Has 1 AMU in mass (Atomic Mass Unit)
+
+
+
16. Neutrons
• Located in nucleus of atom
• Has NO electrical charge
• Has mass of 1 amu
• Number of neutrons usually is equal to
number of protons
17. Electrons
• Located outside the
nucleus of the atom
• Housed in Electrical
Clouds, Shells, Orbits
• Has a negative charge
• Does not have an amu
because of tiny size
• Moves around the
nucleus in an orbit
18. Quiz – Subatomic
Particles
2.The positive particle is the .
3.The negative particle is the .
4.The neutral particle is the .
5.The proton is the same as the number.
6.The two particles located inside the nucleus
are the and the .
6.Each of these particles
have a mass of .
20. Quick Quiz – Subatomic Particles
(continued)
7. The electron around the
nucleus.
8. The electrons are the
outer electrons and are involved
in bonding.
9.To find the number of neutrons in
an atom you subtract the
number from the _ number.
21. Mass Number
• mass number A = protons + neutrons
• always a whole number
• NOT the value given on
the Periodic Table!
22. Atomic Number
• atomic number z = protons
• always a whole number
• identifies the element
23.
24. A-Z notation
6
12
C
mass number A
element symbol
atomic number Z
The atomic number
equals the number of
protons. Each element
has a unique atomic
number.
25. Atomic Numbers
• Number used to arrange the Periodic
Table
• Increase Left to Right
• Same as number of Protons or Electrons
in a neutral atom
26. Atomic Mass
• The sum of the Protons and Neutrons
in the nucleus.
• Also called Atomic Weight
Protons
+Neutrons
Atomic
Weight
27. Electron Arrangement
• Electrons orbit the nucleus in
Energy levels
• The first level (or cloud, or shell)
contains up to 2 electrons
• The second level contains up to 8
electrons
• The third level contains up to 18
electrons
• 4th 32; 5th 50; 6th 72 max inshell
30. Practice:
Lithium has the atomic
number 3
and mass number 7
# of protons:
# of neutrons:
# of electrons:
3
4
3
31. Practice: Lithium has the
atomic number 3 and mass
number 7
– electron arrangement (configuration) 2, 1
Lithium is in Group 1
on the Periodic Table
32. Electron Arrangement ctd.
• The electrons in the
outermost shell (if it is not
completely full) are
available for bonding
• These electrons are called
Valence Electrons
• Bonding is the chemical
combining of 2 or more
atoms.
33. Practice: electron arrangements of the first
20 elements (2,8,8,2)
• Chlorine-37
– atomic #:
– mass #:
– # of protons:
– # of electrons:
– # of neutrons:
17
37
17
17
20
37
17 Cl
34. Ion
s
• ions are electrically charged atoms
Neutral atom
negative ion
positive ion
lose electrons gain electrons
p+ > e-
cation
p+ < e-
anion
35. Practice: determine the
required values for the
positive calcium ion
41 Ca+2
– atomic #:
– mass #:
– # of protons:
– # of electrons:
– # of neutrons:
20
41
20
18
21
37. Quick Quiz – Numbers,
Electron Arrangement
10. The is used to arrange the periodic table asit
increases from to .
11. The atomic number is the same as the number of
.
12. The number is the sum of protons and neutrons
inside the .
13. The outermost electrons are the
electrons and
they orbit the nucleus in levels.
14. Bonding is the combining of 2 ormore
38. Bonding
• The process when 2 or more atoms
combine chemically is known as Bonding
• The 2 we are learning today are
• Ionic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
39. Ionic Bonding
• Electrons are either gained or lost by
atom
• One atom is positive +, One is negative
-
• Occurs between Metals and Nonmetals
• Metals lose electrons
• Nonmetals gain electrons
• Very strong bond – usually solids - with
high melting temperatures
44. Common Ionic Bonds
• NaCl Sodium Chloride Table Salt
• CuSo4 Copper Sulfate Kills algae
• NaHCO3 Baking Soda Baking & Health
45. Quiz – Bonding
Ionic
1. In ionic bonding electrons are either.......
or............
2. …...lose electrons and.......gain electrons.
3. A positive ions has ….....electrons and
a …......... negative ion has electrons.
4. ...........bonds are strong, usually solid,
and have........melting and boiling points.
5. The magic number of valence
electrons needed by all.........but two
atoms is …........
6. Name two common ionic bonds.
46. Covalent Bonding
• Electrons are shared between atoms (co)
• Neither atom has an electrical charge
• Forces between atoms are weak – have
low boiling or melting points
• Usually are liquids or gasses
• If a solid is usually a crystal
49. Quick Quiz – Bonding
Covalent
1. In a covalent bond, electrons are............. .
2. Neither atom has a …................
3. Intermolecular forces
are ..... ...............weak.
4. Covalent bonds have ..............melting and............. points.
5. Covalent bonds are usually found in these two states of matter.
6. Two common covalent compounds are ...............and ….........