1. Carly Ryther
ANTY 451
Dr. MacDonald
CULTURAL RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT
THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSULTING
CULTURAL AFFILIATIONS

2.  Case Studies
 Foley Square federal building and courthouse in New York City
 Widening of Route 4 in Crow Creek Reservation, South Dakota,
 First African Baptist Church Cemetery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 Why?
 they each have flaws, some major, and they can inspire future
solutions for consultation and public involvement
 each site had human remains discovered
 to show that there are other impacted communities besides Native
Americans in the NHPA process
WHY THESE THREE CASE STUDIES?

3.  Guidelines for the treatment of human remains, if discovered:
 Once a human skeleton has been turned over to the state
archaeologist or has been exhumed under permit:
 It should be examined
 Records of the analysis
 If identified as Native American contact SHPO and THPO
PROCEDURE REGARDING
HUMAN REMAINS

4.  Foley Square federal building site
 General Services Administration (GSA)
was the agency
 Highly publicized and not in the good
way
 GSA had no plan in place to handle
human remain, if they were discovered
CASE STUDY #1: MANHATTAN COLONIAL ERA
SLAVE BURIAL GROUND

5.  African American community of New York City became aware
of the mistreatment of the site and were very concerned
 GSA halted all work and tried reassessing the situation
 Advisory Council for Historic Preservation (ACHP) became
involved
 The city switched to physical anthropologist, Michael Blakey,
from Howard University
CASE STUDY #1 CONTINUED

6.  The construction at the site stopped
because the community activists lobbied
President George H.W. Bush to cease the
destruction of their ancestral remains
 GSA proposed partial mitigation of adverse
effects to the burial ground by undertaking
programs of:
 Data analysis
 Curation
 Education
 reinter the remains in a timely fashion
CASE STUDY #1 CONTINUED

7.  Two cemeteries uncovered:
 The Eighth Street cemetery was in use from 1823 until 1842 and the Tenth
Street cemetery was used from 1810 until 1822
 The Tenth Street cemetery was first uncovered when ramps were
being constructed for the new Vine Street Expressway
 The Eighth Street cemetery was discovered in 1990 directly in the
path of the new expressway
CASE STUDY #2: FIRST AFRICAN BAPTIST
CHURCH CEMETERY IN PHILADELPHIA

8.  Both archaeological recoveries were done in
accordance
with federal historic preservation legislation under the
NHPA.
 The Tenth Street site:
 Congregants consulted
 1983 to 1984 a wooden viewing platform was built
 Detailed handouts
 The Afro-American Historical and Cultural Museum tours
 A very popular article was published in Archaeology at the
same time a documentary about the sites, Ground Truth:
Archaeology in the City, came out
CASE STUDY #2 CONTINUED

9.  Eighth Street Site
 was not open for public viewing
 John Milner Associates opened their
laboratory for more than 50 groups to observe
some of the analysis being done
 The recovered collections were housed
between the Afro-American Historical and
Cultural Museum as well as at the Atwater
Kent Museum of Philadelphia for an exhibit on
urban archaeology called City Beneath Our
Feet.
CASE STUDY #2 CONTINUED

10.  The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) proposes to reconstruct an
eight-mile section of a highway that runs through the Crow
Creek Reservation in South Dakota.
 1997- Ten archeological sites
 BIA submitted an archeological data recovery report to the SHPO with
a finding of no historic properties affected.
 BIA carried out archaeological data recovery at three sites
CASE STUDY #3: WIDENING OF ROUTE 4
CREEK RESERVATION, SOUTH DAKOTA

11.  Sites’ archeological investigation exposed hundreds of skeletal
remains in storage pits at three Plains Village occupations
 BIA reports that it consulted with the Crow Creek and Three
Affiliated Tribes about appropriate procedures to remove and
reinter the human remains.
 The person who BIA identifies as its Three Affiliated Tribes contact
denied any contact, approval, or knowledge of the agency’s actions.
CASE STUDY #3 CONTINUED

12.  Blatant disregard for proper procedures in handling
historic resources and the 106 process
 No consultation with lineal descendants or cultural
affiliations
 Miscommunication with lineal descendants or cultural
affiliations
 POOR ARCHAEOLOGY: South Dakota and New York
WHAT WAS BAD IN THE
CASE STUDIES?

13.  Philadelphia First African Baptist
cemeteries
 Viewing platform
 School outreach
 Museum cooperation
 Congregation cooperation
 Observing analysis
 South Dakota
 BIA Mitigation
 New York
 GSA mitigation
 National Register of Historic Places
 Memorial
WHAT WAS GOOD IN THE CASE STUDIES?

14.  Because it is mandated in the NHPA
 Completes knowledge of the sites
 Respects the remains found
 Respects the lineal descendants
 Respects the community by being aware
 GOOD ARCHAEOLOGY
WHY IS CONSULTATION SO IMPORTANT?