2. FERTILITY
Actual bearing of children is fertility
Fertility period of a women's is from 15- 49 years(Age)
Fertility depends on several factors:
Biological – age , health, environment
Social cultural – Marriage , contraception , abortion
Economic – per capita income, urbanization,
tradition, industrialization 2
3. DETERMINANTS OF FERTILITY RATE
Demographic factors
Status of women
Level of education
Economic factors
Religions
Social and cultural factors
Level of available health care
Machismo ( aggressive masculine pride)
Pressure from government
Type of residence
Marriage
Contraceptive use 3
4. STATUS OF INDIA IN FERTILITY RATE
WITHIN SAARC
Afghanistan - 5.43 Islam (99%)
Bangladesh - 2.45 Islam (89.6%), Hinduism (9.6%)
Bhutan - 2.02 Buddhism (76%). Hinduism
(23%)
India - 2.51 Hinduism (80.5%), Islam (13.4%),
Christian (2.3%)
Maldives - 1.76 Islam (99.4%)
Nepal - 2.3 Hinduism (80.6%), Buddhism (10.7
Pakistan - 2.86 Islam (97%)
Sri Lanka - 2.13 Buddhism (70%), Hinduism(15%)
Source: CIA World Factbook - Unless otherwise noted, information in this page is accurate as of
January 1, 2014
Religion status
4
5. FERTILITY RATE AMONG DIFFERENT
RELIGION(IN INDIA)
Hindu - 4.5 4.1 3.7
Muslim - 5.6 5.4 4.9
Christian - 3.8 3.4 2.9
Sikh - 3.9 3.5 3.1
1991 2001 2011
Source: census ,NFHS,NSS 5
7. FERTILITY RATE AMONG DIFFERENT RELIGION
IN VARIOUS STATES OF INDIA (CENSUS 2011)
States Religions Fertility rate
H(%) M(%) C(%)
Andhra Pradesh Hindu Muslim Christian 87.46 9.5 1.34
Tamil nadu Hindu Muslim Christian 87.5 5.8 6.12
Maharashtra Hindu Muslim Christian 79 .8 11.5 0.96
Gujarat Hindu Muslim Christian 88.5 9.67 0.52
Utterpradesh Hindu Muslim Christian 79.7 19.2 0.18
Assam Hindu Muslim Christian 61.47 34.22 3.74
Jammu &
Kashmir
Hindu Muslim Christian 28.44 68.31 0.28
West Bengal Hindu Muslim Christian 70.54 27.01 0.72 7
9. GROWTH RATE OF FERTILITY AMONG HINDU
& MUSLIM
Muslim population still grows at a faster rate than the Hindu population,
but the gap between the two growth rates is narrowing fast.
9
10. USE OF CONTRACEPTIVES AMONG
DIFFERENT RELIGION
Contraceptive use is the highest among Jains (75%),
Buddhists/neo-Buddhists (68%) and Sikhs (67%),
according to NFHS 3(National Family Health Survey)
Contraceptive use is 58% among Christians and Hindus
and lowest among Muslims, 42%
Contraceptive use among married women varies clearly
by education, religion, caste, and wealth
10
12. RELIGIOUS CONCEPT
Each religious group has its own traditions and mores
It has been observed that age at marriage, remarriage,
divorce, customs and beliefs and importance of children
– all have great impact on fertility performance – which
vary from one religious to other
Similarly indirect and institutional factor like- age at
entry into marital union, exposure to intercourse within
marriage and duration of marriage are regulated by social
customs and practices in different religions which are
responsible factors in fertility
12
14. RELIGIOUS CONCEPT
The Muslim and Catholic religions encourage large
families
They oppose any forms of contraception
Muslim-Hindu differences in the desire for an additional
child and the minimum use of contraceptive tends to
increase fertility rate
In many states of India, contraceptive use is lower
among Muslims than Hindus 14
15. CONTD.
The concept of remarriage is more privilege in different
religions
Similarly the contribution of socio-economic
characteristics among the different religion has also a
great impact in fertility
Religions impose religious oath and practices of self-
denial, either lifelong or outside marriage
15
16. Religions may encourage literacy in order to read the
scriptures(holy book), which in turn may lead to indirect effects
on fertility – concept of fertility among different religions
Similarly number of real studies have argued that Catholics
show different fertility than Christian church(fundamentalist)
and this is due to differences in the content of their religious
beliefs
16
17. Islam is hypothesized to affect fertility directly by its
position on the moral acceptability of birth control, and
by its views on marriage, polygamy and divorce
It is popularly believed that because Islam permits a man
to take multiple wives, father large numbers of children
and unilaterally divorce his wife, this encourages high
fertility in Islamic populations
17
18. DECREASE IN FERTILITY RATE
POLICIES
1. Active population control policy (1961-71)
2. National population policy (1976)
3. Family planning during emergency (1975-77)
4. Policies in 6th ,7th ,8th ,9th plan (1990s)
5. The New National population policy (2000)
6. National population policy of 2002
18
19. PLANS & PROGRAMS
1. A rational human resource development plan is in place for
provision of IUCD, Minilap and NSV to empower the facilities
within the Sub Centers with trained ANMs & ASHA workers
2. Ensuring quality care in Family Planning services by
establishing Quality Assurance Committees at state and district
levels
3. Emphasis on MinilapTubectomy services because of its
logistical simplicity and requirement of only MBBS doctors and
not post graduate gynecologists/ surgeons
19
20. CONT.
4. Increasing male participation and promotion of ‘Non Scalpel
Vasectomy’’.
5. National Family Planning Indemnity Scheme’ (NFPIS) under
which clients are insured in the possible incidence of deaths,
complications and failures following sterilization and the
providers/ accredited institutions are compensate against
litigations(action) in those cases
6. Compensation scheme for sterilization acceptors - under the
scheme MoHFW provides compensation for loss of wages to the
beneficiary and also to the service provider (& team) for
conducting sterilizations
·
20
21. CONT.
7. Accreditation of more private/ NGO facilities to increase
the provider base for family planning services under PPP
8. Improving contraceptives supply management up to
peripheral facilities
9. Demand generation activities in the form of display of
posters, billboards and other audio and video materials in
the various facilities
10. Strong Political Will and Advocacy at the highest level,
especially in states with high fertility rates 21
