Fukushima Nuclear Accident - Causes

 Fukushima nuclear accident2011
Page 1
Title of the ResearchPaper:
FukushimaAccident :An effective nuclear regulationis neededor a decision
of close down of nuclear power plant?
Abstract:The 9.0 Richterscale earthquake happenedin11stMarch 2011 had great impacton Japan
and othercountries.Followingthe accident,GermanandItalyhadrejectednuclearenergyand
preferredof stopusingthe nuclearpower.However,France wasn’tplanningtoslow downits
progressinthe nuclearindustry.The article provide aninsightview forthe governments,the
studentsandscholarswhenvotingfornuclearenergyorvote againstnuclearenergy,anillustration
overfactors to be consideredbyfirstanalysisthe cause of the accidentandfollowed,the economic
costs of a nucleardisaster. Third,some argumentswereestablishedoverthe prosandcons in
includingnuclearenergyinthe countrythatdo not have conventionalenergy. There isno
conclusionaboutif nuclearenergyisimportantinenergysecurity,butabalance betweensaving
cost and risktakingbythe countrieswhoownsnuclearpower plants.
FukushimaAccident: Aneffective nuclear regulationis neededor a decision
of close down of nuclear power plant?
Introduction:
The 9.0 Richter scale earth quake happened in 11st March 2011 had great impact on Japan
and other countries. Following the accident, German and Italy had rejected nuclear energy
and preferred of stop using the nuclear power. However, France wasn’t planning to slow
down its progress in the nuclear industry. The article provide an insight view for the
governments, the students and scholars when voting for nuclear energy or vote against
nuclear energy, an illustration over factors to be considered by first analysis the cause of the
accident and followed, the economic costs of a nuclear disaster. Third, some arguments
were established over the pros and cons in including nuclear energy in the country that do
not have conventional energy. There is no conclusion about if nuclear energy is important
in energy security, but a balance between saving cost and risk taking by the countries who
owns nuclear power plants.

Page 2
Index:
Chapter 1 The accident and the causes………………………………………………………………3-4
Chapter 2 Economic cost of nuclear disaster……………………………………………………..4-5
Chapter 3 The Arguments
3.1 Cheap cost against surge energy demand………………………………………………….5-8
3.2 Responsibility of the regulators…………………………………………………………………8-9
3.3 Is this time an accident?..............................................................................9-10
3.4 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………
3.5 Readings……………………………………………………………………………………………………11

Page 3
Chapter 1 The Accident and the causes
The earthquake anddestructive tsunami happenedon11st March 2011 had greatimpacton the
Japanese nuclearplanthistory.1
Inthe afternoontime of 2.46pmlocal time,there wasa magnitude
9.0 earthquake onthe Richterscale2
hitthe area of northeastcoast cityname the Sendai city (in
Miyagi prefecture onthe easterncoastof HonshuIsland) 3
.
The earthquake happened150km north of the two Fukushimanuclearpowerplants. Itisa rare and
complex earthquake whichrunsadurationof three minutesonlywithsignificantdestroyonfacilities
locatednearbyandthe residential aswell. 4
Japanhasmovedbyfew metrestothe eastand its
coastline hadsubsided0.5metre. Japan’sNuclear&Industrial SafetyAgencyoriginallydeclaredthe
FukushimaDaiichi asLevel 5on the International NuclearEventsScale (INES).However,lateritwas
raisedto the ratingto 7.5
INESisa numerical ratingtoexplainthe significance of radiological events.
INES7 is beyondseriousaccidentafter eventscale 6andit indicatedthe highestseverityof event.6
The authorityhas closeddownelevenreactorsforthe safetyreasons. These elevenreactorsare
locatedinfourdifferentareasof Onagawa,FukushimaDaiichi, FukushimaMainlandandTokai Daini.
The FukushimaDaiichi hassix reactors.Three of the reactors were not inoperation.Reactor units
1,2,3 can’t be shut downbecause the lossof offsite powersupply.However,the onsiteemergency
diesel generators(EDG) startedtoworkand provide electricalpowertoemergency.Unfortunately,
afterone hour,a highesttsunami (estimatedat14-15 meter) approachedandcausedthe floodof
the site and the EDG can’tbe sustainable because of that.Hence ledtothe stoppedthe functionof
the systemwasusedto cool the nuclearfuel rods.
As showninthe graphicprovidedbythe WorldnuclearAssociation,whenthe systemwaswithout
heatremoval bythe water circulationtoan outside heatexchanger,alotof steaminthe reactor
pressure accumulatedandthe steamwasthenreleasedtothe dryprimarycontainment.Without
water,the fuel rodsoverheatandthe reactor core meltsthroughchamberfloor.Radioactivity
spreadsto the environment.
1 Japan has builtits firstnuclear power plantin 1954,making the country’s new beginningin nuclear energy.
The firstnuclear reactor in Japan was builtby UK and then later in 1970s,the firstlightwater reactor was built
by US company. See Wikipedia :Nuclear Power in Japan.
2 The common standard of measurement for earthquake. It was invented in 1935 by Charles F. Richter. It was
used to rate the magnitude of an earthquake about the amount of energy released. It is a logarithmic See
http://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/natural-disasters/earthquake6.htm.
3 Sendai is the largestcity in the Tohoku Region, in 2005. The city is 788 kilometre squarelargeand stretches
from the PacificOcean to the Ou Mountains.
4 Article“Fukushima Accident 2011”, World Nuclear Association.
5 See “Fukushima Accident 2011”session “International Nuclear ScaleAssessment”. http://world-
nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Safety-of-plants.
6 The levels are indicated as anomaly,incident,serious incident, and accidentwith local consequences,
accidentwith wider consequences, serious accidentand major accidentfrom level 1-7 respectively. See Rejane
Spiegelberg “A Matter of Degree”. IAEA Bulletin.

Page 4
Chapter 2 Economiccosts ofthe nuclear disaster
Nuclearaccidentsare the disasterwhichdifficulttomeasure aboutthe result.One isbecause the
resultisa slow-movingbutpersistentdisaster.Itisnotthe same withearthquake accidentthatthe
area issafe for the local residentsandworkerstocleanthe area.The damage will take alongtime
because of nature of radioactivityof the materialsthatreleasedforhalf-livesthattakesalongtime.7
The human capital of the accidentincludedthe mortality(happenedatthe disastertime orlater
7 See articleby Alistair Munro “Notes on the economic valuation of nuclear disasters.”National Graduate
Institute for Policy Studies.Japan.

Page 5
time),the Morbidity(reducedhealthorqualityof lifeinexample of acancer),Stigma( the negative
reactionof people whoexperience of exposure toradiation).8
The effectof economicwill includedfirst,the supplychaineffects(suchaspollutedfoodwhich
stoppedthe chainfromfarmerto wholesalertoretailer),uncertaintyshock,domesticconfidence
and the effectof exportbecause fearof contamination inproductandservice.9
The highly contaminated radioactive was absorbingintothe groundfromthe brokenreactorand
contaminated the PacificOcean. JapaneseExpertshave assessedthisincidentandfoundthe some
radionuclides,especiallyradioactive Cesiumunfortunately hasbeendetectedinmarine productsin
the Tohokuarea. Accordingto the report,there wasmore than 40 percent of the fishspecieswere
detected tocarry the exceedinglimitof Cesium. 10
Asreportfromthe JapanFisheries Agency,
commercial fishinghadbeenaffectedsignificantly.142 fishingports inMiyagi and105 fishingports
inIwate have beenharmed.948 fishprocessingplanthave beenstopped.11
On the otherhand,the economicsof Japan hadbeenhithard inthe followingtwoyearsof 2012 and
2013. The price of the nuclearradiationandearthquake have reduceditstotal 4per centof the
national GDP,whichotherscholarsarguedthat couldbe far more than thisfigure publishedbythe
government. 12
The bestrepresentedexamplewillbe twoof the giantJapanese corporationSony
and Toyotaagreed that theyhad cancelledsome ordersfromcustomersanditwouldbe difficultto
receive future orderbecause of customer’sconfidenceoverthe on-time-deliveryexpectation.
Besidesof that,the nextcautiousissue willbe how tocalmdowncustomerabout theirfearof the
radiation?Will the Fukushimaeventalsoimplyinproductof mobile phones,computersandcars
that may be contaminated withthe radiation?13
Followedthe disaster,Germanyhadimmediatelyshutdowneightof itsrectorsandplannedtoclose
the rest by2012. SwitzerlandandSpainprohibitedthe buildingof new reactors.Belgiumisunder
discussionwhetheritshouldphase outof itsnuclearpowerplantasearlyas possible.Asof
November2011, there were 16 countriesremainedopposedtonuclearpower. 14
Chapter 3 The arguments
By contrast,some countriesstill infavourof nuclearpowerplants. Some will argue thatour
populationgrewfasterthanbefore whenthe time of fewerwars.Oureconomicdevelopmentwas
8 IBID, see page 8. Session 3.1 Human Capital.
9 IBID, see page 10. Session 3.2 Spilloversand Macroeconomic effects.
10 Introduction partof “Effects of the nuclear disaster on marine products in Fukushima”written by Eoshihiro
Wada,Yoshiharu Nemoto, Shinya Shimamura,Tsuneo Fujita.
11 See article“Specialists of PICES on consequences of accidents atFukushima”Pollock Catchers Association.
12 Frances Mccall Rosenbluth “Cataclysmic Crisisand Chronic Deflation”.P15.
13 Source from Wieland Wagner “Fukushima Radiation :consumer fears could add to Japan’s economic
challenges.”
14 Countries such as Australia,Austria,Denmark,Greece, Ireland,Italy, Latvia,Liechtenstein, Luxembourg,
Malta,Portugal,Israel,New Zealand,and Norway have no nuclear power reactors and remain opposed to
nuclear power. See Nuclear Power Phase-Out, from Wikipedia.

Page 6
alsobenefitbythe sufficientsupplyof energy.We are livingin aneasierandmore comfortable way
since the modernconveniencesare all electricallypowered.We couldn’tlivewithoutelectricity.
However,forthe depletionof oil andgas,we are livinginaperiodof energycrisis.Unlesswe can
finda newenergysource forexample the shale gasthatcan produce cheapand conductmass
exploration,nuclearpowerisstill researchsaferandcleanerwaystogenerate electricity.
Thispaperwill argue about mainlyinthree areas:First,the comparisonof pros and consof the
cheapcost of energyagainstriskof accidentof nuclearpowerplant.Second,wasthe Fukushima
Daiichi accidentatechnical failure ororganizational problems?Third,stopof usingnuclearpower
plantisan emotional decisionornot.
Chapter3.1 CheapUnitCost and Surge energydemand
First,whatis majorargumentaboutadopting a cheapcost of energy strategy andbearingthe riskof
nuclearpowerplant?The nuclearpowerplantshadbeenconsideredadiversificationof energy
source fromthe conventionalenergylike oil,gasandLNG. It ischeap perunitcost (thoughtbuildup
cost ishigh),goodenergysource fora stable economicdevelopmentandcontribute toequitableuse
of energyaroundthe world.However,there were potential dangerousinusingnuclear power. As
shownonthe belowchart,the cost perunitof kWhgeneratedfromthe nuclearpowerisbelow
$0.05 whencomparedwiththe double costof $0.10 generatedbynatural gas and$0.21 generated
by solarenergy.
Japanis the world’sthird-largesteconomyin2010, afterthe UnitedStatesand China.The country
import90 percentof the fuel fromabroad since itdoesnotproduce by itself.The majorsectorof the
energyconsumptionis the industrywhichaccountedfor70%,followedbyresidential andother
uses of energy. However,there wasincrease trendintransportsectors,commercialandresidential

Page 7
sector.Primaryenergysupply15
inJapanis571 millionkilo-litersin2010. In the below diagram, we
can see Japan’selectricityhasbeengeneratedmainlyfromfossil fuel (63%),2nd
Largestsource is the
nuclearenergy(27%) andhydro-energy(8%) andotherrenewable energy(2%) in2009.
The keyproblem of a sluggisheconomy periodinJapanduringthe past18 years and the
government’shighburdenof social welfare affecteditsenergypolicy.Due tolesstaxesincome and
more spendinginpublicexpenditure, Japanisnow facingthe debtproblemsandithasthe worst
debtinthe worldasin May 2012. Total debtwas960 trillionyenwhichequivalenttoUSD12 trillion.
Besides,the country’sagingproblemisalsoanotherfactorthatthe economiccannotbearfor large
expense inimportof energyfromabroadinthe longrun.16
In fact,onlyJapan iscurrentlyfacing thisproblem ingovernmentdeficit,alsoitisexperiencingby
otherEuropeancountries.Itisnot evera domesticproblembutaninternational perspective. The
demandof the nuclearpowerenergywill increase inthe next50years because the depletion
resourcesof conventional energy.
Withthe huge investment andthe technologyinsufficient inrenewableenergysuchas solarenergy
and windandhydroenergy,nuclearenergywasbelievedonof the intermediate energybridgeto
the future inthe 21st
centuryand 22nd
century.Atthe pointof global consumptionof energy,there
15 Primary energy supply refers to raw fuels such as oil,gas,LNG that has not been subjected to any
conversion.It also included the renewable sources such as solar energy,wind energy and tidal energy. Primary
energy sourcewill be transformed in energy conversion process to convenient forms of energy such as
electricity and hydrogen fuel.
16 In 1989, 11.6% of the population was 65 years or older,with a projection that 25.6% of the population would
be over 65 years in 2030.

Page 8
was the projection inthe next50 yearsby the BritishRoyal SocietyandRoyal Academyof
Engineeringin1999 report stated :
“we can expect our consumptionofenergy at least to doublein the next 50 years and
to grow by a factor up to fivein the next 100 years as the world populationincrease
and aspeople seek to improvetheir standardof living”. 17
Countrieshave different attitudestowardthe adoptionof nuclearenergyinitsenergysecurity
program.Countrieslike German &Italy had rejectednuclearenergysince 2011 Fukushimareactor
disaster,France wasn’tplanningtoslowdownitsprogressinthe nuclearindustrybutpushon
equippingmodernisinginitstechnology.The nationwouldinvestone billioneurosinthe future to
developthe nuclearpowerandstresstesthasbeentakenonits 58 nuclearreactors.Accordingto
the agencyreport,75% of French electricitywasgeneratedfromnuclearenergy.Notonlyprovided
the sufficientdomesticuse,France isalsothe world’slargestnetexporterof electricityregardingthe
lowcost of generatorand the countrygenerated national incomerevenue of overEuro3billionper
yearfrom this.Formost of the nationwhodonot produce oil andgas.
Chapter3.2 Responsibilities of the Regulators
Second,the failure of Fukushimaiscausedbytechnical nature orthe organisationproblems?
Assume itisan organisational problem,whoshould be responsible for? Scholarshave beenargued
that the nuclearregulatoryagencyinJapan,the NuclearandIndustrial Safety Agency(NISA)had
sharedmanycommoninterestsinpromotingnuclearpowerenergy.Theywere criticisedinthe past
that the organisationwasunable toworkeffectivelyasa role of watchdogfor the operationand
protectthe publicinterestbymeansof monitoringsafe operationof nuclearreaction. 18
Thisledto
the followingquestionsthatwhydidnotJapanese nuclearpowerplantupgrade the facilityagainst
tsunamisat higherlevelprovidedthe countryisearthquake-consciouscountry?
Japanis situatedinanarchipelagowhere several continentalandoceanicplatesmeet,causing
frequentearthquakeswhichoftentimestriggertsunamis. Accordingtothe report,the six reactorsat
the FukushimaDaiichi NuclearPowerPlantbegunin1967, whenat the moment,there wasno
strongtsunami below7 metersinhigh.This wasbecause eitherthe epicentre of the major
earthquakesbefore 1970swere far away(forexample the giantearthquake inChile generatedtrans-
Pacifictsunami inMay of 1960 withmaximumwave of 5metersto7 meters or the strong
earthquake resultedmoderatetsunami in1968 in Japan withmaximumwave of 4 metersto5
17 Richard Rhodes and Denis Beller “The Need for Nuclear Power”. Denis Beller is a nuclear engineer and
Technical staff member at the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
18 NISA was claimed that itdidn’t have the planned inspection onceevery 13 months and check safety
measures every quarter. More seriously problem,they was claimed to rely heavily the nuclear industry itself to
develop most of the rules. One of the example is the safety measurement has been set atthe sewaves cannot
exceed 5.7 magnitude at the Fukushima site.In turn, any earthquake bigger than that is out of control of the
expected safety measurement.

Page 9
meters). 19
Itwasreasonable thatthe seawall withaheightof 3.1 metersto be builtin1970s forthe
preventionof damagesbytsunami inthe areas. However,the regulatorof JapaninJuly2002 has
warnedthe companyTEPCO(whoownedandoperatingthe Daiichi NuclearPlants) thattsunami
originate haschangedandit wouldbe more close tothe city. 20
Actually,the earthquakesthat
happened in2003 inHokkaidoand2004 inChuetsuwere the largest withthe magnitudearound7to
8.3 inthe Richterscale21
whencomparedwith 1960’s moderate earthquakesaround5-6
magnitudes. TEPCOtooknoaction,however,regardedthe warningandNISA demandedno
informationfromTEPCO.
The scholarsargued thatthere was complicatedrelationshipbetweenregulatorsandpowerplants.
The energyindustryhirespeople outof governmentpositions.Indoingthat,the powerplantsare
seekingfavourable legislationandregulation.The companieshave paidgenerousemploymentoffers
and inreturn,getthe inside informationaboutthe operationof the government.The Japaneseword
“Amakudari”(meanscome fromheaven) and“Amaagari”(meansgo toheaven) hasbeenusedto
describe those Japaneseretiredofficials whowill become advisorstoprivate companies andthose
expertsfromprivate companieswillbe hiredtowork inthe regulatoryagencies. Itwasdoubted
aboutwhetherthe NISA hasbeenfulfillingitsfunctionasanindustryregulator.
Some mediaalsoallegedthat atthe international level thatthe IAEA (International AtomicEnergy
Agency) donot providedanclearguidance onthe safetyrequirementregardingonthe locationof
the powerplants.However,director-general YukiyaAmano statedthatthere wasmisconceptionsin
the mediaaboutthe IAEA’srole inthe nuclearindustrywhichwasnotjustifiedbecauseitonly
responsible forthe safetystandards.
Chapter3.3 Is thistime anAccident?
Third,I will argue aboutisthe stop of usingnuclearpowerplantisan emotional decisionorrational
decision?Forthe rational decisioninregardingthe benefitof nuclearpowerplant,one canargue
aboutin the longrun, nuclearpowerisdefinitelyagoodsource of energyforlowercost and
environmental friendly.The awareness of dangerousof nuclearpoweronlyappearedaftermass
mediareportof the event.The argumentonwhetheritisan accidentthat isunavoidable orthe
whole operationwill have permanentrisks.
In the bookof CharlesPerrow’s“Normal accidents,livingwithhighrisktechnologies”,the author
saidthe human kindhadnot giventhe nuclearpowergenerationsystemenoughtime todevelop,
19 Report about the basic parameter on the largesthistorical tsunamis in theFukushima region.Data are from
the National PoliceAgency home.
20 QiangWang, Xi Chen, Xu Yi-chong“Accident likethe Fukushima unlikely in a country with effective nuclear
regulation:Literature review and proposed guidelines”,Renewable and SustainableEnergy Reviews 17 (2013)
126-146.
21 In September 5, 2003 the earthquake in Hokkaido,Japan created extensive damages and destroy the entire
road around Hokkaido, caused of several power outrage and caused landslides further damages.In October
2004,the Chuetsu earthquake, the initial earthquakecaused noticeableshakingacrossalmosthalf of Honshu,
includingpartof Tohoku, Hokuriku,Chubu and Kanto Region.

Page 10
we are onlyjustbeginningtouncoverthe potential dangers.The bookhasmainlytwoconcepts:
interactive complexity( the numberanddegree of systeminter-relationships) andtightcoupling(the
initial failurescanrapidlyleadtoothersystem’sfail down).
He has arguedthat there were thousandsof years operatingexperience with turbinesthatusedin
coal-firedpowerplants,butwithverylittleexperiencesinthe knowledgeof nuclearfission.The
developmenthistoryof nuclearpowerplantswasshortandthe explorationsonbuildingthe power
plantsstartedfrom1963. In the twoyears from1966-67 alone,fortynine firmsorderswere place
due to the newinvention.Forthe size of nuclearpowerplants,itwasbecomingbiggerinplantsize.
The nuclearplantin 1968 was6 timesbiggerthan1967. Thiswasveryrarelyhappenedinthe history
of developmentpowerplantinlarge,complex installations. 22
Althoughitshowedthatspecial care
and differentmaterialswere usedinthe buildingtoavoidemissionof radioactivity.However,in
1981, seventeenreactorshadseriousrustingproblems.Thistopupon the veryexpensive costof
repair(forexample,itcosts USD 112 millionbyVirginiaElectricPowerCompany. )23
andmany
companieswouldprefertorepairina lesscost andavoidedthe real problems.
Anotherconcernisaboutthe bombardmentof the containmentvessel.The problemisregarding itis
havinga hightemperature of the core connectedto the reactor – about550F. If inany emergency
case,thousandsof gallonsof coldwateris requestedtobe injectedinthe core.However,thiswill
make the inside thick vesselshrink andcrack. Later time,engineershadarguedthatwe have not
heavilyinvested inthe gascooledreactorwhichis saferthan the current one.
Some people will argue aboutthe emotionaldecisionof closingdownof the nuclearpowerstation
by countriescome fromthe biginfluenceonhumanbeings.The 1986 Chernobyl NuclearPower
Plantaccidenthadreleasedlarge amountof Caesium-137andit takesabout240 yearsbefore the
substance losesthe radioactive properties.The Caesiumwill gotofoods,vegetables,milkandthey
are still undermonitoredevenafterover25 years. In addition,1800 childrenwholivednearthe
highlycontaminatedareadevelopedthyroidcancer.
For the FukushimaNuclearaccident,the governmentof Japanneedtoevacuate around200,000
people nearthe powerplant. 24
The whole economicsinthe areahad nearlystoppedforthe six
monthsperiod.The TEPCOhas faceda large amountof claimsfromthe victimsof the nuclearpower
plants.165,000 evacuateswaspaidfor the temporarypaymentfromTEPCOfor the damages.
Some scholarsarguedthe Fukushimanuclearaccidentalsohadthe impactof deeppsychological
effectonthe local people.The JapanesePsychiatristArinobuHori talkedthataccordingtohis clinic
research,the culture of Japanmade people inthe accidentdidnotwant to talkabouttheir
emotional fluctuations.However,itwasdangeroustokeeptheirconstantfearsatheartand these
22 Untried designs were started in the 1960’s to 1970’s. The industry of buildingthe great growth areas in the
post war American economy.
23 Rustingis a special problemin nuclear plants asthe generators areimmersed in water.
24 From Wikipedia “Nuclear Radiation and its biological effects” www.brighthub.com/environment/science-
Fukushima evacuees could loserightto seek damages from TEPCO environmental/articles/65993

Page 11
groupof people,hadlosteverythingintheirlife throughthe earthquake andthe accident. 25
Cases
like deepdepressionandaddictedto alcohol alsowasshowninthe governmentreports.
Summary
Nowadayswe are livinginthe life thatwe can’tlive withoutelectricity.Exampleslike the small
instrumentof cell phone tothe kitchentool suchasrefrigeratorandmicrowave oven.However,our
electricityisgeneratedfromeitherconventional energyresourcessuchascoal,gas,oil that witha
curve of depletionornuclearpowerplantsandotherrenewableenergysource suchaswindfarm,
hydro-damenergyandsolarenergy.Furthermore,we canexpectourconsumptionof energyatleast
to double inthe next50 years.
As ourarticle mentionedabove,the nuclearpowerplanthave averyshort developmenthistory
(startedfrom1963) comparedwiththousandof yearsexperience withlarge turbinesthatusedin
coal-firedpowers.One of the keyargumentswasthatwe made the mistake thatdidn’tinvestalotin
the valuable gascooledreactor.Thisreactor will be muchmore safe thanthe current widely
adopted watercooledreactor.Itwas because underthe possibilityof systemfailure ornatural
disasterlike earthquake,the gascooledreactorwill be more efficientandeffective toavoidlarge
scale damage to humanlife.
Also,itwasargued thatthe unique characteristicof nuclearpowerplantis:the initial investmentis
huge and involvedtremendouscapital investment.
Afterthe initial setupcost,the unitcost will be muchlowerthantraditional powerplantsuchas
coal-firedpowerplantandLNG consumedpowerplants.However,repairandmaintenance costisso
highthat preventingcompaniestotake appropriatedactionstofix the minorproblems.Japan’s
Fukushimanuclearpowerplanthasbeenusedsince 1971. The systemwaswornout and definitely
needupgradedtechnology.
In thiscase,the functionof nuclearregulatorsoverthe nuclearenergyhadnotbeenimplemented
for a longperiodof time because of the complicatedrelationshipbetweenthe regulatorsandthe
powerplants.The “Amakudari”and“Amaagari”is one of the reasoncausedthe famousand
disastrousFukushimaDaiichi accident.Humanlifeisvaluable andgovernmentshoulddoeveryof its
efforttoprotect itsnation.
Readings:
25 Source from Kuniko Satonobu “ Coping with the mental falloutof Fukushima”.The psychiatristArinobu Hori
has meet with local peoplewho lived near the Fukushima and he helped them to rebuild their lives.He
claimed that 24 kilometres north of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plantwas mostly affected. He
recommended that neighbour group to help for all and hehold seminars,meals and walks to raiselocal
concerns about psychiatric illness.

Page 12
T.N.Srinivasan,T.S.Gopi Rethinaraj “Fukushimaandthereafter:Reassessmentof risksof nuclear
power”source fromEnergyPolicy52 (2013) 726-736.
Eric A. Feldman“Fukushima:Catastrophe,Compensation,andJustice inJapan”.
Meyers “In RetrospectNormal Accident”Source fromNature Vol 477, 22nd
September2011,
MacmillanPublishersLimited.
FrancesMccall Rosenbluth“Japanin2011 CataclysmicCrisisandChronicDeflation”.AseanSurvey,
Vol.52, NumberI,pp15-27.
Jacob DarwinHamblin “JapanForum– Fukushimaandthe Motifsof NuclearHistory”.Publishedby
OxfordUniversityPressonbehalfof the AmericanSocietyforEnvironmental Historyandthe Forest
HistorySociety.
ToshihiroWada,YoshiharuNemoto,ShinyaShimamura,TsueoFujita,Takuji Mizuno,Tadahiro
Sohtome,Kyoichi Kamiyama,Takami Morita,Satoshi Igarashi “Effectsof the nucleardisasteron
marine productsinFukushima”,publishedbyJournal of Environmental Radioactivity124 (2013)
page 246-254.
QiangWang, Xi Chen,XuYi-chong“Accidentlike the Fukushimaunlikelyinacountrywitheffective
nuclearregulation:Literaturereviewandproposedguidelines”,source fromRenewableand
sustainable energyreviews 17 (2013) page 126-146.
“FukushimaAccident2011”, WorldNuclearAssociation,session “InternationalNuclearScale
Assessment.”
Rejane Spiegelberg“A Matterof Degree”.IAEA Bulletin.
AlistairMunro“Notesonthe economicvaluationof nucleardisasters”.National Graduate Institute
for PolicyStudies.Japan
“Specialistsof PICESonconsequencesof accidentsatFukushima”publishedby PollockCatchers
Association.
WielandWagner“FukushimaRadiation –consumerfearscouldaddto Japan’seconomicchallenges.
Wikipedia“NuclearRadiationanditsbiological effects”www.brighthub.com/environment/science-
Fukushimaevacueescouldlose right toseekdamagesfrom TEPCOenvironmental/articles/65993
KunikoSatonobu “Copingwiththe mental falloutof Fukushima”.
CielsCantoria“NuclearPowerPlantAccidentsandtheirdamagingeffects”and published on8th
March 2011.
RichardRhodesand DenisBeller“The NeedforNuclearPower”.

Page 13

Fukushima Nuclear Accident - Causes

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (8)

Similar to Fukushima Nuclear Accident - Causes

Similar to Fukushima Nuclear Accident - Causes (20)

Fukushima Nuclear Accident - Causes