Details of some degenerative diseases

2. Author: Bisma
Institute: GCUF Sahiwal Campus
Language: English

3. DISEASES

4. DEFINITION
A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively
affects the structure or function of a body part or of the whole
organism. Diseases are often construed as medical conditions
that are associated with specific symptoms and signs.

5. CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASE
It is a class of diseases that
involve the heart or blood vessels.
Cardiovascular diseases
include coronary artery diseases
such as myocardial infarction.
Other CVDs include stroke, heart
failure, hypertensive heart
disease, rheumatic heart disease
and many more.

6. TYPES
There are two types of cardiovascular diseases.
1. CVDs that involve the blood vessels
2. CVDs that involve the heart

7. CVDS INVOLVING THE BLOOD VESSELS
• Coronary artery disease
• Peripheral arterial disease
• Cerebrovascular disease
• Renal artery stenosis
• Aortic aneurysm

8. CVDS INVOLVING THE BLOOD VESSELS
CORONARYARTERY
DISEASE
Also known as ischemic heart
disease (IHD), involves the
reduction of blood flow to
the heart muscle due to buildup
of plaque in the arteries of the
heart.
PERIPHERALARTERIAL
DISEASE
It is an abnormal narrowing
of arteries other than those that
supply the heart or brain.
It most commonly affects
the legs, but other arteries may
also be involved.
CEREBROVASCULAR
DISEASE
It includes a variety
of medical conditions that
affect the blood vessels of
the brain and the cerebral
circulation. Arteries supplying
oxygen and nutrients to the
brain are often damaged or
deformed in these disorders.

9. RENAL ARTERY
STENOSIS
It is the narrowing of one of
the renal arteries. This
narrowing of the renal artery
can impede blood flow to the
target kidney, resulting in Reno
vascular hypertension – a
secondary type of high blood
pressure
AORTIC ANEURYSM
It is an enlargement of
the aorta to greater than 1.5
times normal size. They usually
cause no symptoms except
when ruptured. Occasionally,
there may be abdominal, back,
or leg pain.

10. CVDS INVOLVING THE HEART
• Cardiomyopathy
• Hypertensive heart disease
• Heart failure
• Pulmonary heart disease
• Cardiac dysrhythmias
• Inflammatory heart disease
• Valvular heart disease
• Congenital heart disease
• Rheumatic heart disease

11. CVDS INVOLVING THE HEART
CARDIOMYOPATHY
It is a group of diseases that affect
the heart muscle. Some people may
have shortness of breath, feel tired,
or have swelling of the legs due
to heart failure. An irregular heart
beat may occur as well
as fainting. Those affected are at an
increased risk of sudden cardiac
death.
HYPERTENSIVE HEART
DISEASE
Diseases of heart secondary to high
blood pressure or hypertension are
hypertensive heart diseases. The
definition includes heart failure and
other cardiac complications of
hypertension when a causal relationship
between the heart disease and
hypertension is stated or implied on
the death certificate.
HEART FAILURE
It is also known as chronic heart
failure. It is when the heart is
unable to pump sufficiently to
maintain blood flow to meet the
body needs. Signs and symptoms
of heart failure commonly
include shortness of
breath, excessive tiredness, and leg
swelling.

12. PULMONARY HEART
DISEASE
It is the enlargement and failure of
the right ventricle of the heart as a
response to increased vascular
resistance (such as from pulmonic
stenosis) or high blood pressure in
the lungs. To be classified as
pulmonary heart disease, the cause
must originate in the pulmonary
circulation system.
CARDIAC
DYSRHYTHMIAS
It is a group of conditions in
which the heartbeat is irregular,
too fast or too slow. It is also
known as heart arrhythmia.
INFLAMMATORY HEART
DISEASE
Endocarditis – inflammation of
the inner layer of the heart,
the endocardium.
Myocarditis – inflammation of
the myocardium, the muscular part
of the heart, caused most often by
viral infection and less often by
bacterial infections.

13. VALVULAR HEART
DISEASE
It is any cardiovascular
disease process involving one or
more of the four valves of the
heart. These conditions occur
largely as a consequence of
aging, but may also be the result of
specific disease or physiologic
processes including pregnancy.
CONGENITAL HEART
DISEASE
Also known as a congenital heart
anomaly or congenital heart disease, is
a problem in the structure of
the heart that is present at birth. Signs
and symptoms depend on the specific
type of problem. Symptoms can vary
from none to life-threatening. When
present they may include rapid
breathing, bluish skin, poor weight
gain, and feeling tired.
RHEUMATIC HEART
DISEASE
It is an inflammatory disease that can
involve the heart, joints, skin,
and brain. Damage to the heart valves,
known as rheumatic heart disease,
usually occurs after repeated attacks but
can sometimes occur after one. The
damaged valves may result in heart
failure, atrial fibrillation and infection
of the valves.

14. CAUSES
CVDs may be caused by high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes
mellitus, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor
diet and excessive alcohol consumption. High blood pressure is
estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths,
while tobacco accounts for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6%
and obesity 5%.

15. RISK FACTORS
• Genetics
• Age
• Tobacco
• Physical inactivity
• Diet
• Sleep
• Air pollution

16. GLUTEN
INTOLERANCE
Gluten is a protein found
primarily in wheat, barley and
rye. If a person has gluten
intolerance, this protein can
cause digestive problems such
as gassiness, abdominal pain or
diarrhea.
Gluten intolerance is a less
severe condition than celiac
disease. Gluten intolerance is
often mistaken for celiac
disease, but they are separate
conditions.

17. SYMPTOMS OF GLUTEN INTOLERANCE
1. Diarrhea and constipation
2. Bloating
3. Abdominal pain
4. Fatigue
5. Nausea
6. Headaches
7. Other Symptoms
• Joint and muscle pain
• Depression or anxiety
• Confusion
• Anemia

18. DIAGNOSIS
• It is essential to ensure first that a more severe condition,
such as wheat allergy, is not present if gluten intolerance is
suspected.
• Taking a blood sample, which is then analyzed to detect the
presence of antibodies that could indicate wheat allergy,
can often do this. In some cases, other tests may also be
necessary.
• Once a doctor has ruled out a more serious condition, it can
still be difficult for him to confirm whether gluten
intolerance is present, as there are no tests for this.
• The most common method people use to determine if
gluten intolerance is present is to reduce or remove gluten
from a diet and monitor changes in symptoms.

19. FOODS TO AVOID
• Wheat and any derivatives of wheat,
such as spelt
• Barley including malt
• Rye
• Brewer’s yeast that is usually
derived from beer

20. COMMON FOODS AND DRINKS
CONTAINING GLUTEN
• Pasta
• Bread and pastries
• Many baked goods
• Noodles
• Crackers
• Cereals
• Pancakes
• Biscuits
• Many sauces and gravies
• Beers
• Malt beverages

21. LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
Lactose intolerance is a digestive disorder
caused by the inability to digest lactose, the
main carbohydrate in dairy product. A
deficiency of lactase — an enzyme produced
in your small intestine — is usually
responsible for lactose intolerance. Many
people have low levels of lactase but are able
to digest milk products without problems. If
you're actually lactose intolerant, though,
your lactase deficiency leads to symptoms
after you eat dairy foods.

22. SYMPTOMS
The signs and symptoms of lactose
intolerance usually begin 30 minutes to two
hours after eating or drinking foods that
contain lactose. Common signs and
symptoms include:
• Diarrhea
• Nausea and sometimes vomiting
• Abdominal cramps
• Bloating
• Gas

23. TYPES OF LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
• Primary lactose intolerance
In primary lactose intolerance, lactase production falls off sharply, making milk
products difficult to digest by adulthood. Primary lactose intolerance is genetically
determined, occurring in a large proportion of people with African, Asian or Hispanic
ancestry. The condition is also common among those of Mediterranean or Southern
European descent.
• Secondary lactose intolerance
This form of lactose intolerance occurs when your small intestine decreases
lactase production after an illness, injury or surgery involving your small intestine.
Among the diseases associated with secondary lactose intolerance are celiac disease,
bacterial overgrowth and Crohn’s disease. Treatment of the underlying disorder may
restore lactase levels and improve signs and symptoms, though it can take time.

24. • Congenital or developmental lactose intolerance
It’s possible, but rare, for babies to be born with lactose intolerance
caused by a complete absence of lactase activity. This disorder is passed from
generation to generation in a pattern of inheritance called autosomal recessive,
meaning that both the mother and the father must pass on the same gene variant
for a child to be affected. Premature infants may also have lactose intolerance
because of an insufficient lactase level.

25. CAUSES
Lactose intolerance occurs when your small intestine doesn’t
produce enough of an enzyme (lactase) to digest milk sugar
(lactose). Normally, lactase turns milk sugar into two simple
sugars — glucose and galactose — which are absorbed into the
bloodstream through the intestinal lining.
If you’re lactase deficient, lactose in your food moves into the
colon instead of being processed and absorbed. In the colon,
normal bacteria interact with undigested lactose, causing the
signs and symptoms of lactose intolerance.

26. RISK FACTORS
• Increasing age
• Ethnicity
• Premature birth
• Diseases affecting the small intestine
• Certain cancer treatment

27. HYPERTENSION
Hypertension is another name
for high blood pressure.
It can lead to severe
complications and increases the
risk of heart disease, stroke,
and death.

28. SYMPTOMS
• A person with hypertension may not notice any symptoms, and
it is often called the “silent killer.”
• It is maintained that high blood pressure causes sweating,
anxiety, sleeping problems, and blushing. However, in most
cases, there will be no symptoms at all.

29. COMPLICATIONS
• Heart failure and heart attacks
• An aneurysm, or an abnormal bulge in the wall of
an artery that can burst, causing severe bleeding
and, in some cases, death
• Kidney failure
• Stroke
• Amputation
• Hypertensive retinopathies in the eye, which can
lead to blindness

30. MEASURES TO PREVENT HYPERTENSION
• Reducing the amount salt in food
• Moderating alcohol consumption
• Eating more fruits and vegetables
and less fats
• Managing body weight

31. TYPES
1. Primary hypertension can result from multiple factors, including blood plasma
volume and activity of the hormones that regulate of blood volume and pressure. It is
also influenced by environmental factors, such as stress and lack of exercise.
2. Secondary hypertension has specific causes and is a complication of another
problem. It can result from:
• Diabetes
• Kidney disease
• Cushing syndrome
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Obesity
• CKD

32. CAUSES
• The cause of hypertension is often not known.
• Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common cause of high
blood pressure because the kidneys do not filter out fluid. This
fluid excess leads to hypertension.

33. RISK FACTORS
• Physical inactivity
• A salt-rich diet associated with
processed and fatty foods
• Low potassium in the diet
• Alcohol and tobacco use
• Certain diseases and medication

34. OBESITY
It is a medical condition in which
excess body fat has accumulated to an
extent that it may have a negative
effect on health. On average, obese
people have a greater energy
expenditure than their normal
counterparts due to the energy required
to maintain an increased body mass.

35. DISEASES RELATED TO OBESITY
• Heart disease and stroke
• High blood pressure
• Diabetes
• Some cancers
• Gallbladder disease and gallstones
• Osteoarthritis
• Gout
• Breathing problems, such as sleep apnea and asthma

36. CAUSES
• Genetics
• Overeating
• A diet high in simple carbohydrates
• Frequency of eating
• Physical inactivity
• Medications
• Psychological factors
• Diseases such as hypothyroidism, insulin
resistance, polycystic ovary syndrome,
and Cushing's syndrome are also contributors to
obesity

37. TREATMENT
As patients stop taking the medication,
weight gain usually occurs. Weight loss
drugs, approved by the U.S. Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) for treating
obesity, include: ... Orlistat (Xenical) —
This drug works by blocking about 30
percent of dietary fat from being
absorbed.

38. SYMPTOMS
• Breathlessness
• Increased sweating
• Snoring
• Inability to cope with sudden physical activity
• Feeling very tired every day
• Back and joint pains
• Low confidence and self esteem
• Feeling isolated