Architecture

1. Tourism Product in India

2. Architecture
• Meaning
– The art and study of designing buildings
– The design or style of a building or buildings

3. Definition
• According to Ellis and Davidson, “Architecture
is the material expression of the wants, the
faculties and the sentiments of the age in
which it is created”.

4. Introduction
•Architecture is the matrix of civilization.
•Architecture remains visible material or record of
intellectual evolution of man.
•A nation’s cultural history can be appreciated
through its architecture.
•Architecture, paintings, literature and music are
the soul of a nation.

5. Cont…
• The people of India were the world’s greatest
builders.
• Ancient Temples, Palaces, Mosque, Mausoleum and
Churches are a testimony to the skill of artitst,
architects, engineers and builders.
• The architect in India has traditionally followed the
foot steps of the supreme architect Viswakarma.
• He originated the Sceince of Architecturee. His name
literally means ‘Creator of the Universe’.

6. Types of Architecture
• Domestic Architecture
• Power Architecture
• Religious Architecture
• Government Architecture
• Recreational Architecture

7. Buildings Techniques in Architecture
• Materials
• Expression
• Form
• Scale
– Texture
– Colour
– Environment
– ornament

8. Chronological Division (seven)
• Harappan
• Mauryan
• Gupta
• Medieval
• Muslim
• British
• Modern

9. Division of (Religious) Architecture
• Hindu Temple Architecture
• Buddhist Architecture
• Jainist Architecture
• Mughals (Muslim) Architecture
• Indo – European Architecture
• Indo – Sarasonic Architecture

10. Hindu Temple Architecutre
• Dravida (South India)
• Nagara (North and Eastern India)
• Vesera (Central and Western India)

11. Dravidian Style of Architecture
• Pallavas (600 – 900 A.D.)
• Chola (900 – 1250 A.D.)
• Pandyas (1100 – 1350 A.D.)
• Hoysala (1100 – 1350 A.D.)
• Vijayanagara (1350 – 1565 A.D.)
• Nayaks (1600 – 1736 A.D.)

12. Pallava Architecture
• The earliest examples of temples in the
Dravidian style belongs to the Pallava period.
• Two groups
– Rock cut (610 – 690 A.D.)
– Structural (690 – 900 A.D.)

13. Rock cut
• Two groups
– Excavated pillared halls or Mandapas
– Monolithic shrines known as Rathas
e.g. Mamallapuram (five rathas and mandapas)

14. Structural
• Kailasanatha temple
e.g. Kanchipuram
• Vaikuntha perumal temple

15. Chola
• Several hundreds of temples
• Brihadeshwara Temple
• Temples at Thanjavur, Chidambaram, Sri Rangam,
Gangaigonda Chola puram, Darasuram and
Tribhuvanam
• Cylone (Sri Lanka) and Southeast Asian kingdoms like
Sumatra and Java

16. Pandya
• Gopurams at the main entrance
• Sundara Pandya gopuram of Jambukesvara
• Temple at Kumbakonam, Madurai,
Tiruchendur, Rameshwaram

17. Hoysala
• Numerous angled projections and carved
surfaces
• Temples at Belur, Halebid and Sringeri

18. Vijayanagara
• Tall massive gopurams
• Multiple mandapas
• Pillared halls (carved pillars) lions, yalis,
• Shrines to minor deities
• Temple at Papapati, the Hazararama temple,
the Vittalswami temple, Srivilliputhur Andal
Temple, etc.

19. Nayaks
• Dravidan style assumed final form
• Madura style
• Meenakshi temple at Madurai
• Sundareshwara and Meenakshi
• Two thousand pillars
• Temples at Srirangam, Jambukeshwaram,
Rameshwaram, Chidambaram, etc.

20. Structure of Hindu Temple

21. Ariel View of a Temple

22. Features of Dravidian Style
• Gopura(m)
• Vimana(m)
• Pillared Halls
• Mandapa(m)s

23. Gopura(m) or Tall tower

24. Constructional Plan of a Temple

25. Structure of a Siva Temple

26. Plan of Gopura(m)

27. Sculpture

28. Sculpture

29. Sculpture

30. Top of the Gopura

31. Kalasa(m)

32. Vimana(m)

33. Plan of Vimana(m)

34. Plan of Vimana(m)

35. Sanctum Sanctorum (Garbhagraha)

36. Pillared Halls
1000 Pillared Hall or Mandapam

37. Pillars

38. Mandapas
Artha Mandapam
Maha Mandapam

39. Mandapa(m)
Nandhi Mandapam Front Mandapam
Periya Mandapam Inner Mandapam

40. Kalyana Mandapa(m)

41. Nagara Style

42. Plan of Nagara