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COAL BASED THERMAL POWER PLANTS (UNIT-1).pptx
1.
2.
3. Steam power plants converts the energy stored in
the fossil fuels in the form of heat energy
In thermal power plants, the input energy is
produced by burning the coal
4. 1. CONVENTIONAL
◦ Fossil fuel energy
◦ Hydraulic energy
◦ Nuclear energy
2.NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
◦ Solar energy
◦ Wind energy
◦ Tidal energy
◦ Wave energy
◦ Geo thermal energy
◦ Biomass energy
5.
6. Coal and Ash circuit
Air and Flue gas circuit
Water and Steam circuit
Cooling water circuit
7. Coal and Ash circuit:
◦ Coal to boiler transfer
◦ Ash resulting during combustion of coal from boiler removed and its stored
in ash storage device in ash handling
◦ Power plant of 100MW produces normally 20 to 25 tons of ash per hour.
8.
9. Air is taken from atmosphere and send through an air
preheater.
Dust is removed from the air through series of filters
The waste heat of flue gas passed to the chimney for
preheating the air in the preheater
Afetr the combustion process the sufficient quantity of
flue gas is passed around the boiler tubes for preheat the
water and air
10.
11. It consists of boiler feed pump, boiler, turbine and feed water
pump
The steam generated in the boiler passes through superheater
and supplied to steam turbine
Out Water sent through condenser
Then the feed water passes through economizer for boiler
Feed water supplied external source to compensate losses
12.
13. It consists of condenser , cooling water pump and
cooling tower
The warm water coming out from the condenser is
cooled in the cooling tower and recirculate within the
plant
14.
15. Initial investment is low
The power plant can be located near load centre, so the
transmission cost and losses are considerably reduced
The power production does not depend on the nature mercy
16. Air pollution is the major problem inviting additional
investment
It cannot be used as a peak load plant
The coal may be exhausted by gradual use
Power production cost is considerably high compared to hydel
plant
Life efficiency is low as compared to hydel plant
17. Theoretical cycle which works on steam turbine works.
Ideal cycle for vapour power cycles.
The diagram shows the rankine cycle
Process 1-2 (Turbine)
Process 2-3 (condenser)
Process 3-4 (pump
Process 4-1 (Boiler)
20. Efficiency can be increased by increasing the pressure and temperature of
steam entering in to the turbine.
Steam is initially expanded in high pressure steam
Reheat the steam with the help of fluegas
Then steam is expanded in to low pressure turbine.
21.
22. In rankine cycle in condensate which is coming out has very low
temperature and it mixes with hot water in boiler.
It results it decrease in cycle efficiency
Increase the temperature of the feed water is raised to the saturation
temperature before entering to the boiler.
24. 1. Reheating
• Flue gas reheating ( flue gas coming out from boiler to reheat the
steam)
• Live stream reheating (high-pressure steam from the boiler is used to
reheat the steam coming out from H.P Turbine designed for design heat
exchanger)
• Combined flue gas and live stream reheating : ( first pass through live
stream heater and gas heater)
2. Regeneration
• Ideal :
• Single Stage :
• Two Stage :
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31. Boiler is a closed vessel in which the steam is generated from
water by applying heat.
Boiler is also known as steam generator
1.ACCORDING TO THE FLOW AND HOT GAS:
Fire tube boiler
◦ Hot gas is passed through the tubes and the water
circulated around the tubes
◦ Eg:- Cochran Boiler, Locomotive Boiler
Water tube boiler
◦ Water circulated through a number of tubes and hot gas
pass around the tubes
◦ Stirling boiler and Wilcox boiler
32. 2. According to the axis of shell:
◦ Vertical boilers
◦ Horizontal boilers
◦ Inclined boilers
3.According to location or position of the furnace
◦ Internally fired boilers
◦ Externally and externally fired boilers
4. according to the method of water circulation
◦ Natural circulation boilers
◦ Forced circulation boilers
5. According to the application or boiler mobility
◦ Stationary boilers
◦ Mobile boilers
6. According to steam pressure
◦ Low pressure , medium pressure, high pressure, supercritical boilers
33. 7. According to number of tubes used:
◦ Single tube used
◦ Multi tube boilers
8.According to draft
◦ Natural draft boilers
◦ Artificial draft boilers
9. according to types of fuel used
◦ Solid fuel boilers
◦ Liquid or gaseous fuel boilers
◦ Electrical heated and nuclear energy boilers
38. Lamont boiler problem: Salt deposition and sedimentation in
water tubes
So, forced circulation is used
Working:
ecomomiser to evaporating drum
Saturation steam from drum
Steam passed through convection and radiant superheaters
1/3rd steam passed from convection and radiant superheaters
Remaining 2/3rd passd through the water in evaporating drum
to evaporate feed water
40. Boiler makes use of pressurized combustion
Boiler pressure generate : 84 kg / cm2
Working
Feed water from Economizer to tube evaporating section
Gasturbine increases atm pr to furnace pressure.
Steam separation from evaperator and flows to super heater
to turbine
41. Super critical boiler is a type of boiler which is operated at
super critical pressure.
Working range of steam generating plants from 125 atm and
510°C to 300 atm and 660°C . Power plants operated above
the critical pressure and temperature condition is called super
critical powerplant
Two type of super critical boilers are
Drum Type boiler (
Once through boiler
42.
43.
44. Pressure gauge
Stop valve
Feed check valve
Safety valve
Fusible valve
Blow off valve
Water level indicator
Man holes
45. Economiser
Steam super heater
Airpreheater
Deaerators ( removal of air and other gases in feed water)
Steam seperator
46. The fuel are fed on a distribution plate ,due to high velocity of
air the feed material remains in suspended condition during
burning
The bed temperature is about 800-900 C
So2 emission and Nox emissions are greatly reduced with the
use of limestone/dolamite
Steam can be produced by fossils and waste fules using these
technique
TYPES OF FBC:
◦ Circulating fluidized bed boiler
◦ Bubbling fluidized bed boiler
47.
48.
49. Coal crushed (6-20 mm )
Air fan flow upwards
Chamber having large number of carbon particles
H2SO4 acid less formation by bed material limestone
Combustion 800-900degree C less Nox
Heat release 10-15 times than conventional boiler
50.
51. Coal in lower section , limestone also
Air distributors (primary and secondary)
800-900 degree C
Unburned particles colleceted in cyclone seperator again feed
to furnace
52. WORKING OF STEAM TURBINE
THERMAL ENERGY
KINETIC ENERGY
MECHANICAL ENERGY
STEAM TURBINE
Nozzle
Moving Blades
56. Absorbing the jet velocity in more than one stage when steam
flows over moving blades
Velocity compounding
Pressure compounding
Pressure – Velocity compounding
57.
58.
59.
60. The method of maintaining the speed of the turbine constant
irrespective on the basis of variation of load is known as
governing of turbines
61.
62.
63.
64. Steam rate:
Capacity of the steam plant expressed in terms of steam rate or
specific fuel consumptions
SSC=Mass of steam / Work output unit kg/kWh
Heat rate:
It indicates the amount of fuel required to generate one unit of
electricity
Heat rate= Heat supplied/Work output kJ/kWh
65. Fuel handling system
Ash Handling system
Cooling Towers
Draught Systems
Feed system
70. Coal Desulphurization
•Chemical Seperation
•Chemical TRW Meyers Process
•Working
•Coal To Mixing Tank
•Mixed With Ferric Sulphate
•RESULTING SLURRY HEAT UP TO 100-
130oc
•Coal Solution Pumped To Filter
•Neutrailized By Addition Of Coal
•In Extractor, Coal Is Mixed With Warm
Acetone And Water Which Dissolves
Remaining Sulphur In A coal
71.
72. 1. Outplant handling of coal
◦ Transportation by sea or river
◦ By ropes
◦ By rail
◦ By road
◦ By pipeline
2. Inplant handling of coal
◦ Belt conveyor
◦ Screw conveyors
◦ Bucket elevators
73. Coal Transfer Equipment
1. Belt Conveyor
2. Screw Conveyor
3. Bucket Elevator
4. Grab bucket elevator
5. Flight Conveyor
6. Skip hoists
83. Stokers are used to feed the solid fuels into the furnace in
power plants
According to feed system, the stokers are classified into
types.
Overfeed stokers
Underfeed stokers
84.
85.
86. Pulveriser mill is used to pulverize the coal for combustion in
the steam generating furnaces .
Pulverized coal increase its surface exposure and complete
combustion.
Benefits:
Combustion rate is increased
Thermal efficiency is increased
Fuel feed rate is increased
101. Coal fired boilers about 10 to 15% of the burned products in
the form of ash
Large scale power plants produces about tones of ash per day
Ash handling requires quenching because,
1. Quenching reduces the temperature of ash
2.It reduces the corrosive action of ash
3.Quench reduces the dust accompanying ash
Following methods to remove ash:
1. Vaccum extraction plant 2. Hydraulic system
3. Mechanical Conveyor 4. Steam jet system
5. Pneumatic System
102.
103.
104. In a steam jet system, the ash is carried by high velocity
steam which carrying dry solid materials.
In pneumatic system ash is carried by high velocity air or
stream to the point of delivery.
105.
106. The warm water discharged from the condenser is fed into the
cooling tower and the cooled water is fed back to the
condenser
115. The function of the demineralization plant is to remove the
dissolved salt by ion exchange method i.e. chemical method.
Generally hard water contains sodium,chloride, carbonates,
bi-carbonates, silicates and potassium, iron, Calcium and
Magnesium.
116.
117. Carbonic acid dissolved to water and carbon di oxide
H2CO3=H2O+CO2
118. Deaeration is the process of removing the dissolved more
oxygen from the water to avoid corrosion
(Sodium sulphite)2Na2SO3+O2= (sodium sulphate)2Na2SO4
119. Uses Semipermeable membrane
Solvent molecules passed through region of higher
concentration side to region of lower concentration side.
Purity level higher than demineralization