Software Trends: Past, Present and Future Presentation by Biniam Asnake

2. 
 Introduction
(Definition, Characteristics, Types of Software)
 History of Software Development/Trends
1. The Pioneering Era (1955 -1965)
2. The Stabilizing Era (1965 -1980)
3. The Micro Era (1980 - Present)
 Major Developments during the 1980s
 Five Software Trends (Legaspi, C.M.D.)
 Looking forward to four software trends in 2011 (Wagner, B.)
 Software Trends (McNurlin, B.C. and Sprague, R.H.)
 Computer History: Full Timeline
 Conclusion
 References
Presentation Outline:

3. 
The word 'Software‘ was coined by John Tukey,
a Statistician, in 1985.
Software is a conceptual entity which is a set of
computer programs, procedures, and associated
documentation concerned with the operation of
a data processing system.
Computer software, or just software, is a
collection of computer programs and related
data that provide the instructions for telling a
computer what to do and how to do it.
Definition

4. 
 The brain and soul of a computer, not just paint.
 The embodiment of the functions of a system.
 The captured knowledge about an application area.
 The collection of all the programs and data that are
necessary to make a computer a special-purpose
machine designed for a particular application.
 All of the information (documentation) produced
during the development of software-intensive
system.
Characteristics of Software:
(Peter Freeman)

5. 
Types of Software
(Kutten, L.J.)
1) System Software
2) Programming Software
3) Application Software

6. 
 System software provides the basic functions for
computer usage and helps run the computer
hardware and system.
 It includes a combination of the following:
 Operating systems
 Device drivers
 Utilities
 Its purpose is to unburden the application software
programmer from the often complex details of the
particular computer being used.
System Software

7.  provides tools to assist a programmer in writing
computer programs, and software using different
programming languages in a more convenient way.
 The tools include:
 Compilers
 Debuggers
 Interpreters
 Linkers
 Text editors
 An Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is
a single application that attempts to manage all
these functions.
Programming Software
Ada
Lovelace

8. 
Application Software
 Business software
 Computer-aided
design
 Databases
 Decision making
software
 Educational software
 Image editing
 Industrial automation
 Mathematical software
 Medical software
 Molecular modeling software
 Quantum chemistry and solid
state physics software
 Simulation software
 Spreadsheets
 Telecommunications (i.e., the
Internet and everything that
flows on it)
 Video editing software
 Video games
 Word processing
 developed to aid in any task that benefits from computation.
 Includes:

9. 
History of Software
Development
(Robert L. Glass)
1. The Pioneering Era (1955 -1965)
2. The Stabilizing Era (1965 -1980)
3. The Micro Era (1980 - present)

10. 
 During this era, computers were merely used in
organizations for governmental purposes.
 extremely large in size
 stationed in a separate room
 the users usually had to sign-up for machine time
and then run the job themselves when their turn came.
 to run a job meant that you had to put the punched
cards that contained the program, its data, and its
control information, into the machine’s card reader
and wait for the results to come back on the printer.
Therefore, programmers had to run their jobs.
The Pioneering Era
(1955 – 1965)

11. 
 each invented computer was different than the one before it.
 software personnel had to rewrite their programs
to run on the new computers as each one came
along.
 Software was considered a “mere accessory to hardware”
 the manufacturers had grouped the system and application
software into the pricing structure of the hardware, whether
the user wanted it or not.
 Computer Usage Company (CUC) is the world’s first
computer software company founded by Elmer C. Kubie and
John W. Sheldon in March 1955.
… The Pioneering Era

12. 
 employees still did not have computers on their desks.
 Unlike the Pioneering Era:
 programmers no longer had to run their jobs, because
the “whole job-queue system had been
institutionalized”.
 on January 1st, 1970
“Software Industry Born With IBM’s Unbundling”
 IBM’s unbundling of software and hardware was a
great help to the growing of the software industry.
The Stabilizing Era
(1965 – 1980)

13. 
 IBM released its System/360 mainframe in 1964:
“probably the most significant event in the
history of operating systems”.
 Main feature: JCL (Job Control Language)
 A new concept: “STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING”
 Using a few simple structures
 keeping program segments manageable
 minimizing their size
 a problem becomes broken up into small and easily
understood pieces.
… The Stabilizing Era

14. 
 New developments in Operating Systems:
 In 1969, two programmers from AT&T Bell
Laboratories, Kenneth Thompson and Dennis
Ritchie developed the UNIX operating system.
 for facilitating programming research and development.
 designed to be a convenient system for supporting
program development.
 Important Features: Timesharing and File Management
 By 1975, UNIX had become very popular in many
universities nationwide, and the first release of UNIX for
public consumption was version five.
… The Stabilizing Era

15. 
 began with the rise of microcomputers.
 programmers had the computer power within easy grasp.
 Major breakthrough in 1980s were:
a) the development of Graphical User Interface (GUI)
 both user-friendly and programmer-friendly
 Benefit of GUI:
 users’ ability to learn a second application faster
b) the status of software as a commercial product with
its own industry.
 In this era, software was no longer free.
The Micro Era
(1980 to the Present)

16. 
 1981:
The Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS)
made its debut (introduction) as the basic software
for the released IBM PC (in August 1981).
 1982: Mitch Kapor developed the Lotus 1-2-3.
 1983: Microsoft announced “Multi-Tool Word”
 It also announced the creation of Microsoft Windows
 But, Windows 3.0 was released May 22nd, 1990.
 support large graphical applications
 run multiple programs simultaneously.
… The Micro Era

17. 
1. emergence of the personal computer (PC)
2. introduction of the workstation
1. by Apollo in 1981 and Sun Microsystems in 1982
2. was a crossbred of the PC and minicomputer
3. the rapid growth of system integration
and “outsourcing” companies
3 Major Developments
during the 1980s

18. 
1: Accelerating pace and cost-reduction of
software development
2: Everything is going on the internet
3: The internet of things
4: Micro-segmentation
5: Rise of the MicroISV (Micro
Independent Software Vendors)
Five Software Trends
(Legaspi, C.M.D.)

19. 
Data moves online into the cloud.
Web Apps move beyond the browser.
Businesses will continue to leverage
software to solve tough problems.
Consumers own multiple computers
based on form factor.
People want to carry the most efficient device
for them at that time.
Looking forward to
four software trends in 2011
(Wagner, B.)

20. 
 In 1960s
 Improve the productivity of in-house programmers who created
transaction processing systems
 Modular and structured programming techniques
 In 1970s
 Life cycle development methodologies and software engineering
 Prototyping
 Purchasing software became viable alternative to in-house
development
 Object-Oriented Analysis & Object-Oriented Programming
 In 1980s
 IS managers paying attention to applications other than transaction
processing systems (TPS)
 Decision Support Systems (DSSs), report generation, database apps
 End users develop their own systems
Software Trends
(McNurlin, B.C. and Sprague, R.H.)

21.  In 1990s
 Push for "open systems"
 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) e.g. SAP, PeopleSoft
 Defining a corporation's IT architecture
 Like hardware, software is migrating to be network centric.
 Web front ends to empower employees rather than replacing legacy
systems
 Now
 Moving to Web Services
 The significance of Web Services is that it moves software and
programming to being truly network centric – the network
becomes the heart of the system, linking all Web Services
… Software Trends

22. 
Computer History:
Full Timeline

23. 
Computer History:
COMPUTER SYSTEMS (Technology)
Year Technology Used
Before 1801 Calculators were the earliest computing devices.
1801 the use of punched cards for computing
1930 - 1960
Desktop mechanical calculators were built during the 1930s.
During the 1950s and the '60s, electronic desktop calculators came up.
1940 - 1960
the emergence of the digital computing technology. Zuse Z3, ENIAC and EDSAC were
some of the early digital computers.
 First-generation computers were based on the von Neumann architecture.
 The second generation computers were characterized by the replacement of vacuum tube
by bipolar transistors.
After 1960
• The development of the third generation computers based on ICs.
• Computer systems had large storage capacities and high processing powers.
• Multi-core CPUs became available in the 21st century. Laptops, palmtops, handheld
PCs, notebook computers and tablet PCs are popular today.
• Computer development still continues.

24. Year Event
2400 BC
Abacus, the first known calculator was invented in Babylonia. It was a
major step towards the era of computing that was to follow.
500 BC
Panini, an ancient Indian Sanskrit grammarian came up with the
predecessor of the modern formal language theory.
300 BC
Pingala invented the binary number system that serves as the
foundation of computing systems the world over.
1614
John Napier designed the system of movable rods, which used
algorithms to perform the basic mathematical operations.
1622 William Oughtred invented slide rules.
1822 Charles Babbage devised the first mechanical computer.
1937 John V. Atanasoff devised the first digital electronic computer
Computer History:
COMPUTER SYSTEMS (Event)

25. Year Event
1939 Atanasoff and Clifford Berry came up with the ABC prototype.
1941
The electromechanical Z machines by Konrad Zuse proved being an important
step in the evolution of computers.
1943
Colossus, which was able to decode German messages, was designed at
Bletchley Park in Britain.
1944 Harvard Mark I, a computer with lesser programmability was designed.
1945
John von Neumann described a stored program architecture, for the
first time ever. This architecture was the heart of the computer systems
developed thereafter. This architecture, which came to be known as the
von Neumann architecture is a part of every computer till today.
1946
The Ballistics Research Laboratory of the United States came up with
the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC).
It was the first general purpose electronic computer; but had an
inflexible architecture.
… Computer History: COMPUTER SYSTEMS

26. 
1950
The US National Bureau of Standards came up with the Standards
Electronic/Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC). It was the first
computer using diodes for handling logic.
1951
Lynos Electronic Office (LEO), the first business computer was developed
by John Simmons and T. Raymond Thompson. UNIVAC I, the first
commercial computer was designed in the United States by John
Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly. EDVAC, the electronic discrete
variable automatic computer was introduced.
1955
Bell Labs introduced its first transistor computer. Transistors made
computers energy-efficient.
1958
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was formed. This year also
witnessed the making of the first silicon chip by Jack Kilby and Robert
Noyce.
… Computer History: COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27. Year Event
1968 DEC launched the first mini computer known as PDP-8
1969
The US Department of Defense founded the Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network (ARPANET). It was established with intent to develop a
computer network and is the predecessor of the Internet.
1971
Microcomputers came up with microprocessors and Ted Hoff at Intel,
introduced 4-bit 4004.
1972 This year witnessed the creation of 8080 microprocessors by Intel.
1973
A minicomputer that was called Xerox Alto was developed during this year. It
was an important milestone in the development of personal computers.
1974
Researchers at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center came up with Alto, which
was the first workstation with an inbuilt mouse. It had a fair amount of storage
capacity and offered menus and icons. It could also connect to a network.
… Computer History: COMPUTER SYSTEMS

28. 
1975
Altair came up with the first portable computer. Tandem computers, the first
computers with online transaction processing capacities were born during this
period.
1979
By 1979, more than half a million computers were in use in the United States. This
number crossed 10 million by 1983.
1981
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) was founded. It was during the
same year that the first 32-bit chip was introduced by Hewlett-Packard.
1982 Intel announced the 80286 processor.
1983 Time magazine nominated personal computer for the title 'machine of the year'.
1985 Intel introduced the 80386 processor that consists of a 16MHz processor.
1990
The World Wide Web was born. Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher at CERN, developed
HTML. He came up with specifications such as URL and HTTP. He based the World
Wide Web on enquiry-based system that used hypertext and enabled people to
collaborate over a network. His first web server and browser became available to
the public.
… Computer History: COMPUTER SYSTEMS

29. Year Event
1954 MIT came up with their operating system for UNIVAC 1103.
1964 Dartmouth timesharing operating system was developed.
1965
Multics was announced. However, it was opened for paying customers in
October 1969.
1966 DOS/360 of IBM came up.
1969 This year witnessed the development of the Unix operating system by AT&T.
1976 CP/M was developed during this year.
1980 OS-9 came up in 1980.
1981
This year can be considered fortunate to have witnessed the development of
MS-DOS. IBM had hired Paul Allen and Bill Gates to create an operating system
in 1980. They used the operating system manufactured by the Seattle
Computer Products as a template to develop DOS.
Computer History:
OPERATING SYSTEMS

30. 
1984 Macintosh operating system came up in this year.
1987 It was during this year that MINIX, BSD2000 and OS/2 were developed.
1988 RISC iX, LynxOS and Macintosh OS (System 6) came up during this year.
1989 This was the time when the RISC operating system was developed.
1991
It was in 1991 that Linux came up. It is a Unix-like operating system,
which is a free software. It was during this year that Minix 1.5 was
developed and Macintosh came up with System 7.
1992 Solaris, the successor of Sun OS 4.X came up during this year.
1993 Plan 9, FreeBSD, NetBSD and Windows NT 3.1 came up during 1993.
1995 OpenBSD and Microsoft Windows 95 came up during 1995
1996 Windows NT 4.0 hit the computing market in 1996.
… Computer History: OPERATING SYSTEMS

31. 1998 1998 witnessed the release of Windows 98 as well of Solaris 7.
2000
Windows 2000, which hit the markets in 2000, was the first Windows server
operating system to drop the 'NT' suffixed to its name. Windows ME, which was
sold during this year, was the last operating system in the Windows 9x line. Red
Hat Linux 6.2E also came up during 2000.
2001
Windows XP was launched and soon gained a wide popularity. Windows XP 64-bit
edition followed in 2002.
2002 Windows XP Service Pack 1 was released in 2002.
2003
2003 witnessed the launch of the Windows 2003 Server as also the release of Red
Hat Enterprise Linux 3.
2004 Windows XP Service Pack 2 was released in 2004.
2006 Windows Vista hit the markets
2008
Windows Vista Service Pack 1 and Windows Server 2008 came up in 2008. It was
also during this very year that Windows XP Service Pack 3 was released.
… Computer History: OPERATING SYSTEMS

32. 
Year Programming Language Developed
Before 1950 The ENIAC coding system was primarily used in computing
1954-55
Fortran "0" was designed by a team at IBM. Fortran Implementation was
developed by John Backus at IBM in 1957.
1956-58 John McCarthy came up with the concept of LISP.
1959
COBOL concept came up followed by its implementation that was developed
by the Codasyl Committee in 1960. The LISP implementation was developed
in 1959. LISP's successor, Common LISP, came up later in 1984.
1964
IBM came up with PL/I concept. PL/M followed years later in 1972. 1964 also
saw the development of BASIC by Kemeny and Kurtz.
1969 Ken Thompson developed the B language.
1970 This was when Pascal was developed.
Computer History:
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

33. 
1972
It was during 1972 that Smalltalk and Prolog were developed.
One of the most important events in the history of computing was the
development of C language. It was developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972.
1975 Scheme, the successor of LISP came up as also Modula, the successor of Pascal.
1978 SQL was developed at IBM in 1978.
1979 REXX and AWK came up in 1979.
1980-83
C with classes was developed in 1980. Objective-C came up in 1982. 1983
witnessed the development of C++, one of the very popular languages till date.
1985 PostScript and Object Pascal belong to 1985.
1987
Perl that derives some of its features from C, as also from AWK, sed and sh
evolved in 1987.
… Computer History: PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

34. 
1991
Van Rossum came up with Python.
Visual Basic, developed by Alan Cooper, came up in the same year.
1993 Ruby, which is considered a successor of Smalltalk and Perl, came up in 1993.
1994 PHP was born in 1994.
1995
ColdFusion belongs to 1995. It was during this year that James Gosling at Sun
Microsystems came up with Java.
1996 Javascript was born in this year. ECMAScript, its successor came up in 1997.
1999
XSLT, a language based on XML by the W3C and the Game Maker Language by
Mark Overmars were born in 1999.
2000 The D language and C# came up in 2000.
2006
The development of Windows PowerShell by Microsoft was one of the
significant events in computing that took place in 2006.
… Computer History: PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

35. 
 It is believed that the history of software as we
know it began in 1946 when the first software bug
was developed.
 Software has become in time, cheaper and faster as
did hardware.
 At first some elements of the computer were
considered to be software but then they have joined
the ranks of hardware.
 Software has constantly increased in popularity as
the importance of computers has increased.
Conclusion

36. 
For a long time, software was bundled with the
hardware by original equipment manufacturers.
Nowadays things are much simpler since people
can perform software download from the internet
whenever they need a new program.
Looking at the speedily advancing computing
technology, we can surely say that the future of
computers is going to be as glorious as their
history.
… Conclusion

37. 1) Glass, R.L., “In the Beginning: Personal Recollections of Software Pioneers,” IEEE
Computer Society Press, 1998.
2) Wagner, B. (2011). Looking forward to four software trends in 2011 [Online].
Available: http://www.annarbor.com/business-review/looking-forward-to-2011/
3) Kutten, L.J. Computer Software: Protection / Liability / Law / Forms. 2nd ed. New York:
Clark Broadman Co. Ltd., 1988.
4) Legaspi, C.M.D. (2010). Five Software Trends and What They Mean for Business in
the Third World [Online]. Available: http://www. calenlegaspi.blogspot.com/five-
software-trends-and-what-they-mean.html
5) Oak, M. (2011). Computer History: Full Timeline. [Online]. Available:
http://www.buzzle.com/about.html
6) McNurlin, B.C. and Sprague, R.H. Information Systems Management in Practice, 7th
ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education International, 2006.
7) AL-Zayani, S.A. (2001) Software: A Historic View of its Development as a Product
and an Industry. [Online]. Available: http://www.computinghistorymuseum.org/
teaching/papers/research/software_historic_view_of_its_development_Alzayani.p
df
References

38. 
Thank you
for
your attention!