The document discusses a study on the priming effect in lakes and its impact on carbon cycling. The priming effect occurs when easily decomposable labile carbon causes an increase in the breakdown of recalcitrant carbon. The study aimed to test if this priming effect exists in aquatic environments like lakes. It found that higher amounts of labile carbon (glucose) led to higher rates of recalcitrant carbon breakdown and CO2 emissions, supporting the hypothesis. Certain lakes showed a statistically significant priming effect while others did not. The results provide evidence that the priming effect occurs in lakes and has implications for understanding lake and global carbon cycling.
The document discusses layout archetypes for different types of slides used in presentations. It provides examples of layouts for qualitative slides, quantitative slides, and integrated slides. The qualitative slide layout includes sections for measures, examples, and business units. The quantitative slide layout includes a chart, methodology, and implications sections. The integrated slide layout combines measures with associated impact and details. The document aims to demonstrate basic slide layouts that can be built upon for presentations.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of lexical boost (repetition of lexical items between prime and prompt questions) on eliciting wh-questions from English language learners during syntactic priming activities. The study found that activities with lexical boost elicited more wh-questions overall and more target wh-questions with auxiliary verbs than activities without lexical boost. However, activities without lexical boost were more positively correlated with learners' subsequent production of the target form. The discussion considers factors like proficiency, cognitive load, and the benefits of both focused and communicative practice.
Prime-ome: "A molecular approach towards defense priming"Dhanya AJ
Prime-ome is the entire set of messenger RNA (mRNA) molécules or transcripts, proteins and metabolites produced or modified by an organism or system during the different stages of priming in plants and prime-omics is the study of prime-ome.
Seed treatment involves subjecting seeds to compounds, processes, or energy to enhance planting value. Historically, seeds were steeped in substances like milk, cow dung, and honey according to Indian scripts. Modern seed treatment effectively controls many seed-borne diseases. Methods include coating seeds with chemicals, pelleting seeds with pesticides and nutrients, and priming seeds by soaking in osmotic solutions. This stimulates germination without radicle emergence. Seed treatment offers local application, reduced rates, protection from sowing, and systemic uptake by plants. Major crops are often treated with fungicides, biocontrol agents like Trichoderma, or insecticides to control various diseases and pests.
This document provides an overview of enzyme kinetics concepts including:
1) Rate constants like k1 and k-1 describe the rates of individual reaction steps. The overall rate v depends on reactant concentrations according to rate laws.
2) Michaelis-Menten kinetics describe enzyme-catalyzed reactions using parameters like Km, Vmax, and kcat/Km. Km represents substrate binding affinity, Vmax is the maximum reaction rate, and kcat/Km is the catalytic efficiency.
3) Reversible inhibitors are classified as competitive, non-competitive, or uncompetitive depending on whether they bind the enzyme (E), enzyme-substrate complex (ES), or both.
The document discusses layout archetypes for different types of slides used in presentations. It provides examples of layouts for qualitative slides, quantitative slides, and integrated slides. The qualitative slide layout includes sections for measures, examples, and business units. The quantitative slide layout includes a chart, methodology, and implications sections. The integrated slide layout combines measures with associated impact and details. The document aims to demonstrate basic slide layouts that can be built upon for presentations.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of lexical boost (repetition of lexical items between prime and prompt questions) on eliciting wh-questions from English language learners during syntactic priming activities. The study found that activities with lexical boost elicited more wh-questions overall and more target wh-questions with auxiliary verbs than activities without lexical boost. However, activities without lexical boost were more positively correlated with learners' subsequent production of the target form. The discussion considers factors like proficiency, cognitive load, and the benefits of both focused and communicative practice.
Prime-ome: "A molecular approach towards defense priming"Dhanya AJ
Prime-ome is the entire set of messenger RNA (mRNA) molécules or transcripts, proteins and metabolites produced or modified by an organism or system during the different stages of priming in plants and prime-omics is the study of prime-ome.
Seed treatment involves subjecting seeds to compounds, processes, or energy to enhance planting value. Historically, seeds were steeped in substances like milk, cow dung, and honey according to Indian scripts. Modern seed treatment effectively controls many seed-borne diseases. Methods include coating seeds with chemicals, pelleting seeds with pesticides and nutrients, and priming seeds by soaking in osmotic solutions. This stimulates germination without radicle emergence. Seed treatment offers local application, reduced rates, protection from sowing, and systemic uptake by plants. Major crops are often treated with fungicides, biocontrol agents like Trichoderma, or insecticides to control various diseases and pests.
This document provides an overview of enzyme kinetics concepts including:
1) Rate constants like k1 and k-1 describe the rates of individual reaction steps. The overall rate v depends on reactant concentrations according to rate laws.
2) Michaelis-Menten kinetics describe enzyme-catalyzed reactions using parameters like Km, Vmax, and kcat/Km. Km represents substrate binding affinity, Vmax is the maximum reaction rate, and kcat/Km is the catalytic efficiency.
3) Reversible inhibitors are classified as competitive, non-competitive, or uncompetitive depending on whether they bind the enzyme (E), enzyme-substrate complex (ES), or both.
This document discusses enzyme kinetics and the Michaelis-Menten equation. It explains that the Michaelis-Menten equation describes the relationship between substrate concentration and reaction rate in a hyperbolic curve. The parameters in the equation, Vmax and Km, are defined. Vmax is the maximum reaction rate when the enzyme is saturated with substrate. Km is the substrate concentration when the reaction rate is at half of Vmax and represents the substrate concentration required to saturate half the enzyme. The assumptions of initial velocity and steady state that are required to derive the Michaelis-Menten equation are also outlined.
Plants have two main types of defenses against pathogens: constitutive defenses that are always present and inducible defenses that are produced when the plant is injured or infected. Constitutive defenses include cell walls, waxy cuticles, bark, and thorns. Inducible defenses include producing toxic chemicals and enzymes when the plant detects pathogens. Secondary compounds produced by plants as defenses can be toxic to herbivores and have negative impacts on them. However, some herbivores have adapted ways to reduce the effects of plant toxins such as using bacteria or fungi to weaken defenses or producing their own enzymes to break down toxins.
Structural defence mechanism in plantsraichur agri
This document discusses structural and post-infection defense mechanisms in plants. Pre-existing structural defenses include waxes, cuticles, epidermal and sclerenchyma cells that form physical barriers against pathogens. Post-infection defenses are produced after infection, including histological barriers like cork layers and abscission layers that isolate the infection, and cellular defenses where invading hyphae are enveloped by the plant cell. Together these defenses provide plants with multilayered protection against fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens.
Molecular basis of plant resistance and defense responses to pathogensSenthil Natesan
This document summarizes a study on the molecular mechanisms of plant defense responses to the tomato powdery mildew fungus Oidium neolycopersici. The study investigated three monogenic genes (Ol-1, ol-2, and Ol-4) that confer resistance to the fungus via different mechanisms. It found that reactive oxygen species and callose accumulation were associated with resistances from both dominant and recessive Ol genes. cDNA-AFLP profiling identified different expression classes of genes, with Class III genes specifically upregulated only during incompatible interactions. The study provides insights into the molecular interactions and defense signaling pathways involved in the plant-pathogen system.
How Plants defend themselves against pathogens.Zohaib Hassan
Plants have several defense mechanisms against pathogens. They have structural barriers like waxes and cell walls that inhibit pathogen entry. They also produce biochemical defenses like phenolic compounds, tannins and fatty acids that are toxic to pathogens or neutralize their toxins. Plant resistance is controlled by genes and can be polygenic involving many genes or monogenic involving a single resistance gene. Systemic acquired resistance allows plants to develop generalized resistance systemically in response to infection or chemical treatment.
Bacterial secretion systems allow bacteria to transport substrates across cell membranes. There are six known classes of secretion systems in Gram-negative bacteria and one additional system in Gram-positive bacteria. These systems transport a variety of substrates that help bacteria acquire nutrients, move, communicate, and cause infection. The systems range from simple transport across the inner membrane alone to complex nanomachines that transport effectors directly into host cells.
This document summarizes an experiment that monitored three batch reactor environments for wastewater treatment: aerobic, anoxic, and anaerobic. Values like pH, TSS, COD, and OD were measured from the reactors over five days. Trends showed decreasing pH during fermentation and decreasing TSS with increasing OD during hydrolysis. The anaerobic reactor underwent the most change, confirming it digested the most organic material. The conclusions are that the anaerobic reactor was most active, followed by aerobic, while anoxic was least active due to harsh conditions.
Water Analysis through High Performance Liquid Chromotography, Ion Exchange R...Jonathan Damora
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the dissolved ion concentrations of the anions; chloride, sulfate, and nitrate within a natural water sample using High Performance Liquid Chromatography, a specific application of Ion-Exchange Chromatography, as well as explain the mechanisms behind Ion Exchange Chromatography.
This document contains instructions for a lab experiment to determine the rate of oxygen consumption in a fish and the effect of temperature on the operculum movement of a fish. It provides background information on fish respiration and how temperature affects physiological processes. The procedure for the oxygen consumption experiment involves measuring the dissolved oxygen content of water with and without a fish, while the temperature experiment involves counting operculum movements of a fish at different temperatures. Safety precautions for the lab are also listed.
Effects of Acid on Chlorophyll Production of CommonCorinne Breymeier
This study examined the effects of different acidity levels on the growth and chlorophyll content of common duckweed (Lemna minor L.). Duckweed was exposed to pH levels of 4.1, 5.4, and 6.5 (control) for 10-12 days. The results showed that more acidic conditions reduced biomass in some experiments, but did not significantly affect chlorophyll content. While the hypothesis that acid would reduce chlorophyll and inhibit growth was only partially supported, the study provides insight into duckweed's tolerance of acidic water pollution from abandoned mines.
Up-flow anaerobic sludge beds (UASB) reactors utilize waste-converting biofilms to treat toxic wastewater. Microorganisms in the biofilm granules break down compounds anaerobically and produce methane gas. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis measures the organic compounds in water and is used to determine the quality of treated effluent from UASB reactors, with the goal of reducing COD levels by 60-80%. Three UASB reactors were established in this study to collect samples from ports throughout and analyze COD levels over time, with initial results indicating the reactors are reducing COD as intended. However, further analysis is needed to fully understand the microbial interactions and optimize the reactors'
Study of removal effect on mesocycops leukartiricguer
This document summarizes a study on using various oxidants to remove Mesocyclops leukarti, a type of zooplankton, from drinking water sources in China. Through bench-scale experiments, the authors found that chlorine dioxide was the most effective oxidant at inactivating and removing M. leukarti. A full-scale test at a water treatment plant then showed that pre-treating water with 1.0 mg/L of chlorine dioxide, along with conventional filtration processes, could fully remove M. leukarti from the water. Additional tests revealed that water treated with chlorine dioxide preoxidation contained fewer organic substances and lower mutagenicity than water treated with prechlorination.
This document describes an experiment investigating the effect of pH on the adsorption of caffeine onto activated carbon. Caffeine solutions at different pH levels (2, 3, 6.3, 9, and 11) underwent treatment with powdered activated carbon. The amount of caffeine adsorbed onto the activated carbon was measured. The results showed that adsorption of caffeine increased significantly at higher pH levels, with 58% removal at pH 11. This is because caffeine acts as a base and deprotonates in more basic solutions, altering its interaction with activated carbon. The document provides background on caffeine, activated carbon, adsorption, and solvent extraction methods used in the experiment.
The document examines the effects of acid on the chlorophyll production and biomass of common duckweed (Lemna minor L.). Two experiments were conducted exposing duckweed to pH levels of 4.1, 5.4, and 6.5 (control) over 10-12 days. The first experiment showed no significant differences in biomass between pH treatments. The second experiment found significantly lower biomass at pH 4.1 compared to pH 5.4 and 6.5. Neither experiment found significant differences in chlorophyll content between pH treatments. The results partially supported the hypothesis, showing acid inhibited biomass but not through impacts on chlorophyll. Longer exposure periods or lower pH levels may be needed to impact chlorophyll.
Photosynthesis and respiration are important chemical reactions that occur in plants. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen. The equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose and uses oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (energy). The equation for respiration is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy. In plants, photosynthesis occurs during the day while respiration occurs both day and night, with the two processes balancing the intake and output of gases.
Determination of p h of waste water sample .....................................Hafiz M Waseem
ecologyDetermination of pH of Waste Water Sample ..................................................... 4
Determination Dissolved Oxygen within Water ................................................... 5
Adaptive Features of Animals in Relation to Food and Environment .................. 7
Study the Plant Population Density ................................................................... 10
Experimental Design and Approaches to Ecological Research ........................ 12
Microbiological studies on the wastewater treatment and agricultural fertil...Mohamed Younes
This document discusses a study on using microorganisms like Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces to treat wastewater biologically. The microbial consortium was formulated using molasses as a medium and showed efficient reduction of parameters like total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, pH and odor in wastewater treatment. The treated water was suitable for disposal and the process was found to be a low-cost and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional wastewater treatment.
This study analyzed samples from 2,401 domestic wells across the United States for 55 volatile organic compounds (VOCs). VOCs were detected in 65% of samples, with mixtures of two or more VOCs found in 34% of wells. While only 1.2% of samples exceeded legal limits, the findings suggest domestic wells may be vulnerable to VOC contamination from both natural and human-caused sources. More research is needed to understand VOC mixtures and the effectiveness of in-home water treatment systems in removing potential health risks.
This study investigated nitrogen transformations in aquaponic systems under different conditions. The main findings were:
1) Nitrate continuously accumulated in the recirculating water, termed the "Balloon Effect", because nitrate input from fish waste exceeded plant uptake.
2) Denitrification, the conversion of nitrates/nitrites to nitrogen gas, was found to be the major source of nitrogen loss. Higher dissolved oxygen and lower feeding rates decreased denitrification.
3) Isotopic analysis showed denitrification rates were higher under low dissolved oxygen conditions, as evidenced by higher nitrate δ15N values. This supported denitrification as the primary nitrogen loss pathway.
Applications of Algal Technology on a Martian ColonyEricStephens26
This document discusses potential applications of algal technology for sustainability on a Martian colony. It describes how algae could be used to produce oxygen through photosynthesis using carbon dioxide, water and nutrients. The algae could also be used in anaerobic digestion to produce methane and hydrogen from carbohydrates. The authors conducted experiments growing algae on anaerobic digester effluent, measuring oxygen production at different carbon dioxide concentrations and flow rates. They also measured nutrient removal by the algae and methane and hydrogen production. The results showed this method could supplement a Martian colony by producing oxygen and fuel, though challenges remain in adjusting the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere.
This document discusses enzyme kinetics and the Michaelis-Menten equation. It explains that the Michaelis-Menten equation describes the relationship between substrate concentration and reaction rate in a hyperbolic curve. The parameters in the equation, Vmax and Km, are defined. Vmax is the maximum reaction rate when the enzyme is saturated with substrate. Km is the substrate concentration when the reaction rate is at half of Vmax and represents the substrate concentration required to saturate half the enzyme. The assumptions of initial velocity and steady state that are required to derive the Michaelis-Menten equation are also outlined.
Plants have two main types of defenses against pathogens: constitutive defenses that are always present and inducible defenses that are produced when the plant is injured or infected. Constitutive defenses include cell walls, waxy cuticles, bark, and thorns. Inducible defenses include producing toxic chemicals and enzymes when the plant detects pathogens. Secondary compounds produced by plants as defenses can be toxic to herbivores and have negative impacts on them. However, some herbivores have adapted ways to reduce the effects of plant toxins such as using bacteria or fungi to weaken defenses or producing their own enzymes to break down toxins.
Structural defence mechanism in plantsraichur agri
This document discusses structural and post-infection defense mechanisms in plants. Pre-existing structural defenses include waxes, cuticles, epidermal and sclerenchyma cells that form physical barriers against pathogens. Post-infection defenses are produced after infection, including histological barriers like cork layers and abscission layers that isolate the infection, and cellular defenses where invading hyphae are enveloped by the plant cell. Together these defenses provide plants with multilayered protection against fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens.
Molecular basis of plant resistance and defense responses to pathogensSenthil Natesan
This document summarizes a study on the molecular mechanisms of plant defense responses to the tomato powdery mildew fungus Oidium neolycopersici. The study investigated three monogenic genes (Ol-1, ol-2, and Ol-4) that confer resistance to the fungus via different mechanisms. It found that reactive oxygen species and callose accumulation were associated with resistances from both dominant and recessive Ol genes. cDNA-AFLP profiling identified different expression classes of genes, with Class III genes specifically upregulated only during incompatible interactions. The study provides insights into the molecular interactions and defense signaling pathways involved in the plant-pathogen system.
How Plants defend themselves against pathogens.Zohaib Hassan
Plants have several defense mechanisms against pathogens. They have structural barriers like waxes and cell walls that inhibit pathogen entry. They also produce biochemical defenses like phenolic compounds, tannins and fatty acids that are toxic to pathogens or neutralize their toxins. Plant resistance is controlled by genes and can be polygenic involving many genes or monogenic involving a single resistance gene. Systemic acquired resistance allows plants to develop generalized resistance systemically in response to infection or chemical treatment.
Bacterial secretion systems allow bacteria to transport substrates across cell membranes. There are six known classes of secretion systems in Gram-negative bacteria and one additional system in Gram-positive bacteria. These systems transport a variety of substrates that help bacteria acquire nutrients, move, communicate, and cause infection. The systems range from simple transport across the inner membrane alone to complex nanomachines that transport effectors directly into host cells.
This document summarizes an experiment that monitored three batch reactor environments for wastewater treatment: aerobic, anoxic, and anaerobic. Values like pH, TSS, COD, and OD were measured from the reactors over five days. Trends showed decreasing pH during fermentation and decreasing TSS with increasing OD during hydrolysis. The anaerobic reactor underwent the most change, confirming it digested the most organic material. The conclusions are that the anaerobic reactor was most active, followed by aerobic, while anoxic was least active due to harsh conditions.
Water Analysis through High Performance Liquid Chromotography, Ion Exchange R...Jonathan Damora
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the dissolved ion concentrations of the anions; chloride, sulfate, and nitrate within a natural water sample using High Performance Liquid Chromatography, a specific application of Ion-Exchange Chromatography, as well as explain the mechanisms behind Ion Exchange Chromatography.
This document contains instructions for a lab experiment to determine the rate of oxygen consumption in a fish and the effect of temperature on the operculum movement of a fish. It provides background information on fish respiration and how temperature affects physiological processes. The procedure for the oxygen consumption experiment involves measuring the dissolved oxygen content of water with and without a fish, while the temperature experiment involves counting operculum movements of a fish at different temperatures. Safety precautions for the lab are also listed.
Effects of Acid on Chlorophyll Production of CommonCorinne Breymeier
This study examined the effects of different acidity levels on the growth and chlorophyll content of common duckweed (Lemna minor L.). Duckweed was exposed to pH levels of 4.1, 5.4, and 6.5 (control) for 10-12 days. The results showed that more acidic conditions reduced biomass in some experiments, but did not significantly affect chlorophyll content. While the hypothesis that acid would reduce chlorophyll and inhibit growth was only partially supported, the study provides insight into duckweed's tolerance of acidic water pollution from abandoned mines.
Up-flow anaerobic sludge beds (UASB) reactors utilize waste-converting biofilms to treat toxic wastewater. Microorganisms in the biofilm granules break down compounds anaerobically and produce methane gas. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis measures the organic compounds in water and is used to determine the quality of treated effluent from UASB reactors, with the goal of reducing COD levels by 60-80%. Three UASB reactors were established in this study to collect samples from ports throughout and analyze COD levels over time, with initial results indicating the reactors are reducing COD as intended. However, further analysis is needed to fully understand the microbial interactions and optimize the reactors'
Study of removal effect on mesocycops leukartiricguer
This document summarizes a study on using various oxidants to remove Mesocyclops leukarti, a type of zooplankton, from drinking water sources in China. Through bench-scale experiments, the authors found that chlorine dioxide was the most effective oxidant at inactivating and removing M. leukarti. A full-scale test at a water treatment plant then showed that pre-treating water with 1.0 mg/L of chlorine dioxide, along with conventional filtration processes, could fully remove M. leukarti from the water. Additional tests revealed that water treated with chlorine dioxide preoxidation contained fewer organic substances and lower mutagenicity than water treated with prechlorination.
This document describes an experiment investigating the effect of pH on the adsorption of caffeine onto activated carbon. Caffeine solutions at different pH levels (2, 3, 6.3, 9, and 11) underwent treatment with powdered activated carbon. The amount of caffeine adsorbed onto the activated carbon was measured. The results showed that adsorption of caffeine increased significantly at higher pH levels, with 58% removal at pH 11. This is because caffeine acts as a base and deprotonates in more basic solutions, altering its interaction with activated carbon. The document provides background on caffeine, activated carbon, adsorption, and solvent extraction methods used in the experiment.
The document examines the effects of acid on the chlorophyll production and biomass of common duckweed (Lemna minor L.). Two experiments were conducted exposing duckweed to pH levels of 4.1, 5.4, and 6.5 (control) over 10-12 days. The first experiment showed no significant differences in biomass between pH treatments. The second experiment found significantly lower biomass at pH 4.1 compared to pH 5.4 and 6.5. Neither experiment found significant differences in chlorophyll content between pH treatments. The results partially supported the hypothesis, showing acid inhibited biomass but not through impacts on chlorophyll. Longer exposure periods or lower pH levels may be needed to impact chlorophyll.
Photosynthesis and respiration are important chemical reactions that occur in plants. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen. The equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose and uses oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (energy). The equation for respiration is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy. In plants, photosynthesis occurs during the day while respiration occurs both day and night, with the two processes balancing the intake and output of gases.
Determination of p h of waste water sample .....................................Hafiz M Waseem
ecologyDetermination of pH of Waste Water Sample ..................................................... 4
Determination Dissolved Oxygen within Water ................................................... 5
Adaptive Features of Animals in Relation to Food and Environment .................. 7
Study the Plant Population Density ................................................................... 10
Experimental Design and Approaches to Ecological Research ........................ 12
Microbiological studies on the wastewater treatment and agricultural fertil...Mohamed Younes
This document discusses a study on using microorganisms like Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces to treat wastewater biologically. The microbial consortium was formulated using molasses as a medium and showed efficient reduction of parameters like total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, pH and odor in wastewater treatment. The treated water was suitable for disposal and the process was found to be a low-cost and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional wastewater treatment.
This study analyzed samples from 2,401 domestic wells across the United States for 55 volatile organic compounds (VOCs). VOCs were detected in 65% of samples, with mixtures of two or more VOCs found in 34% of wells. While only 1.2% of samples exceeded legal limits, the findings suggest domestic wells may be vulnerable to VOC contamination from both natural and human-caused sources. More research is needed to understand VOC mixtures and the effectiveness of in-home water treatment systems in removing potential health risks.
This study investigated nitrogen transformations in aquaponic systems under different conditions. The main findings were:
1) Nitrate continuously accumulated in the recirculating water, termed the "Balloon Effect", because nitrate input from fish waste exceeded plant uptake.
2) Denitrification, the conversion of nitrates/nitrites to nitrogen gas, was found to be the major source of nitrogen loss. Higher dissolved oxygen and lower feeding rates decreased denitrification.
3) Isotopic analysis showed denitrification rates were higher under low dissolved oxygen conditions, as evidenced by higher nitrate δ15N values. This supported denitrification as the primary nitrogen loss pathway.
Applications of Algal Technology on a Martian ColonyEricStephens26
This document discusses potential applications of algal technology for sustainability on a Martian colony. It describes how algae could be used to produce oxygen through photosynthesis using carbon dioxide, water and nutrients. The algae could also be used in anaerobic digestion to produce methane and hydrogen from carbohydrates. The authors conducted experiments growing algae on anaerobic digester effluent, measuring oxygen production at different carbon dioxide concentrations and flow rates. They also measured nutrient removal by the algae and methane and hydrogen production. The results showed this method could supplement a Martian colony by producing oxygen and fuel, though challenges remain in adjusting the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere.
Applications of Algal Technology for a Martian Colony *Fixed*EricStephens26
This document discusses potential applications of algal technology for sustainability on a Martian colony. It describes how algae could be used to produce oxygen through photosynthesis using carbon dioxide, water and nutrients. The algae could also be used in anaerobic digestion to produce methane and hydrogen from carbohydrates. The authors conducted experiments growing algae on anaerobic digester effluent, measuring oxygen production at different carbon dioxide concentrations and flow rates. They also measured nutrient removal by the algae and methane and hydrogen production. The results showed this method could supplement a Martian colony by producing oxygen and fuels, but challenges include adjusting the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere.
This document outlines a water quality field study to compare and contrast freshwater systems using various probes and tests. Students will measure temperature, conductivity, pH, and dissolved oxygen at multiple sites to analyze water health. They will also make visual observations and sample macroinvertebrates. The objectives are to understand factors affecting each measurement and how they indicate water quality. A hypothesis about site comparisons will be stated before collecting and analyzing data.
The addition of phosphate fertilizer to a lotic water source had varying effects on water quality indicators. It significantly increased pH and turbidity as predicted. However, it did not significantly affect biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) or dissolved oxygen (DO) as predicted, though DO decreased slightly. The fertilizer appeared to slow the rate of BOD decrease. The results provide insight into how phosphate fertilizer runoff impacts natural waterways, though future, larger-scale studies are needed to better understand its full effects on water quality.
The document discusses a study examining the anaerobic co-digestion of algae and sewage sludge. Researchers grew filamentous algae from a wastewater treatment plant using a culture medium. They then pretreated the algae using heat and added it in varying ratios to sewage sludge in an anaerobic digester. Over 60 days, the researchers monitored methane production, solids reduction, and other factors. Based on previous studies showing co-digestion can increase biogas yields, the researchers aim to determine an optimum algae-sewage ratio for producing methane as a renewable energy source.
2. Lakes
Lakes have recently been recognized as important
components of the global carbon cycle.
Leaves can fall into lakes and dissolve into the water
column that contain carbon and can alter the internal
carbon cycle.
CO2 emission from inland lakes is very similar to the
CO2 uptake in the ocean and therefore has the same
effect on the atmosphere.
3. What is the priming effect?
When labile organic matter (LOM) such as glucose,
cellouse, or root exudates are in the soil…
It changes the mineralization rate of recalcitrant organic
matter (ROM) present…
Therefore altering the amount of CO2 released in the
atmosphere.
Priming effect can enhance the recalcitrant organic
matter mineralization rate anywhere from 10% to
500%.
4. Priming Effect
This all meaning that labile carbon (carbon that is easily broken down
from phytoplankton in aquatic systems) increases the rate that
bacteria breaks down recalcitrant carbon (carbon that is hard to break
down and comes from terrestrial sources such as trees.
5. Positive or Negative
It is found that the priming effect could have negative
and positive effects.
A negative effect is…
the labile organic matter decreasing recalcitrant organic
matter mineralization rate
A positive effect is...
labile organic matter (LOM) can increase recalcitrant
organic matter (ROM) mineralization rate.
(Guenet et al. 2010).
6. Importance
Significant findings for understanding current and
predicting future lake carbon cycling.
Also changing our view of how lakes fit into the global
carbon cycle.
There has not been much research on the importance
and mechanisms of the priming effect.
Some scientists do not believe it even exists in aquatic
ecosystems.
7. Hypothesis
That higher amount of labile carbon (glucose), the
higher the rate will be of recalcitrant carbon being
broke down, increasing the amount of CO2 into the
atmosphere.
8. Methods
Lake water was collected from five lakes on UNDERC
property in the Upper Peninsula Michigan.
1. East Long
2. West Long
3. Hummingbird
4. Crampton
5. Morris
9. Methods Cont..
The lake water was filtered through 0.2 µm filters to remove
any bacteria from the water.
Leaving dissolved organic carbon behind with 100 mL of
lake water used in each incubation bottle.
10. Methods Cont..
Glucose was used as the source of labile organic
matter.
Four treatment groups per lake: 0.25, 1.0, 2.25, and 4.0
mg of glucose
One control treatment for each lake. (no glucose)
One glucose control treatment per lake. (no lake water)
Three replicates for each treatment.
11. Methods Cont..
All treatments had 1 mL of unfiltered lake water added
as the source of natural lake bacteria.
Headspace gas from each sample was extracted five
times during the incubation after every 5 days and
analyzed on a gas chromatograph to see how much
CH4 and CO2 was released.
Another round of glucose was added in the second
week to stimulate a pulse of fresh labile carbon.
This reflects what would happen in a lake with a
phytoplankton bloom.
13. ANOVA Test on Slopes
Morris overall had a p-value of 0.0246
Within the treatments, only the control and the 4.0 mg
of glucose were statically different in their slopes of
carbon respired.
p-value of 0.0194313
14. ANOVA Test on Respiration
Morris overall had a p-value significant at 0.01617.
The respiration rate that was statically different was
between the treatment groups of the control and 4.0
mg.
15. 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1 2 3 4 5
Respiration
Week
EL Control Cumulative
EL 0.25 Cumulative
EL 1.0 Cumulative
EL 2.25 Cumulative
EL 4.0 Cumulative
16. ANOVA test on Slopes
East Long slopes overall showed were significant at a
p-value of 0.00555.
The treatments that were statically different from one
another was 2.25 and 0.25 with a p-value of 0.0448610
17. ANOVA Test on Respiration
East Long overall was significant at 0.125
The respiration rate that was statically different was
between the treatment groups was the control and 1.0
mg.
19. ANOVA Test on Slopes
West Long overall had a significant p value at 0.00509.
Within in West Long, the treatment slopes that were
statistically different from each other were…
4.0 mg and 0.25 at a p-value of 0.0588166.
The control and 2.25 with a p-value at 0.02434633.
The control and 4.0 mg at a p-value of 0.0037442.
20. ANOVA Test on Respiration
West Long was significant overall at 0.00138.
The respiration rate that was statically significant was
between…
The control and 0.25 mg at a p-value of 0.0035390
The control and 4.0 mg at a p-value 0.0011113.
22. ANOVA Test on Slopes
Overall the slopes of Hummingbird were not statistically
significant.
p-value of 0.162
None of the treatment groups in that lake were
statistically different from one another.
23. ANOVA Test on Respiration
Hummingbird respiration values overall were not
statically significant.
p-value of 0.262.
The treatment groups compared to one another
showed no significance as well.
25. ANOVA Test on Slopes
Overall the slopes of Crampton were not statistically
significant
p-value of 0.134.
None one of the treatment groups in that lake were
statistically different from one another.
26. ANOVA Test on Respiration
Cramptons’ respiration values overall were not
statically significant.
p-value of and 0.147.
The treatment groups compared to one another
showed no significance as well.
27. Conclusion
The results of this experiment supported the hypothesis
that stated that the higher amount of labile carbon
(glucose), the higher the rate of recalcitrant carbon
being broke down there would be, increasing the
amount of CO2 into the atmosphere.
The priming effect does exist in aquatic environments.
Further tested whether the contents of the lakes had an
effect on how much CO2 was released such as the
nutrients present.
28. References
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