Stakeholder perceptions of fire and haze
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Fire and haze from Sumatran peatland is a "wicked" environmental problem because: there are no easy or technical solutions, especially on peatland; and it involves hotly contested political issues with multiple scales, sectors and actors.
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Stakeholder perceptions of fire and haze
- 1. Stakeholder perceptions of fire & haze Rachel Carmenta, Jacob Phelps, Willy Daeli, Aiora Zabala
- 2. Fire & Haze from Sumatran peatlands: a “wicked” environmental problem because... • No easy or technical solutions, especially on peatland • Hotly contested, political issues, multiple scales, sectors and actors
- 3. Q-Methodology to understand stakeholder opinions A research approach to understandand map the different perspectives and patterns of perceptions or viewpoints of the various stakeholders about a topic Allows us to find the common threads and identify the different opinions and identifying the common threads Can become a bridging tool to reach concensus on many different interests
- 4. What are the stakeholder perceptions? An application of Q method (> 200 interviews with diverse stakeholders) • Benefits, burdens of fire: 31 statements on a scale of importance • Solutions to fire: 40 statements on a scale of effectiveness Different statements that cover the full range of opinions are then written on cards, and ranked on distribution table
- 5. Tropical peatland fires and transboundary haze Agroindustry Singaporean decision-makers Small farmers Hired labourers Local & national decision-makers External Investors
- 6. What are the stakeholder perceptions? Analysis shows how respondents form groups/coalitions and how these have the same or different positions/opinions e.g. marked in bold X 6 distinct positions / discourses on costs and benefits of peatland fire in Riau Key statements characterize the positions
- 7. Six distinct positions / discourses on costs and benefits of peatland fire in Riau 1. Local costs prioritized over local benefits 2. Concern about socio-economic and health issues 3. Economic & business reputational consequences 4. Fire needed for access to agriculture 5. The Singaporean perspective: Diplomatic tension 6. Quality of life, local, non-agriculture related
- 8. e.g. The Singaporean perspective: Diplomatic tension Which stakeholders share or contest positions on what issues?
- 9. Six distinct positions regarding the Benefits and burdens of peatland fires Some positions are shared by different stakeholder types, these are local and social related concerns, e.g., 1. Local costs prioritized over local benefits 2. Concern about socio-economic and health issues 3. Economic & business reputational consequences 4. Fire needed for access to agriculture 5. The Singaporean perspective: Diplomatic tension 6. Quality of life, local, non-agriculture related
- 10. Benefits and burdens of peatland fires We identified which stakeholder types are members to which position. While other positions have very distinct stakeholder membership, e.g., 1. Local costs prioritized over local benefits 2. Concern about social issues 3. Economic & business reputational consequences Industrial Agri & Riau PolicyCom 4. Fire needed for access to agriculture Land Holders (Sm, Med, Lrg) 5. The Singaporean perspective: Diplomatic tension Singapore Policy Com 6. Quality of life, local, non-agriculture related
- 11. Seven distinct positions regarding the effective solutions to peatland fires Some positions are shared by different stakeholder types, others represent only certain groups: 1. All fire fighting and no prevention 2. Favours awareness-raising, not incentives 3. Avoid agricultural expansion on peatlands through government-legal frameworks and sanctions 4. Pro fire-free agriculture, and enforcement against use of fire 5. Paternalistic, help smallholders with soft measures. No large-scale actions (no anticorruption measures, peat maps, or enforcing the elites) 6. Hard measures: enforcement and prevention of agroexpansion 7. Focus on fire prevention through soft measures (incentives, seedlings etc)
- 12. Seven distinct positions regarding the effective solutions to peatland fires Some positions are shared by different stakeholder types, others represent only certain groups: 1. All fire fighting and no prevention 2. Favours awareness-raising, not incentives 3. Avoid agricultural expansion on peatlands through government-legal frameworks and sanctions 4. Pro fire-free agriculture, and enforcement against use of fire 5. Paternalistic, help smallholders with soft measures. No large-scale actions (no anticorruption measures, peat maps, or enforcing the elites) 6. Hard measures: enforcement and prevention of agroexpansion 7. Focus on fire prevention through soft measures (incentives, seedlings etc)
- 13. Seeking agreement in solutions - There is no strong solution (ve+ or ve-) agreed by all - The most effective solutions have most disagreement: - revoking rogue company licenses - increasing use of canals - Canal use is the solution option generating most disagreement
- 14. How is this analysis helpful for policy and interventions? • Clarify positions / coalitions • Provide “boundary object” or “issue map” for negotiations • Identify contentious issues • Identify agreement areas • Target and identify what engagement and outreach communications are needed • Contributes to an understanding of governance success and failure Boundary object to facilitate dialogue of contested issues e.g. The use of canals as a solution to fires
- 15. The most controversial and contested costs and benefits include fire as: A source of diplomatic tension A tool to access agriculture A cause of losses to industrial agriculture Different stakeholders benefit and lose from fire in different ways Multi-stakeholder dialogue on these issues may help reach consensus Key messages: Cost and Benefits of peatland fires in Riau
- 16. Most effective have most disagreement between stakeholders, These include - canal use - revoking rouge company licenses Key messages: effective solutions to peatland fires in Riau No clear way forward that is agreed by all No agreement on which stakeholders to target (e.g. investors, agro-industry, smallholders)
- 18. Initial analysis (iii): seeking agreement in solutions - The most effective solutions are the most contentious and include: revoking rogue company licenses, increased use of canals - Canal use is the solution option generating most disagreement - Measures need to be actor specific: whilst all actors are to blame (companies, investors, smallholders etc) enforcement against smallholders and laborers is deemed ineffective, while against companies considered highly effective - There is no strong solution (ve+ or ve-) agreed by all, rather agreement is with solutions ranking 0 (e.g. RSPO sanctions and raising environmental standards)
- 19. Next steps for analysis and engagement: Fire and Haze C1 Analysis Refining our interpretation of the factors (discourses) Identify which stakeholders are populating which discourses Linking position in costs benefits discourse, to that in solution Analyze the perceived effectiveness and degree of agreement on solution options in current discussions and practice. Engagement Results on solutions to COP Stakeholder workshop in Pekanbaru Multi Criteria Evaluation on solutions
- 20. Fire & Haze from Sumatran peatlands: a “wicked” environmental problem because... • No easy or technical solutions, especially on peatland • Hotly contested, political issues, multiple scales, sectors and actors
- 21. What are the stakeholder perceptions? An application of Q method (> 200 interviews with diverse stakeholders) • Benefits, burdens of fire: 31 statements on a scale of importance • Solutions to fire: 40 statements on a scale of effectiveness Analysis shows you how respondents share similar opinions on statement ranking Marked in bold
- 22. Tropical peatland fires and transboundary haze Agroindustry Singaporean decision-makers Small farmers Hired labourers Local & national decision-makers External Investors
Editor's Notes
- Layout: Title Slide Variation: none
- While we often make assumptions about the actors involved in fire and haze and fire management, it is important to remind ourselves of the complexity involved in attempting to solve these problems. Evidenced in the current, and widespread failure, of fire control and management policies across the tropics today. Notably, consider the wide diversity of stakeholders, involved in shaping landscapes in places such as Riau, with multiple incentives for fire use and varying degrees of political power. Also, the wide range of actors who are affected by fire and haze. Meaningful solutions are challenged to address how each of these different groups experience and affect fire. Capturing this diversity is at the core of our research project, which is measuring perceptions across – at least – 10 different actor groups. These groups range from small-scale farmers with less than 2ha of land, to regional Indonesian investors, to government agencies, to Singapore decision-makers. This research contributes research at other scales, using different methodologies, notably remote sensing methods which are frequently used as a tool in fire management, yet a tool which is unable to capture an understanding of the socio-political and economic drivers of the processes behind the patterns it detects and one which is also underequipped as a stand alone instrument, to generate meaningful solutions.
- Layout: Closing Slide Variation: none
- While we often make assumptions about the actors involved in fire and haze and fire management, it is important to remind ourselves of the complexity involved in attempting to solve these problems. Evidenced in the current, and widespread failure, of fire control and management policies across the tropics today. Notably, consider the wide diversity of stakeholders, involved in shaping landscapes in places such as Riau, with multiple incentives for fire use and varying degrees of political power. Also, the wide range of actors who are affected by fire and haze. Meaningful solutions are challenged to address how each of these different groups experience and affect fire. Capturing this diversity is at the core of our research project, which is measuring perceptions across – at least – 10 different actor groups. These groups range from small-scale farmers with less than 2ha of land, to regional Indonesian investors, to government agencies, to Singapore decision-makers. This research contributes research at other scales, using different methodologies, notably remote sensing methods which are frequently used as a tool in fire management, yet a tool which is unable to capture an understanding of the socio-political and economic drivers of the processes behind the patterns it detects and one which is also underequipped as a stand alone instrument, to generate meaningful solutions.