Black Hole Research Paper

Black Hole Research Paper
The mysteries of black holes are always unknown as to where they're from, who discovered them and why are they so mysterious. Black holes have
been around for centuries. They have been in the galaxy for over millions of years. Black holes are known as one of the strangest mysteries that's
existed. Ablack hole is a part of space that pulls so much gravity into it that not even light can escape from it. So where did black holes come to the
existence in our lifetime? Mysteries of black holes always unknown as in where they come from. "Black holes form when the center of a massive star
collapses in on itself." When this occurs, it causes a supernova. A supernova is a star that increases greatly in brightness because of a catastrophic
explosion that ejects most of its mass. The parts left over from the supernova collapse in onto itself forming a black hole. This well–known black hole
is called a stellar mass black hole. "Scientists believe supermassive black holes have formed at...show more content...
"Albert Einstein first predicted black holes in 1916 with his general theory of relativity." "The first to ever name black holes was American
astronomer John Wheeler and the first one was discovered in 1971." John Wheeler was a theoretical physicist. Sadly, he died April 13, 2008. It's
believed to be very hard to see the extraordinary event the only way to see them is by gravity waves. Firstly, Black holes are made up into three
main parts the first part is the Outer Event Horizon which in this part of the black hole the gravity is not as strong. Secondly, the Inner Event
Horizon in this part of the black hole it is too strong for an object to escape. Thirdly, the Singularity is the center of the black hole which is a crushed
star about the size of an atom, the smaller the atom gets the stronger the gravitational pull is. This part is the strongest of all three. Researchers today
still study the mystery of black
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Black Holes Essay
Black Holes The term black hole was first used in 1969 by the American scientist John Wheeler to describe an object that had such a huge
gravitational pull that not even light could escape it, thereby rendering it invisible or black. John Michell extended upon this idea in a paper called the
"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London" in which he pointed out that a star that was sufficiently massive and compact would have
such a strong gravitational pull that not even...show more content...
If the star is of a small to average size it will shrink down dramatically until it becomes a white dwarf – when the sun eventually becomes a white
dwarf it will be about the size of the earth! A white dwarf has an extraordinary density– about one teaspoon taken from a white dwarf could weigh as
much as a mountain!
The second possibility occurs if the star is very large. The star will throw out its outer layers in a terrific explosion, this is called a supernova. The
star will then begin to contract under the force of gravity. But unlike the first possibility, this star will not be able to halt its collapse. The star will
become smaller and smaller until it gets to the point where it has become infinitely dense and infinitely small – the singularity of a black hole.
A black hole consists of two main parts, a singularity and an event horizon. The event horizon is like the "skin" of a black hole, once you pass the
event horizon there is no escape. The horizon is often referred to as the clothes of the black hole, as it is a barrier that separates the singularity from
the rest of the universe. The event horizon can be seen by rays of light that are caught in a perpetual orbit around the black hole – unable to escape yet
unable to fall in.
The singularity is what is found at the very center of a black hole; the singularity is a place of infinite density, infinite

Black Holes Essay
Black Holes
Every day we look into the night sky, wondering and dreaming what lies beyond our galaxy. Within our galaxy alone, there are millions upon
millions of stars. This may be why it interests us to learn about all that we cannot see. Humans have known the existence of stars since they have had
eyes, and see them as white glowing specks in the sky. The mystery lies beyond the white glowing specks we see but, in the things we cannot see in
the night sky such as black holes.
Before I begin to speak about black holes, I will have to explain what the white glowing specks in the sky are. Without a star a black hole could not be
formed. In the beginning of a star life a hydrogen is a major part of its development. Stars...show more content...
If the remnant of this giant exploding star is larger than three solar masses or ten times our sun, it becomes a black hole. A black hole is one of the
last option that a star may take.
In the 18th century scientists started to research the after effects of a large star such as a supernova exploding. What happens of the gas and dust
left behind after such a big star died? The idea of mass concentration so dense that even light would be trapped goes all the way back to Laplace in
the 18th century. The first scientist to really take an in depth look at black holes and the collapsing of stars, was a professor, Robert Oppenheimer
and his student Hartland Snyder, in the early nineteen hundreds. They came up with the basics of a black hole from Einstein's theory of relativity
that if the speed of light was the most speed over any massive object, then nothing could escape a black hole once in its grasp. These researchers
showed that when a "sufficiently massive star" runs out of fuel, it is unable to support itself against its own gravitational pull, and it should collapse
into a black hole. In general theory of relativity, gravity is a manifest of the curvature of the space–time.
"Einstein general theory of relativity showed that light, though it does not react to gravity in the same way as ordinary matter, is nevertheless affected
by strong gravitational fields. In fact, light itself cannot escape from inside this

Essay on Black Holes
Black Holes Every day we look out upon the night sky, wondering and dreaming of what lies beyond our planet. The universe that we live in is so
diverse and unique, and it interests us to learn about all the variance that lies beyond our grasp. Within this marvel of wonders, our universe holds a
mystery that is very difficult to understand because of the complications that arise when trying to examine and explore the principles of space. That
mystery happens to be that of the ever elusive, black hole.
This essay will hopefully give you the knowledge and understanding of the concepts, properties, and processes involved with the space phenomenon
of the black hole. It will describe how a black hole is generally formed, how it...show more content...
What this means is that it is impossible to use the laws of physics to predict the structure of the region after the Cauchy horizon. This breakdown of
predictability has led physicists to hypothesize that a singularity should form at the Cauchy horizon, forcing the evolution of the interior to stop at the
Cauchy horizon, rendering the idea of a region after it meaningless.
Recently this hypothesis was tested in a simple black hole model. A spherically symmetric black hole with a point electric charge has the same
essential features as a rotating black hole. It was shown in the spherical model that the Cauchy horizon does develop a scalar curvature singularity. It
was also found that the mass of the black hole measured near the Cauchy horizon diverges exponentially as the Cauchy horizon is approached. This led
to this phenomena being dubbed "mass inflation."
In order to understand what exactly a black hole is, we must first take a look at the basis for the cause of a black hole. All black holes are formed
from the gravitational collapse of a star, usually having a great, massive, core. A star is created when huge, gigantic, gas clouds bind together due to
attractive forces and form a hot core, combined from all the energy of the two gas clouds. This energy produced is so great when it first collides, that a
nuclear reaction occurs and the gases within the star start to burn continuously. The hydrogen gas is

Black Holes
Black Holes Albert Einstein first predicted black holes in 1916 with his general theory of relativity. The term "black hole" was coined in 1967 by
American astronomer John Wheeler, and the first one was discovered in 1971. A black hole is a place in space where gravity pulls so much that even
light can not get out. The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny space. This can happen when a star is dying. Because no
light can get out, people can't see black holes. They are invisible. Space telescopes with special tools can help find black holes. The special tools can
see how stars that are very close to black holes act differently than other stars. Scientists think the smallest black holes formed when the universe...show
more content...
It's about four million times the mass of the Sun. It's surrounded by a cluster of young stars, some of which plunge to within a few billion miles of the
black hole. And although it's quiet today, a century ago it gorged on a clump of matter that passed too close, creating a pyrotechnic display that lit up
the Milky Way's heart. Much of that evidence has been amassed by two teams, one led by Ghez and another by Reinhard Genzel, director of the Max
Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Germany. Using giant telescopes in Hawaii and Chile and cutting–edge observational techniques, they
have probed closer to the black hole than ever before. That has allowed them to plot the orbits of giant stars that pass hair–raisingly close to the black
hole, providing the best measurement of the black hole's mass. And it has revealed that some of the stars around the black hole are far younger than
expected. "There's been a myriad of surprises, which is the fun of doing research," says Ghez. "You go in expecting to answer one thing and you
come out the other end with more questions than you started with." The central question that Ghez, Genzel, and others hoped to answer was whether a
supermassive black hole inhabits the center of the Milky Way. As early as 1980, radio observations revealed that gas was swirling around a dark,
massive object at the center of the galaxy. That object, which glowed steadily at radio

Understanding Black Holes
Scientific Understanding of Black Holes Black holes are a place in space where the pull of gravity is so strong that anything including light is able
to escape. Researchers say that the gravity of a black hole is so strong because matter is pressed into a tiny space. Black holes are sometimes called
dying stars or they result in dying stars. There are many different sizes of black holes, but the three most common are primordial black holes, stellar,
and supermassive. This list goes from smallest to largest.
These size differences makes them so they can form in different ways. Primordial black holes are said to be formed right after the big bang. Stellar
black holes form when a very massive star collapses on itself. These are also called exploding stars or a supernova. Supermassive black holes are
formed at the same time in the same galaxy . With all these facts about black holes I can determine the difference between what NASA thinks they are
and what the movie thinks they are.
How the Video Accurately Showed Black Holes In the movie Interstellar there's a movie scene where the main character Cooper is trapped in ablack
hole. He escapes and is turned back into the "real" world. All along scientists have been saying that whatever goes into a black hole can never come out.
...show more content...
The main difference is what it looks like. Scientists say the way the movie describes a black hole and the events that happen with it, should look
more complicated than it actually is. "It would have looked a lot more puzzling" (Knapton, 2015). Caltech physicist Kip Thorne told a magazine. In
the movie to really explain the look of a black hole it would have gas wrapped up and around the top and the bottom of the black hole. The movie was
said to enhance the light of the black hole and yet they really are not that bright. Other than these descriptions, other differences are not very

Black Holes
Black holes are objects so dense that not even light can escape their gravity, and since nothing can travel faster than light, nothing can escape from
inside a black hole. Loosely speaking, a black hole is a region of space that has so much mass concentrated in it that there is no way for a nearby object
to escape its gravitational pull. Since our best theory of gravity at the moment is Einstein's general theory of relativity, we have to delve into some
results of this theory to understand black holes in detail, by thinking about gravity under fairly simple circumstances.
Suppose that you are standing on the surface of a planet. You throw a rock straight up into the air. Assuming you don't throw it too hard, it will rise for
It is possible there for a star to be swallowed by the black hole.
The pull of gravity on such a star will be so strong as to break it up into its component atoms, and throw them out at high speed in all directions.
Astronomers have found a half–dozen or so binary star systems (two stars orbiting each other) where one of the stars is invisible, yet must be there
since it pulls with enough gravitational force on the other visible star to make that star orbit around their common center of gravity and the mass of
the invisible star is considerably greater than 3 to 5 solar masses. Therefore these invisible stars are thought to be good candidate black holes. There is
also evidence that super–massive black holes (about 1 billion solar masses) exist at the centers of many galaxies and quasars. In this latter case other
explanations of the output of energy by quasars are not as good as the explanation using a super–massive black hole. A black hole is formed when a
star of more than 5 solar masses runs out of energy fuel, and the outer layers of gas is thrown out in a supernova explosion. The core of the star
collapses to a super dense neutron star or a Black Hole where even the atomic nuclei are squeezed together. The energy density goes to infinity. For a
Black Hole, the radius becomes smaller than the Schwarzschild radius, which defines the horizon of the Black Hole: The death explosion of a massive
star, resulting in a sharp increase in brightness followed by a

Essay on The Existence of Black Holes
The Existence of Black Holes
I have always had an interest in science, especially in the sciences regarding outer space. When I was younger I was always fascinated with rockets,
and especially in stars. I have often regretted not pursuing this interest at its infancy. I do remember going to the Planetarium, and studying about a
topic that I had seen talked about on television. The topic was black holes, and back then all that they knew was that they were black. The idea of a
space in the universe that is completely void of light was difficult to imagine. Recently, I have learned more about this topic and a science call
cosmology. I had never even heard of this field of science before I was introduced to a scientist by the name of...show more content...
He sees the black holes as miniature models of a full scale universe. His idea that the implosion of the star could be related to the implosion of the
universe. He wonders if the expansion of the black holes until their disappearance is relative to the expansion of the universe. This area seems to be a
focused area of Stephen's work.
The prediction of radiation from black holes was the first nontrivial result of combining Einstein's general relativity with the quantum principle
(Thorne, 15). It showed that gravitational collapse was not as much of a dead end as it had appeared to be. The particles in the black hole need not
have an end of their histories at a singularity. Instead, they could escape from the black hole and continue their histories outside. Maybe the quantum
principle would mean that one could also avoid the histories having a beginning in time, a point of creation, at the big bang. (Black Holes and Baby
Universes, 83)
This question seems to pose the most complicated answer that Hawking gives to the science community. The world needed a way of doing the sum
over histories not just for particles but for the whole fabric of space and time as well. Although Stephen does not yet know how to do this summation
correctly, he does know certain features that it should have. In order for these features to become possible we have to learn to understand a concept
called imaginary time.

Black Holes A simple star with low fuel turns into a strong, powerful black hole in space with 4 times more mass than the sun. Discovered in 1916 by
Albert Einstein, a black hole is an area of space–time showing very strong effects, that nothing can escape from the black hole. Space–time is the belief
that there is no time in space, so there is no aging or time whatsoever. There are three different types of black holes. Stellar–mass, supermassive, and
intermediate. All three are very strong, but the supermassive is currently the strongest reported. Not all black holes are large, but extremely powerful.
The supermassive black holes are the biggest type of black hole and most of the time are found in the center of massive galaxies. Stellar–mass black
holes are formed by a star collapsing. Intermediate black holes are stronger than stellar–mass black holes, but weaker than supermassive. Supermassive
is the least common black hole there is....show more content...
The star has been losing fuel and is burning out, so the star will begin to collapse. When collapsing part of the star will shoot into space and scientist
believe this is how a supermassive black hole forms. When the hole is forming, dust and gas is collected from the galaxy surrounding the black hole.
Light cannot be released because matter is squeezed together in a small space. Stellar black holes are small but dense and can have 20 times more
mass than the sun. Mass is the property of a physical body. When a black hole is forming it is possible for mass to be pulled from stars around the
whole. This will help the hole grow in power and

Informative Essay: What Are Black Holes?
It's a trap. Our universe, even our galaxy, contains many things that we do not fully understand. Part of this is the massive scale, the huge size that
everything is when we compare it to ourselves. This means that many things are out of our realistic reach at this time. We cannot observe things in
person. Some bodies, we would not be able to see even if we were standing on top of them. One of these such things are black holes. Physicists
theorize that they exist, but they are still hard to understand. Not much is known about black holes, but being conscious about them could be crucial. It
is hard to describe these elusive entities. Physicists agree on a definition, an incredible amount of mass in a single space that has such a large
gravitational...show more content...
Black holes are formed when massive stars collapse under the weight of their own gravity (Schoolworkhelper Editorial Team). The nuclear fusion in
younger stars creates a constant outward pressure from the core ("Black Hole Images, Facts and Information"). This balances the pull from the
gasses in orbit around the core, keeping the star stable (Schoolworkhelper Editorial Team). Once a star's life is nearing the end, and its gasses have
almost all been used up in the nuclear reactions, the star will collapse inward from the gravitational pull without the outward push of the reactions
(Schoolworkhelper Editorial Team). This happens to stars of at least six to eight times the mass of our sun (Schoolworkhelper Editorial

Black Hole Research Papers
Black Holes This paper will introduce you to the incredible topic which is black holes. A black hole is a region of space time exhibiting such strong
gravitational effects that nothing can escape from inside it. (NASA) No human has ever entered a black hole and there is still a large mystery about
them; we have very little idea of where the matter that enters them goes. Ablack hole cannot be looked into either, as it sucks all the light into the
middle of it. Space programs use special satellites with certain features that allow them to see these black holes. A black hole can be big or small,
sometimes forming when a star is dying. Some scientists speculate that there can be black holes just 1 centimeter large. There are multiple types of
Scary right? Well what about a black hole sucking in the earth, is it possible? Thankfully, black holes do not go around eating stars, moons, and
planets. There is no black hole close enough to the earth for it to be able to be sucked into. If a black hole the same mass as the sun were to replace the
sun, earth would still not be able to fall into it. The black hole would have the same gravity as the sun and the planets would orbit it, just as they do
the sun. Also, the sun will never turn into a black hole, as it is not a big enough star to create one.

First the mystery of the black holes and how they were created goes way back to when astronomers first discovered them. The astronaut said "he saw
a blob of black matter and black holes are made when a star burns out or explodes but the astronaut never truly saw the actual thing. Black holes absorb
light particles that are close enough to it so that it can thrive and continue. When a black hole goes away the light that it absorbed is turned into a new
star. When an astronomer found a black sphere shaped cloud of matter in space he didn't really see it but he saw it pulling in large amounts of light
that have been destroyed from an exploded star. If anything but light matter happens to get into a black hole it would just go through it rather...show
more content...
The scientist said "light matter was being absorbed by the black hole.Next,two different black holes come in contact then the larger of the two will
shoot the other away somewhere else so it can create a star somewhere else. When a black hole absorbs enough light then it will become a new star
and start the process over again. After that, gravity will drag you toward the singularity at the speed of light and ultimately spaghettify you.
Gravity's strength is determined by the mass of the object its pulling and then the pulling strength gets greater. This also means that you would be
stretched to fast if you happened to enter a black holes gravitational pull. Closer to the center, gravity is even stronger. If you were caught by the
pull of a black hole, you would be sent into free fall toward its center. "Next if the Earth was hit by a black hole then it would stop spinning suddenly,
the atmosphere would still be in motion with the Earth's original 1100 mile per hour rotation speed at the equator"(Black Hole). All of the land masses
would be wiped clean of

Black Holes : A Black Hole
Black holes should probably not be called black holes. In fact, black holes are anything but empty space. Black holes are a great amount of matter
packed and squeezed into a very small area. The result of this amount of matter squeezed into a small area results in a gravitational field so strong that
nothing, not even light, can escape. Scientists do not have the ability to directly observe black holes with telescopes that detect x–rays, light, or other
forms of electromagnetic radiation. However, Scientists can infer the presence of black holes and study them by detecting their effect on other matter
nearby. If a black holes passes through a cloud of interstellar matter, it will draw that matter inward in a process known as accretion. A similar process
will occur if a black holes passes a normal star. So, after a black hole is created, it draws in anything in its path adding to the extreme amount of
matter that is packed into that very small area. Common types of black holes are produced by certain dying stars. A star with a mass greater than
20 times the mass of our sun can produce a black hole at the end of its life. Black holes are usually only created by the death of a very massive star.
When a very massive star dies, it explodes into a supernova. The outer parts of the star are launched violently into space while the core completely
collapses under its own weight. If the core remaining after the giant explosion from the supernova is very massive, there

Black holes are one of the many things in the universe that scientists still have a muddy understanding about. However, with the incredible advances
of technology, we are able to understand more than what we have in the past. Today, the only way to observe these incredible objects are by looking
for radiation from the gas surrounding it. What are they? Black holes are no more than a Віdead star.ВІ A star that is considered ВіaliveВІ would be
our sun. The sun still produces energy by converting hydrogen into helium, thus considered to be Віalive.ВІ Once a star has run out of hydrogen, it
begins its dying process. The final stage may result in a black dwarf, which is a small cool object no longer radiating energy, or if the star harbors
enough...show more content...
The escape velocity would then be 300,000 km/sec, the velocity of light!! This means that if this was to actually happen to our Earth, that not even
light would be able to escape from the EarthВ№s surface. For stars that harbor such an immense amount of mass, it is possible for the escape
velocity to be greater than that of the speed of light (unlike our sun). The gravity of such a large star can literally crush it on all sides until it is
shrunken to the size of a house, a room, a pea and so fourth until it is invisible. This is exactly what occurs to a star of such magnitude as it dies and
collapses on itself. Because of the amount of mass within the black holeВ№s small area, the escape velocity is so great that not even light can escape.
As far as it is known there is nothing that exceeds the speed of light, therefore there is nothing that can escape a black hole. What happens to
everything that enters a black hole? The black hole its self it called the singularity. It is the contradiction of matter that contains an infinite density and
infinite volume. Mass and energy within this point are concentrated into a infinitesimal point where space vanishes and time comes to an end. The
area directly outside of the singularity is called the event horizon or Schwarzschild radius, after a German theorist. At this edge, matter that goes in
will disappear. the size of the even horizon equals three km multiplied by the objectВ№s mass. (mass expressed in units of solar masses). Here,

Black Holes: Forces of Gravity Essay
Science has always been about analyzing the hard facts in front of you, even if they might be invisible to the naked eye. Sizable leaps in our
understanding about the mechanisms of life and our universe are in the process of being made with scientists believing black holes are the major
precipice to these greater understandings. Black holes push and break many modern understandings of physics and time with many mysterious qualities.
Insuppressible forces of nature, black holes, are a little understood entity in our universe with a strong influence on modern science.
Despite modern culture and its influences on the unknown, a black hole is not a well understood concept even by the greatest of minds. Robert Prigo
describes a black hole as "......show more content...
Light is the fastest entity in the known universe, making black holes the strongest known object. At least knowing how big one is would allow for
some creativity, but describing a black hole's size is yet another issue. When you're trying to ask someone how big something is you're going to be
referring to the space it takes up. In this regard, a black hole can range from being smaller than an atom, to millions of times larger than our sun, or
really any size in principal. "Any amount of mass at all can [...] be made to form a black hole if you compress it to a high enough density." (Bunn)
Density, the compactness of an object, is a better way of describing a black hole because the way we think of size has no meaning here. You could
also talk about its mass, or the sheer amount of material inside of it, but that is hard to quantify. For example, a black hole the size of an atom may
contain all of the masses of our greatest mountains, but you can imagine something like that must be very dense. Either way, there are two common
models for what a black hole could look like. If a black hole is spinning, then it's likely that the material inside of it is being compressed into a
rotating disk of particles. On the other hand, a regular black hole is likely just to be a perfect sphere. Anything outside of the black hole's insides may
also display unique properties, such as giving off electricity, emitting radiation or streams of light, and debris may orbit the

There are two types of black holes that exist in our universe. The first one being the Schwarzschild black hole which happens to be the simplest one
of the two. This black hole is considered the simplest because its core does not rotate which means the black hole is completely stable at all times of
the day. The next black hole is the Kerr black hole, which happens to be the most common in nature. This black hole in contrast to the Schwarzschild
black hole does indeed rotate. When the rotating star dies out and collapses, the core continues to rotate and therefore, that carries over to the black
hole. Scientists believe that the smallest black holes formed when the actual universe formed and began. They also have been led to believe that the
supermassive black holes that exist in our universe were made at the same time as the galaxy that they...show more content...
He named it black holes because he continued to hear news of how there were dark regions in the sky that would suck matter into them so he came
up with the term 'Black Hole'. However, no one knew what exactly a black hole was and what it could do so they began to take hints and make
predictions as to what they could be. Back in 1783, John Michell predicted that there might be an object massive enough in space that its escape
velocity could be greater than the speed of light. Later in 1796, Simon Pierre LaPlace predicted that black holes actually existed as he stated, "It is
therefore possible that the largest luminous bodies in the universe may, through this cause, be invisible." He believed a black hole was invisible
because since there is no light up in space, he thought they just blended in to their surroundings. The first black hole that astronomers could actually
examine was found in 1970 and they named it the Cygnus X – 1. The black hole measured to be smaller than Earth and was detected by the x–rays it
gave off on its outside

Black Hole Of Technology Summary
"The black hole of endless, unimportant streams of technology–enabled information is devouring everyone living in the 21st century." Words once said
by Leena Khan highlighting the downfalls of technology. Leena Khan in the writing, "Black Hole of Technology" argues much better points than
Stefan Etienne in the writing, "Teens and Technology Share a Future." Consisting of strong points, having highly effective structure and claims, and it
has good structure are all reasons "The Black Hole of Technology" is superior to "Teens and Technology."
The passage, "Black Hole of Technology" has many points that stand out. The author had reasonable opinions which were shown from a real
experience the author explained. The text has strong reasons like the fact that technology isolates us from the rest of the world, keeping us indoors.
When Leena's friends were all glued to their phones, she said, "I, on the other hand, glanced out the window separating us from the beautiful weather
outside." This proves that technology is not always the best form of entertainment. When we are on our device, it is kind of like we form a barrier to
the real world, we get lost in the technology world for a while....show more content...
It has a clear lack of scientific evidence, but that's no the purpose of this piece. The author intended to write about how her quality of life is increased
without technology, not to list off statistics. Some people also criticize the piece for having not a wide enough target audience. This can be true for
writings, but in this circumstance, it is not. The author is arguing how teenagers are sucked into the black hole, and how it affects each other. This
whole passage is supposed to be for teenagers. Therefore, the author does not have to narrow of a target

Essay about Black Holes
If theories of their existence are true, black holes are the most powerful force in the known physical universe. Many people are familiar with the term
black hole, but few people actually know anything about them. A black hole forms as a result of a massive star running out of fuel to burn (Chaisson,
193). Once the star is no longer exerting outward force by burning off gases, it begins to collapse under it's own intense, inward gravity (Chaisson, 193).
It is like slowly letting the air out of a balloon. Once the star is compacted to a certain size, while it's mass, or weight, remains the same, it's gravity
becomes so powerful that nothing can escape it (Hawking, 87). This critical size to weight ratio is known as the Schwarzchild
Radius...show more content...
The simple formula for this, in physics, states that a body's escape velocity is equal to the square root of it's mass, divided by it's radius
(Chaisson, 77). For example, if a body's mass is two–hundred, and it's size is twelve and one half, the escape velocity would be four. If the size of the
same body is reduced to two, while it's mass remained at two–hundred, the escape velocity increases to ten. Since a black hole's size is always
decreasing and it's weight is always the same, the escape velocity is infinite (Chaisson,
195). This means that nothing can escape a black hole past the event horizon, not even light. Light is made up of waves and particles. It was
discovered, in 1676, by Danish astronomer, Ole
Christenson, that light travels at a very high, but finite speed (Hawking, 18). These properties of light govern that it must be subject to forces of
nature, such as gravity. Light travels at such a high speed that it is not observably effected by gravity, unless that gravity is very strong. A black
hole's gravity is powerful enough to trap light because it's escape velocity, being infinite, exceeds the speed of light (Hawking, 82). This is why a
black hole is black. Once light crosses the event horizon it is drawn into the hole in space. Although the light is still hitting objects, it is not able to
bounce off to indicate their existence to an observer,

Black Holes Essay
Black Holes
The American scientist John Wheeler coined the phrase "black hole" in 1969 to describe a massively compact star with such a strong gravitational
field that light cannot escape. When a star's central reserve of hydrogen is depleted, the star begins to die. Gravity causes the center to contract to
higher and higher temperatures, while the outer regions swell up, and the star becomes a red giant. The star then evolves into a white dwarf, where most
of its matter is compressed into a sphere roughly the size of Earth. Some stars continue to evolve, and their centers contract to even higher densities and
temperatures until their nuclear reserves are exhausted and only their gravitational energy remain. The core then rushes...show more content...
Rays of light leaving a gravitating body are curved, and become more curved as the body shrinks. When the radius of the body is less than the
radius of the photon sphere, a radius 1.5 times the Schwartzschild radius where the light rays circularly orbit a black hole, the exit cone begins to
close. Rays within the exit cone escape while those outside are trapped and fall back. Since the photon sphere orbits are unstable, if a circulating rays
is disturbed slightly, it either spirals around and is captured or spirals out and escapes at radius 3^.5=1.732 times that of the photon sphere. Both
redshift and deflection allow no radiation to escape (Harrison 248–250).
At large distances from the black hole, gravity is weak and spacetime is the same as spacetime in special relativity. Close to the black hole, however,
spacetime is deformed, causing differences in space and time between the stationary and distant observer. The effect of spacetime curvature near a
black hole is such that lightcones are tilted so that the future lightcones tip toward the black hole. At the surface of the black hole (the event
horizon), all rays emitted fall into the black hole. And no rays from the past are received from the black hole. A particle passing into a black hole
receives no information of what lies ahead, and reaches the singularity in a time t= Rs /c. To a distant observer, however, it takes an infinite time for the

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