3. Unethical Research by Nazi’s
• Karl Brandit conducted grusome experiments
on jewish prisoners
1. Exposures to toxins
2. Exposure to freezing temperature
3. Exposure with deadly infectious agents
4. Sterilization
4.
5. The Holocaust
• The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the
genocide of European Jews during World War II.
Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its
collaborators systematically murdered some six
million Jews across German-occupied Europe,
around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population.
• Deaths: Around 6 million Jews
• Start date: 1941
• End date: May 8, 1945
• Location: Nazi Germany, German-occupied
Europe
6. Genocide
• The deliberate killing of a large
number of people from a particular
nation or ethnic group with the aim
of destroying that nation or group.
7. Nuremberg Code
• A report about standards for ethical
research
• The Nuremberg Code has been
foundation of other reports
regarding ethics in research
8. Belmont Report
• 1970 US Govt established the National
Commision for protection of human subjects
of biomedical and behavioral research
• The commission wrote the Belmont Report
9. Belmont Report
• Belmont report describes three core
concepts of ethical research
1. Respect for person
2. Beneficence (an act of charity, mercy, and
kindness with a strong connotation of
doing good to others including moral
obligation)
3. Justice
10. 1. Respect For Person
• Recognition of human dignity informed
consent process
• Informed Consent.....when researchers
tell potential participants about the
study and ask if they want to participate
or not?
11. Informed Consent
• Informed consent contain three elements
1. Information
2. Comprehension
3. Voluntarianess
12. Respect For Person
• Informed consent... Information
• People must be given enough
information in order to make a
knowledgable decision if they want to
participate or not
13. Complete Information
• Information given to participate usually
include
1. Purpose of research
2. Study methods
3. Time required to participate
4. Potential risk/benefits
5. Can ask question
6. Can quit participation at any time
14. Respect For Person
• Informed consent- Comprehension
• People comprehend the information that you give to
them
• Information must be presented in a way for people to
understand it
• Include special classes of people < 18 years,
• Impaired mental capaciities, terminally ill, comatose
15. Respect for Person
• Informed consent...............Volunteriness
• People must be willing giving consent
(permission to participate in the study)
• People must not feel any pressure to
participate
16. Respect for Person
• Informed consent..........people are totally
informed about the research study
• People understand the information
• People are willing to participate
• People usually give consent by signing a form or
verbally saying that they consent
17. Beneficence
• Protecting people in research from harm
• Maximize possible benefits of research
and minimize possible harms
• Benefits/harms.......physical,
psychological, societal
18. Justice
• Benefits and burden of research should
be equally distributed fairly among
people groups
• This means researhers should not be
baised in term of
1. Sex,
2. Race,
3. Social status and so on
19. Justice
• I think my reseach can discover the cure
for colon cancer and include only white
people
• ( benefits of research not fairly
distributed)
20. Justice
• Protection of the institutionalized such as
prisoners or institutinalized people with mental
health problems
• Research can be conducted with them only on
certain conditions
• These groups are already burdened from being
institutionalized
• They do not need to feel further burden of being
studied
21. IRB
• Institution Review Board
• A panel of people who determine if a proposed
research study is ethical
• Every institution that conduct research has a IRB
• Before researchers conduct study they have to fill out
application that describe their study how they are
going to carry out the study
• The potential benefits
• The potential harm of the study
22. IRB
• IRB read the application and decide will the research would
be ethical or not?
• If ethical IRB approves the study and the research can be
started
• If IRB does not approve the study the researchers will have to
change how they want to change this study in order to make
it ethical
• Studies can not be conducted without approval from the IRB
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30. Conclusion
• War crimes of Nazis scientist inspired the scientific
community to set guidelines for ethical research practices
• The Belmort report defines core aspects of ethical research
such as
1. Respect for person
2. Beneficence and justice
3. An IRB also ensures ethical research by reviweing research
ideas before being conducted
