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Milbank presentationfinal cr 11 10-14
1. Community Health
Workers:
the State of the Evidence
Ashley Wennerstrom, PhD, MPH, Tulane Schoos of Medicine - New Orleans
Carl H. Rush, MRP, University of Texas School of Public Health - Atlanta
Samantha Sabo, DrPH, MPH, University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College
of Public Health - Scottsdale
9/2/2015 1
2. Topics
Definitions
Why CHWs now?
What CHWs do – and the skills required
State of the Evidence
Activity at the federal and state levels
Key challenges in CHW policy and workforce
sustainability
9/2/2015 2
4. Community Health Worker Definition
American Public Health Association
The CHW is a frontline public health worker who is a
trusted member of and/or has an unusually close
understanding of the community served.
This trusting relationship enables the CHW to serve as a
liaison/link/intermediary between health/social services and
the community to facilitate access to services and improve
the quality and cultural competence of service delivery.
(cont’d)
49/2/2015
5. Community Health Worker Definition
American Public Health Association
The CHW also builds individual and community capacity by
increasing health knowledge and self-sufficiency through a
range of activities such as:
outreach
community education
informal counseling, social support and
advocacy.
APHA CHW Section, 2006
9/2/2015 5
6. CHWs are unlike other
health-related professions
Do not provide clinical care
Generally do not hold another professional
license
Expertise is based on shared life experience
and (usually) culture with the population
served
(cont’d)
69/2/2015
7. CHWs are unlike other
health-related professions
Rely on relationships and trust more than on
clinical expertise
Relate to community members as peers rather
than purely as client
Can achieve certain results more effectively
than other professionals
79/2/2015
9. Why are we discussing CHWs?
Growing diversity of U.S. population
Growing prevalence of chronic diseases
Growing complexity of health care
Cost pressures on health care system
Shortages of clinical personnel
Commitment to reducing health inequities
Recognition of social/behavioral determinants of health
Growing experience/evidence base with CHWs
9/2/2015 9
10. Why are we discussing CHWs?
The “Triple Aim”
Improving the patient experience of care (including quality
and satisfaction);
Improving the health of populations; and
Reducing the per capita cost of health care
Health care reform: changing accountability for
outcomes: CHW as members of health care teams
Accountable care organizations (ACOs)
Patient-centered medical homes (PCMHs)
Incentives to reduce costs, improve care
9/2/2015 10
11. CHWs can be the integrators!
Health Care
Individual Level
Disease Research
& Intervention
Public
Health
SDOH
research &
intervention
IOM. 2013. U.S. Health in International Perspective: Shorter Lives, poorer health. Washington DC: The National
Academies Press.
Social determinants
have not been
integrated in clinic
practice or health
care systems
Leads
to lower value,
substandard care
9/2/2015 11
15. 9/2/2015 15
Worker Direct Care*
Care Coordination/
Health Promotion
PopulationBased
Prevention/
Outreach/
Health Promotion
Payment Options Reporting
CHW
PWS
NAV
X
X
X
PCPCH Payment
or
CCO‐ICM Capitation
Documentation in
Medical Record
CHW
PWS
NAV
X
X
X
CCO‐ICM Capitation
Or
CCO Sub‐Contracted Entity
CCO Reports
Expenditures on
Financial Report **
Doula X Payment to Provider, Hospital
or Birthing Center is enhanced
when Doula is utilized
FFS Claim for Delivery is billed
with modifier
CCO reimbursement is depend‐
ent on the business practice of
the plan
CHW‐Community Health Worker; PWS‐Peer Wellness Specialist; NAV‐Personal Health Navigator
*Direct Care services are provided under the supervision of a Licensed Healthcare Professional
**(Identify the specific report and line item)
***FFS reimbursable for individuals approved for MH 1915(i) Home and Community Based State Plan Option, Dis‐
cussion currently underway to amend the State Medicaid Plan, Rehabilitative Services Option which will authorize
FFS OHP for this HCPCS code.
Oregon Health Authority
Medical Assistance Programs
NonTraditional Health Workers Financing Options
18. States are pursuing various models in
CHW policy innovation
Legislative: Texas, Ohio, Massachusetts, New Mexico,
Illinois, Maryland
Medicaid rules: Minnesota, Wisconsin, DC
Policy driven by specific health reform initiatives:
New York, Oregon, South Carolina + SIM states
Broad-based coalition process: Arizona, Florida.
Michigan
9/2/2015 18
19. Federal agencies are increasing support
for CHW strategies
CDC priority on support for policy and systems change
CDC and HRSA support for TA at state request
HHS CHW Interagency Work Group
Office of Women’s Health:
Women’s Health Leadership Institute
CMMI Grantee CHW Learning Collaborative
National Health Care Workforce Commission
9/2/2015 19
20. What CHWs do –
and the skills required
9/2/2015 20
21. CHWs perform a
wide range of Core Roles
Cultural mediation between communities and health
and human services system
Providing culturally appropriate health education
and information
Assuring people get the services they need
Source: National Community Health Advisor Study, Univ. of Arizona, 1998
219/2/2015
22. CHWs perform a
wide range of Core Roles cont’d
Informal counseling and social support
Advocating for individual and community needs
Providing [some] direct services and meeting
basic needs
Building individual and community capacity
Source: National Community Health Advisor Study, Univ. of Arizona, 1998
9/2/2015 22
23. CHWs are employed in many different models
of care
Member of primary care team
Patient navigator
Provider: services, screening, education
Outreach/enroll/inform concerning specific programs or
services
Organizer/advocate
Source: HRSA CHW National Workforce Study, 2007
23
9/2/2015
24. CHWs maintain a unique balance of accountability between
community and health care system
Roots of CHWs in social justice and economic opportunity
Many are still grassroots volunteers, especially Promotores
Increasing interest from health care employers
CHWs must preserve integrity of community relationships
As part of personal values
As an essential factor in their effectiveness!
Constant balancing act: relationship vs. task
Compromise: providers/payers can contract with community-based
organizations
9/2/2015 24
25. CHWs are increasingly employed in innovative
settings combining clinical care and population
health
Hybrid (Community HUB, Accountable Care
Community, Health Neighborhood)
Outsourcing to CBOs
Social entrepreneurial (Canadian co-op)
South Carolina CHW initiative
9/2/2015 25
27. Evidence base on CHWs is
growing but complicated
Hard to present simple answers,
but impact is evident on health outcomes, health
knowledge/behaviors, and costs
Diversity of CHW activities and health issues means
no unitary measure
Increasing evidence of cost-effectiveness or “return
on investment” from cost savings
9/2/2015 27
28. Evidence of CHW impact on
health outcomes is clear in many areas
Birth outcomes: clearest evidence of preventive impact
Diabetes: A1c, BMI, HTN, health behaviors
Asthma: symptom control, missed days
Cancer screening rates > early detection
Immunization rates
Hospital readmissions (care transitions)
9/2/2015 28
29. Financial ROI can be dramatic
Recent studies all showing about 3:1 net return or better:
Molina Health Care: Medicaid HMO reducing cost of
high utilizers
Arkansas “Community Connectors” keeping elderly and
disabled out of long-term care facilities
Community Health Access Program (Ohio) “Pathways”
reducing low birth weight and premature deliveries
Texas hospitals: redirecting uninsured from Emergency
Depts. to primary care
Langdale Industries: self-insured industrial company working
with employees who cost benefits program the most
9/2/2015 29
30. Citations for ROI
Johnson D, Saavedra, P, Sun E, et al. Community health workers and
Medicaid managed care in New Mexico. J Community Health; 2011; DOI
10.1007/s10900-011-0484-1
Felix HC, Mays GP, Stewart MK, et al. The care span: Medicaid savings
resulted when community health workers matched those with needs to
home and community care. Health Affairs. 2011;30(7):1366-74.
Redding S, Conrey E, Porter K, Paulson J, Hughes K, Redding M.
Pathways Community Care Coordination in Low Birth Weight Prevention.
Matern Child Health J; Aug 2014; DOI 10.1007/s10995-014-1554-4
Dols J. Return on investment from CHRISTUS Health CHW program.
PowerPoint presentation, Houston TX, 2010.
Miller A. Georgia firm’s blueprint for taming health costs. Georgia Health
News; July 27, 2011.
9/2/2015 30
31. Key policy areas for consideration in
states that want to advance the CHW
workforce
9/2/2015 31
32. 4 key policy areas require attention
1. Occupational definition (agreement on scope of
practice and skill requirements)
2. Sustainable financing models
3. Documentation, research and data standards
(records, evidence of effectiveness and “ROI”)
4. Workforce development (training
capacity/resources)
329/2/2015
33. 4 key policy areas require attention
1. Occupational definition
Need agreement on CHW Scope of Practice (SOP)
and skill requirements
Linked to awareness/education effort
Broad consensus needed
339/2/2015
34. CHW Scope of Practice
gradually gaining traction
SoP formally adopted only in MA, MN
States with certification (TX, OH) currently have
broader definitions
States relying on the 1998 National Community
Health Advisor Study “Core Roles” as starting point
Derived from national surveys and focus groups of CHWs
and employers
9/2/2015 34
35. 4 key policy areas require attention
Cont’d
2. Sustainable financing models
Support CHWs as permanent, integrated workforce,
rather than on short-term
Encourage internal financing by employers as well as
3rd-party payment
High potential in new models of care (PCMH, ACO)
9/2/2015 35
37. 4 key policy areas require attention
Cont’d
3. Documentation, research and data standards
Records, evidence of effectiveness, and ROI
9/2/2015 37
38. 4 key policy areas require attention
Cont’d
4. Workforce development
Training:
Must be competency-based, learner-centered, participatory
Emphasize field work, mentoring, and include on-going practice-based
assessment
Should be offered in various settings: familiar, accessible
Who pays?
How much classroom pre / post-hire?
Employers must consider career development
9/2/2015 38
39. Key Strategy Points in Policy Change
Education and awareness effort needed first
Need “Champions” in various stakeholder groups
Interdisciplinary collaboration & self-determination
Recognize history of CHW leadership & advocacy for
profession
Take action with CHWs, not for them
New APHA policy statement under consideration
CHW networks and associations may need support
399/2/2015
40. Key Strategy Points in Policy Change
cont’d
Is legislation needed? At what point?
Learn from other states’ experience with
legislation:
MN, MA, NM, IL, MD & others in progress
Using local and national workforce data
Remember: Not all CHWs work in health care!
9/2/2015 40
We have noted earlier that the occupation of CHW is different from conventional occupations, even within health care and public health. The first distinction is that they generally do not provide clinical care, beyond some simple screening tasks such as blood pressure and demonstrating medical devices like a glucometer. There are a few exceptions, mainly in remote rural areas, such as the tribal Community Health Representatives and the Community Health Aide/Practitioners in Alaska.
The next three points, however, begin to get at the essence of the occupation. CHWs are effective because of their ability to create trusting relationships with community members. This is more important than their clinical knowledge; their clinical education is generally limited to essential knowledge in topics related to their specific job. They are typically not allowed to give any form of medical advice, and often refer patients to a clinical supervisor in dealing with detailed clinical questions.
They do, however, have what might be termed “experience-based expertise,” and are helpful to the system as well as to the community by using their understanding of the culture and social structure of the community they serve. This understanding is generally based on actually sharing cultural background and similar life experience with that community rather than on sociological theory or advanced social work methods.
Another distinction, and a strength of the CHW, is their ability to relate to community members as peers rather than purely as patients or clients. The conventional professional-to-client relationship can set up barriers to communication based on differences of power, status and culture; the CHW can avoid those distinctions, leading in many cases to greater trust, candor and cooperation on the part of the patient.
And finally, most CHWs do not hold a license in another profession. There are some cases of licensed nurses, social workers and other professionals who choose to practice as CHWs for reasons of personal preference or commitment. Some foreign-trained medical professionals also work as CHWs, but the vast majority of CHWs are otherwise unlicensed, hence the common use of the term “lay workers” to describe them.
As I mentioned, national policies that promote equity and accountability can dramatically improve health outcomes. Recent national policies like the Triple Aims Initiative and the components of the Affordable Care Act create opportunities for our health care system to be more accountable and responsive to the larger health and social needs of our communities. As you all know, the US health care system is the most costly in the world, accounting for 17% of the gross domestic product with estimates that percentage will grow to nearly 20% by 2020. The triple Aim requires accountability for improving the patient experience of care , including quality and satisfaction; Improving the health of populations; and reducing the per capita cost of health care. While the ACA offers evidenced based systems strategies such as accountable care organizations and patient centered medical home
****STEP 7: Share Experience with clinics, Public Health dept & partners
This also might be described as the range of ROLES CHWs play
Actual Role is often a combination
Patient Navigator is a hot topic – CMS, NCI, Pfizer