4. NON-STATE ACTORS
⦁ Aum Shinrikyo
⦁ Rajneeshpuram
⦁ 2001 anthrax letters to American
senators
⦁ Al Qaeda
STATES
⦁ Japan
⦁ Rhodesia
⦁ UK
⦁ US
⦁ USSR
⦁ USA
⦁ Canada
⦁ Israel
⦁ South Africa
⦁ Iraq
4
5. But they haven’t really been used.
⦁ 1940’s - Japanese use against Manchurian civilians
⦁ ...
5
6. $1/death
vs. $800 for nuclear weapons. 1969 United Nations estimate
$1 million, 1 month, 3
employees
Necessary for producing anthrax 2002 Department of Defense study
$1.6 million for a BW factory
1999 DTRA estimate
6
Aren’t bioweapons “the poor man’s nuke”?
22. 22
Thanks!Discuss:
● Why do you think more states aren’t
developing or using bioweapons? (e.g. what
are your filters?)
● How do you expect emerging
biotechnologies to influence bioweapon
development or usage?Feel free to ask me questions.
Find me here, or at @eukaryotetweets &
geo.i.ray@gmail.com
Find more info at eukaryotewritesblog.com/category/the-germy-paradox
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Editor's Notes
Could be both “why they’ve never been developed” and “why we expect a lot of retaliation upon usage”