Ebola virus infection.

1. PRESENTED
BY:
MAKINDE
CELESTINA
BISOLA

2. WHAT IS EBOLA?
-Ebola hemorrhagic fever:
Named after a river in the Congo
where it was first found
-Often-fatal disease in humans and
nonhuman primates (monkeys,
gorillas, and chimpanzees)
-Has appeared sporadically since
its initial recognition in 1976
-Mortality rate can reach 90%

3. EBOLA TAXONOMY
• Scientific Classification
•Order: Mononegavirales
• Family: Filoviridae
•Genus: Ebola like viruses
•Species: Ebola
• 5 distinct sub-species
• -Cote d’Ivorie(Ivory Coast)
ebolavirus
• -Reston ebolavirus
• -Sudan ebolavirus
• -Zaire ebloavirus
• -Bundibugyo ebolavirus

4. STRUCTURE OF EBOLA VIRUSES

5. WHERE IS THE EBOLA VIRUS
FOUND IN NATURE
• Natural reservoir of the Ebola virus remains unknown.
• Zoonotic (animal-borne)
• Four of the 5 subtypes occur in an animal host native to
Africa 1 occurs in Philippine monkeys .
• Origination: Africa...The virus is not known to be native to
other continents, such as North America.

7. MODES OF INFECTION

8. EARLY SYMPTOMS
During the incubation period, (2 to 21 days),symptoms include:
• Arthritic pain
• Backache (low-back pain)
• Chills
• Diarrhea
• Fatigue
• Fever
• Headache
• Malaise (general feeling of being unwell)
• Nausea
• Sore throat
• Vomiting

9. LATE SYMPTOMS
• Bleeding from eyes, ears, and nose
• Bleeding from the mouth and rectum (gastrointestinal
bleeding)
• Depression
• Eye inflammation (conjunctivitis)
• Genital swelling (labia and scrotum)
• Increased feeling of pain in skin
• Rash over the entire body that often contains blood
(hemorrhagic)
• Roof of mouth looks red
• Seizures, coma, delirium
As many as 90% of patients die from the disease. Patients usually
die from shock rather than from blood loss.

11. HOW IT WORKS
Threadlike Ebola virions bud from
a cell.
The Ebola virus disables a cell's
tetherin protein.
Tetherin: A human cellular protein
which inhibits retrovirus infection
by preventing the diffusion of virus
particles after budding from
infected cells

12. EBOLA PATHOGENESIS
•
•
•
Enters Bloodstream
– Skin, membranes,open wounds
Cell Level
– docks with cell membrane
Viral RNA
– released into cytoplasm
– production new viral proteins/ genetic
material
• New viral genomes
– rapidly coated in protein
– create cores
Copyright: Russell Kightley Media, Australia

13. EBOLA PATHOGENESIS, CONT
• Viral cores
– stack up in cell
– migrate to the cell surface
– produce trans-membrane proteins
– push through cell surface
– become enveloped by cell membrane
• ssRNA- Genome Mutations
– capable of rapid mutation
– very adaptable to evade host defenses and environmental change

14. • How do people become infected with the virus?
• Ebola is introduced into the human population through
close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or
other bodily fluids of infected animals.
• It is important to reduce contact with high-risk animals
(i.e. fruit bats, monkeys or apes) including not picking
up dead animals found lying in the forest or handling
their raw meat.
• Once a person comes into contact with an animal that
has Ebola, it can spread within the community from
human to human. Infection occurs from direct contact
(through broken skin or mucous membranes) with the
blood, or other bodily fluids or secretions (stool, urine,
saliva, semen) of infected people.
• Infection can also occur if broken skin or mucous
membranes of a healthy person come into contact with
environments that have become contaminated with an
Ebola patient’s infectious fluids such as soiled clothing,
bed linen, or used needles.

15. TRANMISSION
•
•
• Health workers have frequently been exposed to the virus when
caring for Ebola patients. This happens because they are not wearing
personal protection equipment, such as gloves, when caring for the
patients.
• Burial ceremonies in which mourners have direct contact with the
body of the deceased person can also play a role in the transmission
of Ebola.
• Persons who have died of Ebola must be handled using strong
protective clothing and gloves, and be buried immediately.
• People are infectious as long as their blood and secretions contain the
virus.
• For this reason, infected patients receive close monitoring from
medical professionals and receive laboratory tests to ensure the virus
is no longer circulating in their systems before they return home.

16. WHO IS MOST AT RISK?
During an outbreak, those at higher risk of infection
are:
• Health workers;
• Family members or others in close contact with
infected people;
• Mourners who have direct contact with the bodies of
the deceased as part of burial ceremonies; and
• Hunters in the rain forest who come into contact
with dead animals found lying in the forest.
• More research is needed to understand if some
groups, such as immuno-compromised people are
more susceptiblea than others to contracting the
virus.

18. PREVENTION
• Burial use extreme caution
• Handling and transport.
• Cultural practices/religious belief
• Incinerate all waste!!!!
• Protective clothing.
• Body sealed in body bag and coffin.
• Sanitation of all equipment before and after.
• Risk for exposure special steps need to be taken to protect the
family and community from illness.
After Death-Virus contagious in fluids for days

20. PREVENTION
• No vaccines!
• Patients are totally isolated/quarantined
• Medical Staff Training
– western sanitation practices
• intake
• care during stay
• after patient dies
• Infection-control Measures
– complete equipment and area sterilization

21. TREATMENT
• No Standard Treatment available
• Patients receive supportive therapy
• treating complicating infections
• balancing patient’s fluids and electrolytes
• maintaining oxygen status and blood pressure

22. WHY IT IS SO DEADLY
• It can kill within seven days
• There is no vaccine or treatment available
• Attacks every part of the human body
• Disrupts your immune system
• We don’t know all the different ways it can spread
• Multiplies rapidly
• Releases hundreds of viruses at a time
• Destabilizes the vascular system