HERE I HAVE DESCRIBED ABOUT FAMOUS RUSSIAN PSYCHOLOGIST . Lev Vygotsky, Ivan Pavlov ,Alexei Nikolaevich Leontiev, Bluma Wulfovna Zeigarnik , Sergei Rubinstein , Boris mikhailovich teplov , Igor Semyonovich Kon , Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev.
2. FAMOUS RUSSIAN
PSYCHOLOGIST :
LEV VYGOTSKY
IVAN PAVLOV
ALEXEI NIKOLAEVICH LEONTIEV
BLUMA WULFOVNA ZEIGARNIK
SERGEI RUBINSTEIN
BORIS MIKHAILOVICH TEPLOV
IGOR SEMYONOVICH KON
VLADIMIR MIKHAILOVICH BEKHTEREV
3. LEV VYGOTSKY
NOVEMBER 17 1896 – JUNE 11, 1934
WAS A SOVIET PSYCHOLOGIST, THE
FOUNDER OF AN UNFINISHED
MARXIST THEORY OF HUMAN
CULTURAL AND BIO-SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT, THE "CULTURAL-
HISTORICAL PSYCHOLOGY"
(ALTHOUGH THE PHRASE NEVER
ACTUALLY OCCURRED IN
VYGOTSKY'S WRITINGS; SOMETIMES
ALSO REFERRED TO AS
"SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY") AND A
"SCIENCE OF SUPERMAN", A NEW
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY OF
CONSCIOUSNESS AND ITS
RELATIONSHIP TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER
4. LEV VYGOTSKY
• VYGOTSKY WAS A PIONEERING PSYCHOLOGIST AND HIS MAJOR WORKS SPAN
SIX SEPARATE VOLUMES, WRITTEN OVER ROUGHLY TEN YEARS, FROM
PSYCHOLOGY OF ART (1925) TO THOUGHT AND LANGUAGE [OR THINKING AND
SPEECH] (1934). VYGOTSKY'S INTERESTS IN THE FIELDS OF DEVELOPMENTAL
PSYCHOLOGY, CHILD DEVELOPMENT, AND EDUCATION WERE EXTREMELY
DIVERSE. HIS PHILOSOPHICAL FRAMEWORK INCLUDES INTERPRETATIONS OF
THE COGNITIVE ROLE OF MEDIATION TOOLS, AS WELL AS THE RE-
INTERPRETATION OF WELL-KNOWN CONCEPTS IN PSYCHOLOGY SUCH AS
INTERNALIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE. VYGOTSKY INTRODUCED THE NOTION OF
ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT, A METAPHOR CAPABLE OF DESCRIBING
THE POTENTIAL OF HUMAN COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT.
5. LEV VYGOTSKY
• HIS WORK COVERED TOPICS SUCH AS THE ORIGIN AND THE PSYCHOLOGY OF
ART, DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER MENTAL FUNCTIONS, PHILOSOPHY OF
SCIENCE AND THE METHODOLOGY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH, THE
RELATION BETWEEN LEARNING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, CONCEPT
FORMATION, INTERRELATION BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT
DEVELOPMENT, PLAY AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENON, LEARNING
DISABILITIES, AND ABNORMAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT (AKA DEFECTOLOGY).
6. LEV VYGOTSKY
• HIS SCIENTIFIC THINKING UNDERWENT SEVERAL MAJOR TRANSFORMATIONS
THROUGHOUT HIS CAREER, BUT GENERALLY VYGOTSKY'S LEGACY MAY BE
DIVIDED INTO TWO FAIRLY DISTINCT PERIODS,[CITATION NEEDED] AND THE
TRANSITIONAL PHASE BETWEEN THE TWO DURING WHICH VYGOTSKY
EXPERIENCED THE CRISIS IN HIS THEORY AND PERSONAL LIFE. THESE ARE
THE MECHANISTIC "INSTRUMENTAL" PERIOD OF THE 1920S, INTEGRATIVE
"HOLISTIC" PERIOD OF THE 1930S, AND THE TRANSITIONAL YEARS OF,
ROUGHLY, 1929-1931. EACH OF THESE PERIODS IS CHARACTERIZED BY ITS
DISTINCT THEMES AND THEORETICAL INNOVATIONS.
7. IVAN PAVLOV
26 SEPTEMBER 1849 –
27 FEBRUARY 1936 WAS
A RUSSIAN
PHYSIOLOGIST KNOWN
PRIMARILY FOR HIS
WORK IN CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING.
8. IVAN PAVLOV
• THE BASICS OF PAVLOV'S CLASSICAL CONDITIONING SERVE AS A HISTORICAL
BACKDROP FOR CURRENT LEARNING THEORIES. HOWEVER, THE RUSSIAN
PHYSIOLOGIST'S INITIAL INTEREST IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OCCURRED
ALMOST BY ACCIDENT DURING ONE OF HIS EXPERIMENTS ON DIGESTION IN
DOGS. CONSIDERING THAT PAVLOV WORKED CLOSELY WITH ANIMALS
THROUGHOUT MANY OF HIS EXPERIMENTS, HIS EARLY CONTRIBUTIONS WERE
PRIMARILY ABOUT ANIMAL LEARNING. HOWEVER, THE FUNDAMENTALS OF
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING HAVE BEEN EXAMINED ACROSS MANY DIFFERENT
ORGANISMS, INCLUDING HUMANS.THE BASIC UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES OF
PAVLOV'S CLASSICAL CONDITIONING HAVE EXTENDED TO A VARIETY OF
SETTINGS, SUCH AS CLASSROOMS AND LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS.
9. IVAN PAVLOV
• CLASSICAL CONDITIONING FOCUSES ON USING PRECEDING CONDITIONS TO ALTER
BEHAVIORAL REACTIONS. THE PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING HAVE INFLUENCED PREVENTATIVE ANTECEDENT CONTROL
STRATEGIES USED IN THE CLASSROOM. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING SET THE
GROUNDWORK FOR THE PRESENT DAY BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION PRACTICES,
SUCH AS ANTECEDENT CONTROL. ANTECEDENT EVENTS AND CONDITIONS ARE
DEFINED AS THOSE CONDITIONS OCCURRING BEFORE THE BEHAVIOR. PAVLOV'S
EARLY EXPERIMENTS USED MANIPULATION OF EVENTS OR STIMULI PRECEDING
BEHAVIOR (I.E., A TONE) TO PRODUCE SALIVATION IN DOGS MUCH LIKE TEACHERS
MANIPULATE INSTRUCTION AND LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS TO PRODUCE
POSITIVE BEHAVIORS OR DECREASE MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIORS.
10. IVAN PAVLOV
• ALTHOUGH HE DID NOT REFER TO THE TONE AS AN ANTECEDENT, PAVLOV
WAS ONE OF THE FIRST SCIENTISTS TO DEMONSTRATE THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES. PAVLOV
SYSTEMATICALLY PRESENTED AND WITHDREW STIMULI TO DETERMINE THE
ANTECEDENTS THAT WERE ELICITING RESPONSES, WHICH IS SIMILAR TO THE
WAYS IN WHICH EDUCATIONAL PROFESSIONALS CONDUCT FUNCTIONAL
BEHAVIOR ASSESSMENTS. ANTECEDENT STRATEGIES ARE SUPPORTED BY
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE TO OPERATE IMPLICITLY WITHIN CLASSROOM
ENVIRONMENTS. ANTECEDENT-BASED INTERVENTIONS ARE SUPPORTED BY
RESEARCH TO BE PREVENTATIVE, AND TO PRODUCE IMMEDIATE REDUCTIONS
IN PROBLEM BEHAVIORS.
12. ALEXEI NIKOLAEVICH LEONTIEV
• LEONT'EV'S EARLY SCIENTIFIC WORK WAS DONE IN THE FRAMEWORK OF
VYGOTSKY'S CULTURAL-HISTORICAL RESEARCH PROGRAM AND FOCUSED ON THE
EXPLORATION OF THE PHENOMENON OF CULTURAL MEDIATION. REPRESENTATIVE
OF THIS PERIOD IS LEONTIEV'S STUDY ON MEDIATED MEMORY IN CHILDREN AND
ADULTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER FORMS OF MEMORY, 1931.
• LEONT'EV'S OWN RESEARCH SCHOOL IS BASED ON THE THOROUGH
PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PHENOMENON OF ACTIVITY. SYSTEMATIC
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ACTIVITY THEORY WAS
STARTED IN THE 1930-S BY KHARKOV GROUP OF PSYCHOLOGISTS HEADED BY
LEONT'EV AND INCLUDED SUCH RESEARCHERS AS ZAPOROZHETS, GAL'PERIN,
ZINCHENKO, BOZHOVICH, ASNIN, LUKOV, ETC. IN ITS FULLEST FORM, ACTIVITY
THEORY WAS SUBSEQUENTLY DEVELOPED AND INSTITUTIONALIZED AS THE
LEADING PSYCHOLOGICAL DOCTRINE IN THE SOVIET UNION IN THE POST-WAR
PERIOD AFTER LEONT'EV HAD MOVED TO MOSCOW AND TOOK A POSITION AT THE
MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY.
13. ALEXEI NIKOLAEVICH LEONTIEV
• FOR LEONT'EV, ‘ACTIVITY’ CONSISTED OF THOSE PROCESSES "THAT REALISE A
PERSON’S ACTUAL LIFE IN THE OBJECTIVE WORLD BY WHICH HE IS
SURROUNDED, HIS SOCIAL BEING IN ALL THE RICHNESS AND VARIETY OF ITS
FORMS" (LEONT’EV 1977). THE CORE OF THE LEONT'EV'S WORK IS THE
PROPOSAL THAT WE CAN EXAMINE HUMAN PROCESSES FROM THE
PERSPECTIVE OF THREE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ANALYSIS. THE HIGHEST,
MOST GENERAL LEVEL IS THAT OF ACTIVITY AND MOTIVES THAT DRIVE IT. AT
THE INTERMEDIATE LEVEL ARE ACTIONS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED GOALS, AND
THE LOWEST LEVEL IS THE ANALYSIS OF OPERATIONS THAT SERVE AS MEANS
FOR THE ACHIEVEMENT OF THE HIGHER-ORDER GOALS.
14. BLUMA
WULFOVNA
ZEIGARNIK
9 NOVEMBER (27 OCTOBER) 1901
– 24 FEBRUARY 1988) WAS A
SOVIET PSYCHOLOGIST AND
PSYCHIATRIST, A MEMBER OF
THE BERLIN SCHOOL OF
EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
AND VYGOTSKY CIRCLE. SHE
DISCOVERED THE ZEIGARNIK
EFFECT AND CONTRIBUTED TO
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF
EXPERIMENTAL
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AS A
15. BLUMA WULFOVNA ZEIGARNIK
• IN THE 1920S SHE CONDUCTED A STUDY ON MEMORY, IN WHICH SHE
COMPARED MEMORY IN RELATION TO INCOMPLETE AND COMPLETE TASKS.
SHE HAD FOUND THAT INCOMPLETE TASKS ARE EASIER TO REMEMBER THAN
SUCCESSFUL ONES. THIS IS NOW KNOWN AS THE ZEIGARNIK EFFECT. SHE
LATER BEGAN WORKING AT THE INSTITUTE OF HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY
WHICH IS WHERE SHE WOULD MEET HER NEXT BIG INFLUENCE VYGOWSKI,
AND BECOME A PART OF HIS CIRCLE OF SCIENTISTS. IT WAS ALSO THERE THAT
ZEIGARNIK FOUNDED THE DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY. DURING THAT TIME,
ZEIGARNIK RECEIVED THE LEWIN MEMORIAL AWARD IN 1983 FOR HER
PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH.
16. BLUMA WULFOVNA ZEIGARNIK
• IN THE 1920S, ZEIGARNIK CONTINUED HER STUDY UNDER VYGOTSKY'S
SUPERVISION AND WAS ABLE TO CONDUCT A STUDY ON MEMORY IN WHICH
SHE COMPARED MEMORY IN RELATION TO INCOMPLETE AND COMPLETE
TASKS AND FOUND THAT IT IS EASIER FOR PEOPLE TO REMEMBER
INCOMPLETE TASKS THAN THOSE THAT ARE COMPLETE. THE FINDINGS
BECAME KNOWN AS "THE ZEIGARNIK EFFECT". SHORTLY AFTER HER FINDING
OF THE ZEIGARNIK EFFECT, SHE BEGAN WORK AT THE INSTITUTE OF HIGHER
NERVOUS ACTIVITY, WHERE SHE WAS ALSO INFLUENCED BY THE
PSYCHOLOGIST VYGOTSKY, BECOMING A PART OF HIS SCIENCE RESEARCH
ACTIVITIES.
17. BLUMA WULFOVNA ZEIGARNIK
• ZEIGARNIK WORK PROVIDED GREAT SERVICE TO HER COUNTRY AND AS A
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, SHE ESTABLISHED THE USE OF HER WORK IN MEDICAL CARE,
SPECIFICALLY IN CLINICAL WORK. ZEIGARNIK'S COPIOUS EXPERIENCE HELPED HER
PRESENT THE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN PSYCHOLOGY.[3] HER WORK
HAD A CLINICAL FOCUS WHICH HELPED PSYCHIATRIC HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
FOCUS THEIR ATTENTION ON MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES. IN ADDITION, SHE
CONTINUED TO TEACH AND CONCENTRATED ON THE IMPORTANCE OF MENTAL
HEALTH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE. LATER, ZEIGARNIK CONCLUDED THAT THE
IMPORTANCE OF TAKING PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT OF THE PATIENT'S
PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE AND GENERAL UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR DEFECT
STRUCTURE WAS KEY.[3] ZEIGARNIK STATED THAT, "ANY PROBLEM SUGGESTED BY
PSYCHIATRIC PRACTICE, WHETHER IT CONCERNS THE EXAMINATION OF DISABILITY,
OR THE STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF REMISSION, OR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
TREATMENT - THE DATA OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY COMES USEFUL ONLY AT ONCE,
WHEN AND WHERE THEY SUGGEST A QUALIFICATION OF THE WHOLE PERSONALITY
RATHER THAN A CERTAIN MENTAL PROCESS".
18. THE ZEIGARNIK EFFECT
IN PSYCHOLOGY, THE ZEIGARNIK EFFECT STATES THAT PEOPLE REMEMBER
UNCOMPLETED OR INTERRUPTED TASKS BETTER THAN COMPLETED TASKS
(THIS EFFECT SHOULD NOT BE CONFUSED WITH THE OVSIANKINA EFFECT. IN
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY, THE ZEIGARNIK EFFECT HAS BEEN USED TO
DEMONSTRATE THE GENERAL PRESENCE OF GESTALT PHENOMENA: NOT JUST
APPEARING AS PERCEPTUAL EFFECTS, BUT ALSO PRESENT IN COGNITION.
19. SERGEI
RUBINSTEIN
JUNE 18 1889 ,ODESA ,
UKRAIN – JANUARY 11
1960 , MOSCOW .
KNOWN FOR USSR
STATE PRIZE (STALIN
PRIZE) .HIS FAMOUS
BOOK IS BEING AND
CONSCIOUSNESS .
20. SERGEI RUBINSTEIN
• SERGEI RUBINSTEIN, A WORLD-FAMOUS PSYCHOLOGIST AND PHILOSOPHER,
DISCOVERED FUNDAMENTALLY NEW AND HIGHLY PROMISING TRENDS IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY. IT WAS HE
WHO ORIGINATED THE MOST PROFOUNDLY DEVELOPED PHILOSOPHICAL-
PSYCHOLOGICAL ACTIVITY THEORY IN THE 20TH CENTURY. PROPOSED BY HIM
IN THE 1910S-20S, THIS SUBJECTIVE ACTIVITY CONCEPT IS TO THIS DAY BEING
FURTHER DEVELOPED BY SOME OF HIS DISCIPLES AND FOLLOWERS. HE
AUTHORED USSR'S FIRST ORIGINAL ONTOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHICAL
ANTHROPOLOGY ON THE BASIS OF WHICH HE DEVELOPED IN A
FUNDAMENTALLY NEW WAY THE THEORIES OF PERSON, FREEDOM, SUBJECT
AND OBJECT, THE SUBJECTIVE, THE IDEAL AND THE OBJECTIVE, THE PSYCHIC
AND THE PHYSIOLOGICAL.
21. SERGEI RUBINSTEIN
• ON THE BASIS OF HIS HOLISTIC CONCEPT, SERGEI RUBINSTEIN CREATED
INNOVATIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF PERSONALITY, THINKING AS AN
ACTIVITY AND AS A PROCESS, EMOTIONS, MEMORY, SPEECH, ETC. ALL OF THIS HE
DID IN THE LIGHT OF THE GENERAL PHILOSOPHICAL PRINCIPLE OF DETERMINISM;
EXTERNAL CAUSES ACT VIA INTERNAL CONDITIONS THAT CONSTITUTE THE
FOUNDATION OF DEVELOPMENT.
• HE WAS THE FIRST RUSSIAN PSYCHOLOGIST TO RECEIVE THE STATE PRIZE (IN
1942) AND WAS ELECTED TO THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (IN 1943 AS A
CORRESPONDING MEMBER); IN 1942 HE FOUNDED THE FACULTY (AND LATER THE
DEPARTMENT) OF PSYCHOLOGY AT MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY; IN 1945 HE
CREATED THE FIRST PSYCHOLOGY LABORATORY AT THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
(PSYCHOLOGY SECTOR AT THE PHILOSOPHY INSTITUTE). RUBINSTEIN ALSO
AUTHORED THE FIRST, AND SO FAR RUSSIA'S ONLY, MONOGRAPHIC PSYCHOLOGY
COURSE BOOK FOR UNIVERSITIES ("FUNDAMENTALS OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY",
1940, 1946, 1989, 1998).
22. SERGEI RUBINSTEIN
• IN 1948-53, HE WAS OFFICIALLY DENOUNCED AS THE FIRST AND FOREMOST
COSMOPOLITAN (ANTI-PATRIOT) IN PSYCHOLOGY AND STRIPPED OF ALL HIS
POSITIONS. IT WAS ONLY AFTER STALIN'S DEATH THAT HIS RIGHTS WERE
GRADUALLY RESTORED. IN 1956, RUBINSTEIN WAS REAPPOINTED CHAIRMAN
OF THE PSYCHOLOGY SECTOR AT THE PHILOSOPHY INSTITUTE. YET HE WAS
NEVER PERMITTED TO CHAIR THE PSYCHOLOGY FACULTY AND DEPARTMENT
AT MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY AGAIN.SERGEI RUBINSTEIN LEFT A SCHOOL
OF DISCIPLES AND FOLLOWERS WHO CONTINUE TO DEVELOP HIS THEORIES.
23. IGOR SEMYONOVICH KON
IGOR SEMYONOVICH KON ( 21 MAY 1928 – 27 APRIL
2011) WAS A SOVIET AND RUSSIAN PHILOSOPHER,
PSYCHOLOGIST, AND SEXOLOGIST. HIS SCIENTIFIC
PUBLICATIONS HAVE BEEN TRANSLATED INTO
MANY LANGUAGES, SUCH AS ENGLISH, GERMAN,
AND FRENCH. IGOR SEMYONOVICH KON (21 MAY
1928 – 27 APRIL 2011) WAS A SOVIET AND RUSSIAN
PHILOSOPHER, PSYCHOLOGIST, AND SEXOLOGIST.
HIS SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS HAVE BEEN
TRANSLATED INTO MANY LANGUAGES, SUCH AS
ENGLISH, GERMAN, AND FRENCH
24. IGOR SEMYONOVICH KON
• KON WAS AWARDED AN HONORARY PROFESSORSHIP FROM CORNELL UNIVERSITY
IN 1989 AND RECEIVED A DOCTOR HONORIS CAUSA DEGREE FROM THE
UNIVERSITY OF SURREY IN 1992.IN 2005, THE WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEXUAL
HEALTH AWARDED KON ITS GOLD MEDAL FOR OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTIONS TO
SEXOLOGY.IGOR KON, ONE OF RUSSIA’S LEADING INTELLECTUALS AND ONE OF
THE FOUNDING FATHERS OF SOVIET SOCIOLOGY, HAS DIED AGED 82. HE WAS A
VERITABLE POLYMATH WHOSE INTERESTS RANGED FROM HISTORY TO SEXOLOGY,
A BRANCH OF SCIENCE HE SET UP IN RUSSIA, OFTEN IN THE TEETH OF
CONSIDERABLE HARASSMENT AND OPPOSITION. LYUBOV BORUSYAK WORKED
WITH HIM DURING THE LAST TWO AND HALF YEARS OF HIS LIFE AND PAYS THIS
PERSONAL TRIBUTE TO HIS ACHIEVEMENTS.
25. BORIS MIKHAILOVICH
TEPLOV
BORIS MIKHAILOVICH TEPLOV (21
OCTOBER 1896, IN TULA, RUSSIA – 28
SEPTEMBER 1965, IN MOSCOW) WAS
A RUSSIAN PSYCHOLOGIST WHO
STUDIED PROBLEMS OF INBORN
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND
TALENTS (E.G. MUSICAL TALENTS,
WARLORD TALENTS ETC.)
26. BORIS MIKHAILOVICH TEPLOV
• AND A FOUNDER OF A SOVIET PSYCHOLOGICAL SCHOOL OF
DIFFERENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY. HIS WELL-KNOWN OPPONENT
WAS ALEKSEY LEONTYEV WHO BELIEVED THAT PEOPLE'S
TALENTS ARE NOT INBORN BUT RATHER DETERMINED BY
EDUCATION AND OTHER EXTERNAL INFLUENCE. BORIS TEPLOV
WAS EDITOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE PRINCIPAL RUSSIAN JOURNAL
ON PSYCHOLOGY VOPROSY PSIKHOLOGII.
27. VLADIMIR MIKHAILOVICH
BEKHTEREV
(JANUARY 20, 1857 – DECEMBER 24, 1927) WAS A
RUSSIAN NEUROLOGIST AND THE FATHER OF OBJECTIVE
PSYCHOLOGY. HE IS BEST KNOWN FOR NOTING THE
ROLE OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN MEMORY, HIS STUDY OF
REFLEXES, AND BEKHTEREV’S DISEASE. MOREOVER, HE
IS KNOWN FOR HIS COMPETITION WITH IVAN PAVLOV
REGARDING THE STUDY OF CONDITIONED
REFLEXES.THROUGHOUT HIS CAREER, BEKHTEREV
CONDUCTED A LARGE AMOUNT OF RESEARCH WHICH
GREATLY CONTRIBUTED TO THE CURRENT
UNDERSTANDING OF THE BRAIN. THIS RESEARCH WAS
DESCRIBED IN WORKS SUCH AS THE CONDUCTION
PATHS IN THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD, WRITTEN IN
1882, FOLLOWED BY A SECOND EDITION WRITTEN IN
1896
28. VLADIMIR MIKHAILOVICH BEKHTEREV
• IN 1884 HE PUBLISHED 58 SCIENTIFIC WORKS ABOUT THE FUNCTIONS OF THE
BRAIN. HIS EXTENSIVE RESEARCH LED TO AN 18-MONTH TRAVEL SCHOLARSHIP
AWARDED TO STUDY AND CONDUCT RESEARCH IN BOTH GERMANY AND PARIS.ON
THIS TRIP HE WORKED WITH AND LEARNED FROM A VARIETY OF NOTABLE
CONTRIBUTORS THE FIELD OF SCIENCE SUCH AS WILHELM WUNDT (1832–1920),
PAUL EMIL FLECHSIG (1847–1929), THEODOR MEYNERT (1833–1892), CARL
FRIEDRICH OTTO WESTPHAL (1833–1890), EMIL DU BOIS-REYMOND (1818–1896),
AND JEAN MARTIN CHARCOT (1825–1893).BEKHTEREV'S SCHOLARSHIP LASTED
UNTIL SEPTEMBER 1885, AFTER WHICH, HE RETURNED TO RUSSIA AND WORKED AS
THE HEAD OF THE PSYCHIATRY DEPARTMENT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF KAZAN UNTIL
1893.DURING HIS TIME AT THE UNIVERSITY OF KAZAN, BEKHTEREV MADE SOME OF
HIS GREATEST CONTRIBUTIONS TO NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCE.
29. VLADIMIR MIKHAILOVICH BEKHTEREV
• HE ESTABLISHED THE FIRST LABORATORY OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY IN RUSSIA IN 1886 TO
STUDY THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE STRUCTURES OF THE BRAIN. AS A RESULT OF HIS
RESEARCH, BEKHTEREV BELIEVED THAT THERE WERE ZONES WITHIN THE BRAIN AND EACH OF
THESE ZONES HAD A SPECIFIC FUNCTION. MOREOVER, BECAUSE NERVOUS DISORDERS AND
MENTAL DISORDERS USUALLY OCCUR IN CONJUNCTION WITH EACH OTHER, HE BELIEVED THAT
THERE WAS NO DEFINITE DISTINCTION BETWEEN THESE DISORDERS.[3] WHEN CONDUCTING
RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF KAZAN, BEKHTEREV ALSO IDENTIFIED ANKYLOSING
SPONDYLITIS OR BEKHTEREV’S DISEASE (MORE FREQUENTLY SPELLED IN ENGLISH AS
BECHTEREW’S DISEASE, FOLLOWING THE GERMAN TRANSLITERATION SYSTEM FOR RUSSIAN
NAMES), A DEGENERATIVE ARTHRITIS OF THE SPINE. AS A RESULT OF HIS GROUNDBREAKING
RESEARCH, IN 1891, BEKHTEREV WAS GRANTED PERMISSION BY THE KAZAN GOVERNMENT TO
OPEN AND BECOME THE CHAIRMAN OF THE NEUROLOGY SCIENCE SOCIETY.IN 1893, BEKHTEREV
LEFT THE UNIVERSITY OF KAZAN TO RETURN TO ST. PETERSBURG MILITARY MEDICAL ACADEMY
TO BECOME THE HEAD TO THE DEPARTMENT OF NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASES WHERE HE
WORKED WITH ALEXANDRE DOGIEL. HERE HE CONTINUED HIS CONTRIBUTION TO NEUROLOGICAL
RESEARCH BY ORGANIZING THE FIRST RUSSIAN NEUROSURGICAL OPERATING ROOM TO
SPECIALIZE IN NEUROSURGERY. WHILE BEKHTEREV NEVER PERFORMED ANY SURGERIES
HIMSELF, HE WAS HIGHLY INVOLVED IN THE DIAGNOSTICS OF NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES,
30. VLADIMIR MIKHAILOVICH BEKHTEREV
• . HE PUBLISHED AROUND 600 SCIENTIFIC PAPERS. THE MOST IMPORTANT WORKS ARE
"SUGGESTION AND ITS ROLE IN SOCIAL LIFE" (1899), "CONSCIOUSNESS AND ITS BORDERS"
(1888), "PSYCHE AN LIFE" (1902),"OBJECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY" (1907), "SUBJECT MATTER AND
TASKS OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AS AN OBJECTIVE SCIENCE" (1911), "COLLECTIVE
REFLEXOLOGY" (1921) AND "GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN REFLEXOLOGY" (1926). AN
AUTOBIOGRAPHY WAS PUBLISHED AT 1928, AFTER HIS DEATH. HE FOUNDED ALSO OTHER
SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS: THE “ARCHIVES OF PSYCHIATRY, NEUROLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL
PSYCHOLOGY” (1896) AND THE “BULLETIN OF PSYCHOLOGY, CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND
HYPNOTISM” (1904).“SUGGESTION AND ITS ROLE IN SOCIAL LIFE” IS A BOOK OF THE MOMENT,
THE TURNING OF THE NINETEENTH TO THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. ON THE QUESTION OF
THE SO-CALLED PSYCHIC EPIDEMIC (FOLIE À DEUX, FOLIE À MILLIONS…), THE AUTHOR
REFERS CALMEIL, LANDEL, LASÉGUE, FALRET, LEGRAND DE SAULE, REGNARD, BAILLARGER,
MOREAU DE TOURS AND MOREL. GUSTAVE LE BON AND GABRIEL TARDE ARE ALSO
MENTIONED ON THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE CROWDS.. HE STRESSES THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN SUGGESTION AND HYPNOSIS BEKHTEREV WAS INTERESTED IN PHENOMENA OF
DIRECT MENTAL SUGGESTION AND MADE EXPERIMENTS TO INFLUENCE BEHAVIOR OF DOGS
AT DISTANCE (JOSÉ MANUEL JARA, 2013).BEKHTEREV'S RESEARCH ON ASSOCIATED
RESPONSES WOULD BECOME HIGHLY CONNECTED WITH THE IMPORTANT AREA OF
PSYCHOLOGY CALLED BEHAVIORISM.
