Echeverria's The Slaughter House highlights clash between civilization & barbarism

Esteban Echeverna
Argentina
(1805-1851)
------- ^ -------
Although Esteban Echevem'a’s renown rests on his intellectual
and political ac-
tivities, he was an important writer, and “ The Slaughter
House," the selection
chosen for this volume, is a landmark in the history of Latin
American short fiction.
Echeverria was one of the young Argentines who founded in
1838 the Asociaci6n
de Mayo. This organization hoped to develop a national
literature reflecting Ar-
gentina’s realities. Having spent four formative years in Paris
(1825-30), Eche-
verria was imbued in the romantic spirit, and he became one of
the movement’s
promoters. Back in Argentina he devoted himself to the
overthrow of the Rosas
dictatorship. In 1841 he went into exile in nearby Uruguay,
where he stayed until
his death. Echeverria’s "The Captive," a narrative poem about a
white woman
abducted by Indians, is among the better-known tales from
nineteenth-century
Latin America. “ The Slaughter House," written about 1838,
was published thirty
years later, so its immediate political aim was not realized, but
it became one of

the most important stories in Latin American literary history. Its
opening, which
proposes the colonial chronicles as a narrative model, is a
programmatic and
prophetic statement on the relationship between Latin American
history and fic-
tion. “ The Slaughter House" is mostly significant, however,
because it displays
the clash between "civilization and barbarism” that Sarmiento
saw at the core
of Latin American culture. Read in this light the story is a
political allegory. Its
more specific design was to accuse Rosas of cuddling the thugs
who slay the
civilized young man. A deeper conflict perhaps is between the
liberal ideology of
“ The Slaughter House" and its painstaking representation of the
ritual murder,
an atavistic story of sacrifice that appears to be the source of its
quasi-religious
power.
T h e Slaughter House
Although the following narrative is historical, I shall not begin
it with N o ah ’s ark and the genealogy o f his forebears as was
w ont once to be
done by the ancient Spanish historians o f America w ho should
be our
models. N umerous reasons I m ight adduce for not pursuing
their example,
b u t I shall pass them over in order to avoid prolixity, stating
merely that
the events here narrated occurred in the 1830’s o f o ur
Christian era. M ore-

59
Digitized by Google Original fromUNIVERSITY OF
MICHIGAN
60 ESTEBAN E C H E V E R R I A
over, it was during Lent, a time when meat is scarce in B uenos
Aires
because the C hurch, adopting Epictetus’ precept— sustine
abstine (suffer,
abstain)— orders vigil and abstinence to the stomachs o f the
faithful because
camivorousness is sinful and, as the proverb says, leads to
carnality. A nd
since the Church has, ab initio and through G od’s direct
dispensation, spir-
itual sway over consciences and stomachs, w hich in no way
belong to th e
individual, nothing is more just and reasonable than for it to
forbid th at
w hich is both harmful and sinful.
T he purveyors o f meat, on the other hand, w ho are staunch
Federalists
and therefore devout Catholics, know ing that the people o f
Buenos Aires
possess singular docility w hen it comes to submitting
themselves to all
manner o f restrictions, used to bring to the Slaughter House
during L ent
only enough steers for feeding the children and the sick w h o m
the Papal
Bull excused, and had no intention o f stuffing the heretics— o f

w hich there
is no dearth— who are always ready to violate the meat com m
andm ents
o f the C hurch and demoralize society by their bad examples.
At this time, then, rain was pouring dow n incessandy. T h e
roads w ere
inundated; in the marshes water stood deep enough for
swimming, and
the streets leading to the city were flooded w ith watery mire. A
trem endous
stream rushed forth from the Barracas rivulet and majestically
spread o u t
its turbid waters to the very foot o f the Alto slopes. T he Plata,
overflowing,
enraged, pushed back the water that was seeking its bed and
made it rush,
swollen, over fields, embankments, houses, and spread like a
huge lake
over the lowlands. Encircled from north to east by a girdle o f
w ater and
mud, and from the south by a whitish sea on whose surface
small craft
bobbed perilously and on which were reflected chimneys and
treetops, the
city from its towers and slopes cast anxious glances to the
horizon as if
imploring mercy from the Lord. It seemed to be the threat o f a
new deluge.
Pious men and w om en wept as they busied themselves w ith
their nov-
enaries and continuous prayers. In church preachers thundered
and made
the pulpit creak under the blows o f their fists. This is the day o
f judgm ent,
they proclaimed, the end o f the world is approaching! G od’s w

rath runs
over, pouring forth an inundation. Alas you poor sinners! Alas
you impious
Unitarians w ho mock the C hurch and the Saints and hearken
not with
veneration to the w ord o f those anointed by the Lord! Alas you
w ho do
not beg mercy at the foot o f the altars! T he fearful hour o f
futile gnashing
o f teeth and frantic supplications has come! Y our impiety,
your heresies,
your blasphemies, your horrid crimes, have brought to o ur land
the Lord’s
plagues. Justice and the G od o f the Federalists will damn you.
T he wretched w om en left the church breathless, overwhelmed,
blaming
the Unitarians, as was natural, for this calamity.
However, the torrential rainfall continued and the waters rose,
adding
credence to the predictions o f the preachers. T he bells tolled
plaintively
MICHIGAN
T H E S L A U G H T E R H O U S E 61
by order o f the most Catholic Restorer, w ho was rather
uneasy. T he lib-
ertines, the unbelievers, that is to say, the Unitarians were
frightened at
seeing so many contrite faces and hearing such clamor o f

imprecations.
T here was m uch talk about a procession which the entire
population was
to attend barefoot and bareheaded, accompanying the Host, w
hich was to
be carried under a pallium by the Bishop to the Balcarce slope,
where
thousands o f voices exorcising the dem on o f inundation were
to implore
divine mercy.
Fortunately, or rather unfortunately, for it might have been
something
w o rth seeing, the ceremony did not take place, because the
Plata receded
and the overflow gradually subsided w ithout the benefit o f
conjuration or
prayer.
N o w what concerns my story above all is that, because o f the
inunda-
tion, the Convalescencia Slaughter House did not see a single
head o f catde
for fifteen days and that, in one or tw o days, all the catde from
nearby
farmers and watercarriers were used up in supplying the city w
ith meat.
T h e unfortunate little children and sick people had to eat eggs
and chick-
ens, and foreigners and heretics bellowed for beefsteak and
roast. Absti-
nence from meat was general in the tow n w hich never was m
ore w orthy
o f the blessing o f the C hurch, and thus it was that millions
and millions o f
plenary indulgences were showered upon it. Chickens w ent up

to six pesos
and eggs to four reales and fish became exceedingly expensive.
D uring
Lent there were no promiscuities or excesses o f gluttony, and
coundess
souls w ent straight to heaven and things happened as if in a
dream.
In the Slaughter House not even one rat remained alive from the
many
thousands w hich used to find shelter there. All o f them either
perished
from starvation o r were drow ned in their holes by the
incessant rain. In-
numerable N egro w om en w ho go around after offal, like
vultures after
carrion, spread over the city like so many harpies ready to
devour whatever
they found eatable. Gulls and dogs, their inseparable rivals in
the Slaughter
House, emigrated to the open fields in search o f animal food.
Sickly old
m en wasted away from the lack o f nutritive broth; but the
most remarkable
event was the rather sudden death o f a few heretic foreigners w
ho com-
m itted the folly o f glutting on sausages from Extremadura, on
ham and dry
codfish, and w ho departed to the other world to pay for the sin
o f such
abominations.
Some physicians were o f the opinion that if the shortage o f
meat con-
tinued, half the tow n w ould fall in fainting fits, since their
stomachs were

accustomed to the stimulating meat juice; and the discrepancy
was quite
noticeable between this melancholy prognosis o f science and
the anathemas
broadcast from the pulpit by the reverend fathers against all
kinds o f animal
nutrition and promiscuity during days set aside by the C hurch
for fasting
and penitence. Therefore a sort o f intestinal war between
stomachs and
MICHIGAN
62 ESTEBAN E C H E V E R R f A
consciences began, stirred by an inexorable appetite and the n o
t less in-
exorable vociferations o f the ministers o f the C hurch, w ho,
as is th eir duty,
tolerated no sin whatsoever which might tend to slacken C
atholic prin-
ciples. In addition to all this, there existed a state o f intestinal
flatulence in
the population, brought on by fish and beans and other som
ewhat indi-
gestible fare.
This war manifested itself in sighs and strident shrieks during
the sermons
as well as in noises and sudden explosions issuing from the
houses and the
streets o f the city and wherever people congregated. T he R
estorer’s gov-

ernm ent, as paternal as it is foreseeing, became somewhat
alarmed, believ-
ing these tumults to be revolutionary in origin and attributi ng
them to the
savage Unitarians, whose impiety, according to Federalist
preachers, had
brought upon the nation the deluge o f divine wrath. T he G
overnm ent,
therefore, took provident steps, scattered its henchm en around
tow n, and,
finally, appeasing consciences and stomachs, decreed wisely
and piously
that w ithout further delay and floods notwithstanding, catde be
brought
to the Slaughter Houses.
Accordingly, on the sixteenth day o f the meat crisis, the eve o f
Saint
Dolores’ day, a herd o f fifty fat steers swam across the Burgos
pass on their
way to the Alto Slaughter House. O f course this was not m uch
considering
that the tow n consumed daily from 250 to 300 and that at least
one-third
o f the population enjoyed the C hurch dispensation o f eating
meat. Strange
that there should be privileged stomachs and stomachs subjected
to an
inviolable law, and that the C hurch should hold the key to all
stomachs!
But it is not so strange if one believes that through meat the
devil enters
the body, and that the Church has the pow er to conjure it. T he
thing is
to reduce man to a machine whose prime m over is not his ow n

free will
but that o f the C hurch and the government. Perhaps the day
will come
w hen it will be prohibited to breathe, to take walks and even to
chat with
a friend w ithout previous permission from com petent
authorities. Thus it
was, more o r less, in the happy days o f our pious grandparents,
unfortu-
nately since ended by the May Revolution.
Be that as it may, when the news about the action o f the
governm ent
spread, the Alto Slaughter House filled with butchers, offal
collectors, and
inquisitive folk w ho received w ith much applause and outcry
the fifty
steers.
“ It’s surely wonderful!” they exclaimed. “ Long live the
Federalists!
Long live the Restorer!” The reader must be informed that in
those days
the Federalists were everywhere, even amid the offal o f the
Slaughter
House, and that no festival took place w ithout the R estorer —
just as there
can be no sermon w ithout Saint Augustine. T he rum or is that
on hearing
all the hubbub the few remaining rats dying in their holes o f
starvation
revived and began to scamper about, carefree, confident,
because o f the
MICHIGAN

TH E S L A U G H T E R HOUS E 63
unusual jo y and activity, that abundance had once m ore
returned to the
place.
T he first steer butchered was sent as a gift to the Restorer, who
was
exceedingly fond o f roasts. A committee o f butchers presented
it to him
in the name o f the Federalists o f the Slaughter House and
expressed to
him , viva voce, their gratitude for the governm ent decree and
their profound
hatred for the savage Unitarians, enemies o f G od and men. T
he Restorer
replied to their harangue by elaborating on the same theme, and
the cer-
em ony ended with vivas and vociferations from both spectators
and pro-
tagonists. It is to be assumed that the R estorer had special
dispensation
from His Most R everend Father, excusing him from fasting,
for otherwise,
being such a punctilious observer o f laws, such a devout
Catholic, and such
a staunch defender o f religion, he w ould not have set such a
bad example
by accepting such a gift on a holy day.
T he slaughtering w ent on, and in a quarter o f an hour forty-
nine steers
lay in the court, some o f them skinned, others still to be

skinned. The
Slaughter House offered a lively, picturesque spectacle even
though it did
contain all that is horribly ugly, filthy, and deformed in the
small proletarian
class peculiar to the Plata R iv er area. T hat the reader may
grasp the setting
at one glance, it might not be amiss to describe it briefly.
T he Convalescencia, or Alto Slaughter House, is located in the
southern
part o f Buenos Aires, on a huge lot, rectangular in shape, at the
intersection
o f tw o streets, one o f w hich ends there while the other
continues eastward.
T h e lot slants to the south and is bisected by a ditch made by
the rains, its
shoulders pitted w ith ratholes, its bed collecting all the blood
from the
Slaughter House. At the junction o f the right angle, facing the
west, stands
w hat is commonly called the casilla, a low building containing
three small
room s w ith a porch in the front facing the street and hitching
posts for
tying the horses. In the rear are several pens o f nandubay
picket fence with
heavy doors for guarding the steers.
In w inter these pens become veritable mires in which the
animals remain
bogged down, immobile, up to the shoulder blades. In the
casilla the pen
taxes and fines for violation o f the rules are collected, and in it
sits the
ju d g e o f the Slaughter House, an im portant figure, the

chieftain o f the
butchers, w ho exercises the highest power, delegated to him by
the R e -
storer, in that small republic. It is not difficult to imagine the
kind o f man
required for the discharge o f such an office.
T he casilla is so dilapidated and so tiny a building that no one
would
notice it were it not that its name is inseparably linked w ith
that o f the
terrible judge and that its white front is pasted over with
posters: “ Long
live the Federalists! Long live the R estorer and the Heroine
Dona Encar-
nacion Escurra! Death to the savage Unitaria ns!” Telling
posters, indeed,
symbolizing the political and religious faith o f the Slaughter
House folk!
MICHIGAN
But some readers may not know that the above m entioned H
eroine is th e
deceased wife o f the Restorer, the beloved patroness o f the
butchers, w h o
even after her death is venerated by them as if she w ere still
alive, because
o f her Christian virtues and her Federalist heroism during the
rev olution
against Balcarce. T he story is that during an anniversary o f

that m em orable
deed o f the mazorca, the terrorist society o f Rosas’ henchm
en, the butchers
feted the H eroine w ith a magnificent banquet in the casilla.
She attended,
with her daughter and other Federalist ladies, and there, in the
presence o f
a great crowd, she offered the butchers, in a solemn toast, her
Federalist
patronage, and for that reason they enthusiastically proclaimed
her p atro n -
ess o f the Slaughter House, stamping her name upon the walls o
f the casilla,
w here it will remain until blotted out by the hand o f time.
From a distance the view o f the Slaughter House was now
grotesque,
full o f animation. Forty-nine steers were stretched out upon
their skins a n d
about tw o hundred people walked about the muddy, blood-
drenched
floor. Hovering around each steer stood a group o f people o f
different skin
colors. Most prom inent among them was the butcher, a knife in
his hand,
his arms bare, his chest exposed, long hair dishevelled, shirt
and sash a n d
face besmeared with blood. At his back, following his every m
ovem ent,
romped a gang o f children, N egro and mulatto wom en, offal
collectors
whose ugliness matched that o f the harpies, and huge masti tis
which sniffed,
snarled, and snapped at one another as they darted after booty.
Forty o r
more carts covered w ith awnings o f blackened hides were

lined up along
the court, and some horsemen with their capes throw n over
their shoulders
and their lassos hanging from their saddles rode back and forth
through th e
crowds or lay on their horses’ necks, casting indolent glances
upon this o r
that lively group. In mid-air a flock o f bluewhite gulls,
attracted by th e
smell o f blood, fluttered about, drow ning with strident cries
all the o th e r
noises and voices o f the Slaughter House, and casting clear -cut
shadows
over that confused field o f horrible butchery. All this could be
observed at
the very beginning o f the slaughter.
But as the activities progressed, the picture kept changing. W
hile some
groups dissolved as if some stray bullet had fallen nearby o r an
enraged dog
had charged them, new groups constandy formed: here w here a
steer was
being cut open, there where a butcher was already hanging the
quarters
on the hook in the carts, or yonder where a steer was being
skinned o r
the fat taken off. From the m ob eyeing and waiting for the offal
there
issued ever and anon a filthy hand ready to slice off meat or fat.
Shouts and
explosions o f anger came from the butchers, from the
incessantly milling
crowds, and from the gamboling street urchins.
“ W atch the old woman hiding the fat under her breasts,”

someone
shouted.
MICHIGAN
THE S L A U G H T E R H O U S E 65
“ T h at’s nothing— see that fellow there plastering it all over
his behind,”
replied the old Negro woman.
“ H ey there black witch, get out o f there before I cut you
open,”
shouted a butcher.
“ W hat am I doing to you, N o Juan? D o n ’t be so mean! C
an’t I have a
b it o f the guts?”
“ O u t w ith the witch! O u t w ith the witch!” the children
squalled in
unison. “ She’s taking away liver and kidneys!” And with that,
huge chunks
o f coagulated blood and balls o f m ud rained upon her head.
Nearby tw o N egro w om en were dragging along the entrails o
f an an-
imal. A mulatto w om an carrying a heap o f entrails slipped in
a pool o f
b lood and fell lengthwise under her coveted booty. Farther on,
huddled
together in a long line, four hundred Negro w om en unw ound
heaps o f

intestines in their laps, picking off one by one those bits o f fat
which the
b u tch er’s avaricious knife had overlooked. O th er w om en
emptied stom-
achs and bladders and after drying them used them for
depositing the offal.
Several boys gamboling about, some on foot, other on
horseback,
banged one another with inflated bladders o r threw chunks o f
meat at one
another, their noise frightening the cloud o f gulls w hich
celebrated the
slaughtering in flapping hordes. Despite the R estorer’s orders
and the ho-
liness o f the day, filthy words were heard all around, shouts
full o f all the
bestial cynicism w hich characterizes the populace attending our
slaughter
houses— but I will not entertain the reader w ith all this dirt.
Suddenly a mass o f bloody lungs w ould fall on somebody’s
head. He
forthw ith w ould throw it on someone else’s head until some
hideous m on-
grel picked it up as a pack o f other mongrels rushed in, raising
a terrific
grow l for little or no reason at all, and snapping at one another.
Sometimes
an old woman w ould run, enraged, after some ragamuffin w ho
had
smeared her face with blood. Summoned by his shouts his
comrades would
com e to his rescue, harassing her as dogs do a bull, and
showering chunks
o f meat and balls o f dung upon her, accompanied by volleys o

f laughter
and shrieks, until the Judge w ould command order to be
restored.
In another spot tw o young boys practicing the handling o f
their knives,
slashed at one another w ith terrifying thrusts, while farther on,
four lads,
m uch m ore mature than the former, were fighting over some
offal which
they had filched from a butcher. N o t far from them some
mongrels, lean
from forced abstinence, struggled for a piece o f kidney all
covered with
m ud. All a representation in miniature o f the savage ways in w
hich indi-
vidual and social conflicts are thrashed o u t in our country.
O nly one longhorn, o f small, broad forehead and fiery stare,
remained
in the corrals. N o consensus o f opinion about its genitals had
been possible:
some believed it to be a bull, others a steer. N o w its hour
approached.
MICHIGAN
66 ESTEBAN E C H E V E R R i A
T w o lasso m en on horseback entered the corral while the m
ob milled ab o u t
its vicinity on foot or on horseback, or dangled from the forked
stakes o f

the enclosure. A grotesque group formed at the corral’s gate: a
group o f
goaders and lasso m en on foot, with bare arms and provided w
ith slipknots,
their heads covered w ith red kerchiefs, and wearing vests and
red sashes.
Behind them several horsemen and spectators watched with
eager eyes.
W ith a slipknot already round its horns, the angrily foaming
anim al
bellowed fiercely; and there was no dem on strong o r cunning
enough to
make it move from the sticky m ud in w hich it was glued. It
was impossible
to lasso it. T he lads shouted themselves hoarse from the forked
stakes o f
the corral and the men tried in vain to frighten it w ith blankets
and k er-
chiefs. The din o f hissing, handclapping, and shrill and
raucous voices
w hich issued from that weird orchestra was fearful.
T he witty remarks, the obscene exclamations traveled from m o
u th to
m outh, and either excited by the spectacle or piqued by a thrust
from som e
garrulous tongue, everyone gratuitously showed off his
cleverness and caus-
tic humor.
“ So— they want to give us cat for rabbit!”
“ I’m telling you, it’s a steer— that’s no bull!”
“ C an’t you see it’s an old bull?”
“ T he hell it is— show me its balls and I’ll believe you!”
“ C an’t you see them hanging from between its legs? Each one

bigger
than the head o f your roan horse. I guess you left your eyes by
the road-
side!”
“ It’s your old woman who was blind to have given birth to a
chum p
like you! C an’t you see that the mess between its legs is just
mud?”
“ Bull o r steer, it’s as foxy as a Unitarian!”
O n hearing this magic word “ Unitarian,” the m ob exclaimed
in unison:
“Death to the savage Unitarians!”
“ Leave all sons o f bitches to O ne-Eye!”
“Y ou bet, O ne-Eye has guts enough to take care o f all the
Unitarians
put together!”
“Yes— Yes— leave the bull to Matasiete, the beheader o f
Unitarians.
Long live Matasiete!”
“ T he bull for Matasiete!”
“ T here it goes!” shouted someone raucously, interrupting the
interlude
o f the cowardly mob. “ There goes the bull!”
“ Get ready! W atch out, you fellows near the gate! There it
goes, mad
as hell!”
And so it was. Maddened by the shouts and especially by tw o
sharp

goads which pricked its tail, the beast, divining the weakness o
f the slip-
knot, charged on the gate, snorting, casting reddish,
phosphorescent
glances right and left. The lasso man strained his line taut, dll
his horse
MICHIGAN
TH E S L A UG HT E R H O U S E 67
squatted. Suddenly the knot broke loose from the steer’s homs
and slashed
across the air with a sharp hum. In its wake there came instantly
rolling
dow n from the stockade the head o f a child, cut clean from the
trunk as
if by an ax. T he trunk remained immobile, perched in the fork
o f a pole,
long streams o f blood spurting from every artery.
“ T he rope broke and there goes the bull!” one o f the men
shouted.
Some o f the spectators, overwhelmed and puzzled, were quiet.
It all hap-
pened like lightning.
T h e crowd by the gate trickled away. Some, clustered around
the head
and palpitating trunk o f the beheaded child, registered horror
in their
astonished faces; others, mosdy horsemen, w ho had not

witnessed the mis-
hap, slipped away in different directions in the tracks o f the
bull. All o f
them shouted at the top o f their voice: “ There goes the bull!
Stop it! W atch
out! Lasso it, Sietepelos! It’s coming after you, Botija! H e ’s
mad, d o n ’t get
to o close! Stop it, Morado, stop it! Get going with that hag o f
yours! Only
the devil will stop that bull!”
T he hubbub and din was infernal. A few N egro w om en w ho
were
seated along the ditch huddled together on hearing the tum ult
and
crouched amid the intestines which they were unraveling w ith a
patience
w orthy o f Penelope. This saved them, because the beast, w ith
a terrify-
ing bellow, leaped sideways over them and rushed on, followed
by the
horsemen. It is said that one o f the wom en voided her self on
the spot,
that another prayed ten Hail M ary’s in a few seconds, and that
tw o others
promised San Benito never to return to the damned corrals and
to quit
offal-collecting forever and anon. However, it is not know n w
hether they
kept their promises.
In the meantime the bull rushed toward the city by a long,
narrow street
w hich, beginning at the acutest point o f the rectangle
previously described,
was surrounded by a ditch and a cactus fence. It was one o f the

so-called
“ deserted” streets because it had but tw o houses and its center
was a deep
marsh extending from ditch to ditch. A certain Englishman, on
his way
hom e from a salting establishment w hich he ow ned nearby,
was crossing
this marsh at the m om ent on a somewhat nervous horse. O f
course he was
so absorbed in his thoughts that he did not hear the onrush o f
horsemen
o r the shouts until the bull was crossing the marsh. His horse
took fright,
leaped to one side, and dashed away, leaving the poor devil
sunk in half a
yard o f mire. This accident did not curb the racing o f the
bull’s pursuers;
o n the contrary, bursting into sarcastic laughter— “ T he
gringo’s sunk. Get
up, gringo!” — they shouted and crossed the marsh, their
horses’ hoofs
trampling over his wretched body. T he gringo dragged himself
o u t as best
h e could, but more like a dem on roasting in the fires o f hell
than a blond-
haired w hite man.
Farther on, at the shout o f “ the bull! the bull!” four N egro w
om en who
MICHIGAN

were leaving w ith their booty o f offal dived into a ditch full o
f water, th e
only refuge left them.
T he beast, in the meantime, having run several miles in one d
irectio n
and another, frightening all living being?, got in through the
back gate o f
a farm and there met his doom. Although weary, it still showed
its spirit
and wrathful strength, but a deep ditch and a thick cactus fence
su rrounded
it and there was no escape. The scattered pursuers got together
and decided
to take it back convoyed between tamed animals, so that it
could expiate
its crimes on the very spot where it had committed them.
An hour after its flight, the bull was back in the Slaughter
House w h ere
the dwindling crowd spoke only o f its misdeeds. T he episode
o f the gringo
w ho got stuck in the m ud moved them to laughter and
sarcastic remarks.
O f the child beheaded by the lasso there remained but a pool o
f blood:
his body had been taken away.
T he men threw a slipknot over the horns o f the beast w hich
leaped and
reared, uttering hoarse bellows. They threw one, two, three
lassos— to n o
avail. T he fourth, however, caught it by a leg. Its vigor and
fury redoubled.

Its tongue, hanging out convulsively, drooled froth, its nostrils
fumed, its
eyes emitted fiery glances.
“ Knock that animal down!” an imperious voice commanded.
Matasiete
dismounted at once from his horse, hocked the bull w ith one
sure thrust,
and, moving on nimbly with a huge dagger in his hand, stuck it
dow n to
the hilt in the bull’s neck and drew it out, showing it smoking
and red to
the spectators. A torrent gushed from the w ound as the bull
bellowed
hoarsely. T hen it quivered and fell, amid cheers from the
crowd, w hich
proclaimed Matasiete the hero o f the day and assigned him the
most suc-
culent steak as his prize. Proudly Matasiete stretched o u t his
arm and the
bloodstained knife a second time, and then with his comrades
bent dow n
to skin the dead bull.
T he only question still undecided was w hether the animal was
a steer
or a bull. Although it had been provisionally classified as bull
because o f
its indomitable fierceness, they were all so fatigued w ith the
long drawn
out performance that they had overlooked clearing up this point.
But sud-
denly a butcher shouted: “ Here are the balls!” and sticking his
hands into
the animal’s genitals he showed the spectators tw o huge
testicles.

There was much laughter and talk and all the aforementioned
unfor-
tunate incidents o f the day were readily explained. It was
stricdy forbidden
to bring bulls to the Slaughter House and this was an
exceptional occur-
rence. According to the rules and regulations this bull should
have been
throw n to the dogs, but with the scarcity o f meat and so many
hungry
people in tow n the Judge did not deem it advisable.
In a short while the bull was skinned, quartered, and hung in the
cart.
Matasiete took a choice steak, placed it under the pelisse o f
his saddle and
MICHIGAN
T H E S L A U G H T E R H O U S E 69
b e g a n g e t t i n g re a d y to go hom e. T h e slaughtering
had been com pleted by
n o o n , a n d t h e small crow d w hich had rem ained to the
end was leaving,
so m e o n f o o t, others on horseback, others pulling along the
carts loaded
w ith m e a t.
S u d d e n ly th e raucous voice o f a butcher was heard
announcing: “ H ere
com es a U n itarian !” O n hearing that w ord, the m ob stood

still as i f th u n -
derstruck.
“ C a n ’t y o u see his U -shaped side whiskers? C an ’t you
see h e carries no
insignia o n his coat and no m ourning sash o n his hat?”
“ T h e U nitarian cur!”
“ T h e son o f a bitch!”
“ H e has the same kind o f saddle as the gringo!”
“ T o the gibbet w ith him !”
“ G ive him the scissors!”
“ G ive him a good beating!”
“ H e has a pistol case attached to his saddle ju st to show offl”
“ All these cocky Unitarians are as showy as the devil himself!”
“ I b e t you w o u ld n ’t dare touch him , M atasiete.”
“ H e w ouldn’t, you say?”
“ I b e t you he w ould!”
M atasiete was a man o f few words and quick action. W h e n
it came to
violence, dexterity, skill in the handling o f an ox, a knife, o r a
horse he
did n o t talk m uch, b u t he acted. T hey had piqued him;
spurring his horse,
he tro tte d away, bridle loose, to m eet the Unitarian.
T h e U nitarian was a young man, about tw enty-five years old,
elegant,
debonair o f carriage, w ho, as the above-m entioned
exclamations w ere
spouting from these im pudent m ouths, was trotting towards
Barracas, quite
fearless o f any danger ahead o f him. N oticing, how ever, th e
significant
glances o f that gang o f Slaughter H ouse curs, his right hand

reached au-
tomatically for the pistol-case o f his English saddle. T h e n a
side push from
M atasiete’s horse threw him from his saddle, stretching him
out. Supine
and motionless he rem ained on the ground.
“ L ong live Matasiete!” shouted the m ob, swarming upon the
victim.
C onfounded, the young man cast furious glances on those
ferocious
m en and hoping to find in his pistol com pensation and
vindication, m oved
tow ards his horse, w hich stood quiedy nearby. Matasiete
rushed to stop
him . H e grabbed him by his tie, pulled him dow n again o n
th e ground,
and w hipping o u t his dagger from his belt, p u t it against his
throat.
L oud guffaws and stentorian vivas cheered him.
W h at nobility o f soul! W hat bravery, that o f the
Federalists! Always
ganging to g eth er and falling like vultures up o n the helpless
victim!
“ C u t o p e n his throat, Matasiete! D id n ’t he try to shoot
you? R ip him
open, like y o u did the bull!”
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70 ESTEBAN E C H E V E R R f A
“ W hat scoundrels these Unitarians! Thrash him good and
hard!”
“ H e has a good neck for the ‘violin’— you know, the gibbet!”
“ Better use the Slippery-One on him!”
“ Let’s try it,” said Matasiete, and, smiling, began to pass the
sharp edge
o f his dagger around the throat o f the fallen man as he pressed
in his chest
w ith his left knee and held him by the hair w ith his left hand.
“ D o n ’t behead him, d on’t!” shouted in the distance the
Slaughter
House Judge as he approached on horseback.
“ Bring him into the casilla. Get the gibbet and the scissors
ready. D eath
to the savage Unitarians! Long live the R estorer o f the laws!”
“ Long live Matasiete!”
T he spectators repeated in unison “ Long live Matasiete! Death
to the
Unitarians!” They tied his elbows together as blows rained upon
his nose,
and they shoved him around. Amid shouts and insults they
finally dragged
the unfortunate young man to the bench o f tortures just as if
they had been
the executioners o f the Lord themselves.
T he main room o f the casilla had in its center a big, hefty
table, w hich

was devoid o f liquor glasses and playing cards only in times o f
executions
and tortures administered by the Federalist executioners o f the
Slaughter
House. In a com er stood a smaller table w ith writing materials
and a note-
book and some chairs, one o f which, an armchair, was reserved
for the
Judge. A man w ho looked like a soldier was seated in one o f
them, playing
on his guitar the “ Resbalosa,” an immensely popular song
among the Fed-
eralists, w hen the m ob rushing tumultuously into the corridor
o f the casilla
brutally showed in the young Unitarian.
“ The Slippery-One for him!” shouted one o f the fellows.
“ C om m end your soul to the devil!”
“ H e’s furious as a wild bull!”
“ T he whip will tame him!”
“ Give him a good pummeling!”
“ First the cowhide and scissors.”
“ Otherwise to the bonfire with him!”
“ T he gibbet w ould be even better for him!”
“ Shut up and sit dow n,” shouted the Judge as he sank into his
armchair.
All o f them obeyed, while the young man standing in front o f
the Judge
exclaimed w ith a voice pregnant w ith indignation:
“ Infamous executioners, what do you w ant to do w ith me?”
“ Q uiet!” ordered the Judge, smiling. “ T here’s no reason for
getting
angry. Y ou’ll see.”

T he young man was beside himself. His entire body shook with
rage:
his m otded face, his voice, his tremulous Ups, evinced the
throbbing o f his
heart and the agitation o f his nerves. His fiery eyes bulged in
their sockets,
^ , x T Original from
Digitized by V ^ O O g i C _ UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
TH E S L A U G H T E R HO US E 71
his long black hair bristled. His bare neck and the front o f his
shirt showed
his bulging arteries and his anxious breathing.
“ Are you trembling?” asked the Judge.
“ Trem bling with anger because I cannot choke you.”
“ Have you that m uch strength and courage?”
“ I have will and pluck enough for that, scoundrel.”
“ Get out the scissors I use to cut my horse’s mane and clip his
hair in
the Federalist style.”
T w o m en got hold o f him. O ne took his arms and another
his head and
in a m inute clipped o ff his side whiskers. T he spectators
laughed merrily.
“ Get him a glass o f w ater to cool him off,” ordered the
Judge.
“ I’ll have you drink gall, you wretch!”
A N egro appeared w ith a glass o f water in his hand. T he

young man
kicked his arm and the glass smashed to bits on the ceiling, the
fragments
sprinkling the astonished faces o f the spectators.
“ This fellow is incorrigible!”
“ D o n ’t worry, w e’ll tame him yet!”
“ Q uiet!” said the Judge. “ N o w you are shaven in the
Federalist style—
all you need is a mustache, d o n ’t forget to grow one!”
“ N ow , let’s see: why d o n ’t you wear any insignia?”
“Because I d on’t care to .”
“D o n ’t you know that the R estorer orders it?”
“ Insignia become you, slaves, but not free men!”
“ Free men will have to w ear them, by force.”
“ Indeed, by force and brutal violence. These are your arms,
infamous
wretches! Wolves, tigers, and panthers are also strong like you
and like
them you should walk on all fours.”
“ Are you not afraid o f being to m to pieces by the tiger?”
“ I prefer that to having you pluck out my entrails, as the ravens
do, one
by on e.”
“ W hy don’t you wear a m ourning sash on your hat in mem ory
o f the
H eroine?”
“ Because I wear it in my heart in mem ory o f my country
which you,

infamous wretches, have m urdered.”
“ D o n ’t you know that the R estorer has ordered m ourning in
memory
o f the H eroine?”
“ Y ou, slaves, were the ones to order it so as to flatter your
master and
pay infamous homage to h im .”
“ Insolent fellow! Y ou are beside yourself. I’ll have your
tongue cut off
if you utter one m ore word. Take the pants off this arrogant
fool, and beat
him on his naked ass. Tie him dow n on the table first!”
Hardly had the Judge uttered his commands w hen four bruisers
be-
MICHIGAN
spattered w ith blood lifted the young man and stretched him o
u t upon th e
table.
“ R a th e r behead me than undress m e, infamous rabble!”
T hey muzzled him w ith a handkerchief and began to pull o ff
his clothes.
T h e young m an wriggled, kicked, and gnashed his teeth. His
muscles as-

sum ed no w the flexibility o f rushes, no w the hardness o f
iron, and h e
squirmed like a snake in his enem y’s grasp. Drops o f sweat,
large as pearls,
streamed dow n his cheeks, his pupils flamed, his m outh
foamed, and the
veins on his neck and forehead ju tte d o u t black from his pale
skin as i f
congested w ith blood.
“ T ie him u p ,” ordered the Judge.
“ H e ’s roaring w ith anger,” said one o f the cutthroats.
In a short while they had tied his feet to the legs o f the table
and turned
his body upside dow n. In trying to de his hands, the m en had
to unfasten
them from behind his back. Feeling free, the young man, w ith
a brusque
m ovem ent w hich seemed to drain him o f all his strength and
vitality, raised
him self up, first upon his arms, then upon his knees, and
collapsed im -
mediately, m urm uring: “ R ath er behead me than undress m e,
infamous
rabble!”
His strength was exhausted, and having tied him dow n
crosswise, they
began undressing him. T h en a torrent o f blood spouted,
bubbling from
the young m an’s m outh and nose, and flowed freely dow n the
table. T h e
cutthroats rem ained im m obile and the spectators, astonished.
“ T he savage U nitarian has burst w ith rage,” said one o f

them .
“ H e had a river o f blood in his veins,” put in another.
“ P oor devil, we w anted only to amuse ourselves w ith him , b
u t he took
things too seriously,” exclaimed the Judge, scowling tiger-like.
“ W e must draw up a report. U ntie him and let’s go!”
T hey carried o u t the orders, locked the doors, and in a short
while the
rabble w ent o u t after the horse o f the downcast, taciturn
Judge.
T h e Federalists had brought to an end one o f their innum
erable feats o f
valor.
Those w ere the days w hen the butchers o f the Slaughter H
ouse w ere
aposdes w h o propagated by dint o f w hip and poignard
Rosas’ Federation,
and it is not difficult to imagine w hat sort o f Federation
issued from their
heads and knives. T hey w ere w o n t to dub as savage
Unitarians (in accor-
dance w ith the jarg o n invented by the R estorer, patron o f
the b ro th er-
hood) any man w ho was neither a cutthroat n o r a crook; any m
an w h o
was kindhearted and decent; any patriot o r noble friend o f
enlightenm ent
and freedom; and from the foregoing episode it can be clearly
seen that
the headquarters o f the Federation w ere located in the
Slaughter House.

T r a n s l a t e d b y A n g e l Fl o r e s
_ T - Orig in al from
Digitized by V ^ O O g l C UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
MAE 1106 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering
Spring 2022
Laboratory Report #[x]
[Laboratory Report Title]
(* Substitute the specific Laboratory Report Title provided in
each Laboratory Report Guidance *)
Submitted to
Dr. Budhyant Venepalli
Adjunct Professor
by
[Student Name]
Class Section 00[x]
E-mail: [x]@mavs.uta.edu
in Partial Fulfillment of Course Requirements
I pledge, on my honor, to uphold UT Arlington’s tradition of
academic integrity, a tradition that values hard work and honest
effort in the pursuit of academic excellence. This Lab Report
contains only work that I have personally created or that I have
appropriately referenced as work from other sources. I
followed the highest standards of integrity and upheld the spirit
of the Honor Code.

Student Initials:_______________
Laboratory Experiments Performed on [Date]
with Class Section 00[x], Class Group [x]
Due Date and Time: [Date and Time]
Submission Date and Time: [Date and Time]
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
The University of Texas at Arlington
Dr. D Stefan Dancila
Spring 2019
Spring 2022
Arlington, TX 76019
Copyright © by Dr. D S Dancila, The University of Texas at
Arlington, [email protected] Used with permission.
Summary
Provide a single paragraph, self-sufficient (i.e. without external
references) 200-300 word summary of the experimental work
performed describing the objectives, approach, results, and
conclusions. Do NOT include equations, figures, tables, etc. A

reader knowledgeable in the field should be able to fully
understand the work and its major findings by reading this
section, and only need to refer to the body of the document for
detailed aspects if/when necessary.
Table of Contents
Provide a table of contents with page number information for
each section/subsection of the document. (* Delete this
statement after reading *)
Summary ii
Table of Contents iii
List of Symbols iv
List of Figures v
List of Tables vi
1. Objectives of the Laboratory Experiments
01
2. Experimental Setup 01
3. Experimental Procedure and Results
03
4. Data Analysis, Interpretation, and Discussion
04
5. Conclusions 05
6. Recommendations 05
References 05
Appendix A 06
List of Symbols
Provide in alphabetical order, lower case followed by upper
case, one per line, a list of all the symbols used and their
meaning. Symbols used in mathematical expressions are in

italic. (* Delete this statement after reading *)
Greek Symbols: (* Greek letters…*)
angle of attack
bank angle
angular velocity of the shaft
Roman Symbols: (* Letters… *)
a rivet spacing
M body mass
Subscripts:
f final value
Superscripts:
u ultimate value
GTA Comments:
· Do not include known units such as kg – kilograms
· Pay attention to the symbol headers (i.e.: Greek, Roman etc)
List of Figures
Provide a complete, sequential list of figure captions, together
with page information for each.
Figure 1: Ellipse over a rectangle 02

GTA Comments:
· Do not include actual figures; ONLY include title and page
number.
List of Tables
Provide a complete, sequential list of table captions, together
with page information for each.
Table I: Square and cubic powers of first three prime numbers
02
GTA Comments:
· Do not include actual tables; ONLY include title and page
number.
ii
(*change to your name*) UTA MAE 1106 Spring 2022
1. Objectives of the Laboratory Experiments
Describe the objectives of the laboratory experiment(s)
performed. What were the goals of the work? Why are they
important/relevant/worth the time and effort invested?
GTA Comments: When writing the objective refer to the
Laboratory Report Guidance for what results are desired from
the lab. Use this to formulate your objective statement.

2. Experimental Setup
Describe the experimental setup used for the experiment(s).
Please emphasize and focus on the essential aspects (e.g. the
type of testing machine and its performance characteristics) and
de-emphasize/disregard non-essential aspects (e.g. the color of
its paint coating). Please use neat figures
(pictures/drawings/sketches/diagrams/etc.) and tables to more
effectively and concisely get your point across – keep in mind
the old adage “A picture is worth a thousand words.” If/when
appropriate and possible use multimedia components.
The description should be precise, accurate, and of sufficient
level of detail such that a reader should have all the information
required in order to reproduce all the essential elements of the
experimental setup.
Always use Arabic numerals, sequentially numbered (in the
order of appearance in the document) figure captions, placed
centered one line below each figure. Each caption should be
descriptive and sufficiently detailed in order for the reader to
understand the figure without reference to the text of the
document. Each caption should follow the format “Figure x.
Figure description provided here.”
When referring to the figure in the text of the document always
use “Figure x” at the beginning of a sentence, and “Fig. x”
otherwise. If several figures are to be referenced in one
instance use “Figures x-y” (for all figures sequentially between
x and y) at the beginning of a sentence and “Figs. x-y”
otherwise. For the case of several non-sequential figures use
“Figures x, y, and z” at the beginning of the sentence and “Figs.
x, y, and z” otherwise.
A blank line should appear above and below each figure.

Always use Roman numerals, sequentially numbered (in the
order of appearance in the document) table captions, placed
centered one line above each figure.
Figure 1. Ellipse over a rectangle.
Each caption should be descriptive and sufficiently detailed in
order for the reader to understand the table without reference to
the text of the document. Each caption should follow the format
“Table x. Table description provided here.”
When referring to the table in the text of the document always
use “Table x.” If several tables are to be referenced in one
instance use “Tables x-y” (for all tables sequentially between x
and y). For the case of several non-sequential tables use
“Tables x, y, and z.”
A blank line should appear above and below each table.
Tables and figures should appear on the same page as their
captions.
Tables and figures should be centered left-right on the page,
preferably appearing at the top or bottom of the page.
Equations should be neatly typed.
If an equation is to be also referenced elsewhere in the text,
then it should be numbered and it should appear alone centered
on a line, with the sequentially assigned equation number
between parentheses at right justified on the same line.
Example:

(1)
A blank line should appear above and below each equation line.
Table I. Square and cubic powers of first three prime numbers.
Prime number
Squared value
Cubed value
1
1
1
2
4
8
3
9
27
When referencing an equation, the form “Equation (1)” should
be used at the beginning of a sentence, and “Eq. (1)” otherwise.
For referencing several equations in a sequence, “Equations x-
y” should be used at the beginning of the sentence, and “Eqns.
x-y” otherwise. When referencing several non-sequential
equations, use “Equations x, y, and z” at the beginning of a
sentence and “Eqns. x, y, and z” otherwise.
If an equation is not referenced elsewhere in the text, then it
could appear alone centered on a line,

or within the text of the paragraph .
A blank line should appear above and below each equation line.
Each paragraph should be separated from another by one empty
line. After the last paragraph in each section there should be
two empty lines.
Each sentence in a paragraph should be separated from the other
by two blank spaces.
GTA Comments:
· Use appropriate terminology when describing set-up, i.e.:
Universal Testing Machine, Strain Indicator Unit, LabVIEW,
TestWorks, etc. If you are unsure, ask.
· Labeled pictures are VERY helpful and recommended.
· Do not confuse the set-up and procedure!
· “Set-up” consists of activities performed in preparation for
conducting the experiment and data collection.
· “Procedure” consists in the actions performed to conduct the
experiment and to collect data.
· A good rule of thumb is to write the set-up (and procedure) in
a manner that your report could be used as a guide for another
person to perform the same experiment, and obtain similar
results – be that thorough and specific.
· Refrain from making statements referring to “the
GTAs/Professor did so-and-so” and/or stating that set-up was
completed prior to your arrival.
3. Experimental Procedure and Results
Describe in detail the experimental procedure used to perform
the experiment. Please focus on, and emphasize, the essential

aspects, and de-emphasize/disregard the non-essential ones.
Describe the critical/crucial aspects and the decision-making
processes involved.
Describe the data acquisition/measurement process, and the
form of the raw data collected.
Discuss the sources and magnitude of error that can affect the
data collected.
Provide, where feasible, the raw data as an Appendix to the lab
report document. If necessary, the reader can then process the
raw data to verify the results presented in the present document
or to test other working hypotheses.
GTA Comments:
· Results consist in the raw data collected in the lab, not
calculated values, end results, etc.
· Do not include set-up steps in Procedure, include only the
steps taken to collect data.
· When referring to software used for data collection, please
ensure you have the correct name, etc.
4. Data Analysis, Interpretation, and Discussion
Describe in full detail the methodology used to analyze and
process/post-process the raw data collected in order to extract
the useful information sought.
Provide information/estimates regarding errors introduced
through data analysis.
Discuss the results of the data analysis.
Provide an interpretation of the results obtained.

GTA Comments
· Ensure that your answers/results are clearly stated and easy to
recognize – avoid making us search for your results.
· Answer the analysis questions (from the Laboratory Report
Guidance) in the order in which they are asked, and label them
with the question # and letter
· Include sample calculations for each equation used!!!!!
· Include all equations, calculated numerical values and steps
taken to answer the questions. Providing us with all the steps
you took helps us understand your method – this is very helpful
if the resulting calculation is incorrect. We can then see where
you might have gone wrong.
5. Conclusions
Provide the conclusions of the experimental work performed in
light of the results obtained and their interpretation.
GTA Comments:
· Answer the question “What do your results mean?”
· Show us you understand what you saw in the lab!
6. Recommendations
Provide recommendations for future experiments based upon
your experience and results. If you were to repeat the
experiments, what would you do differently in order to avoid
problems encountered, and or to improve the quality of the
results? What are the lessons learned that can be passed on?
References

Provide a numbered list of reference documents that you have
relied upon in the performance of the investigation. Assign
reference numbers sequentially in the order of first reference in
the text.
GTA Comments:
· There is no need to reference the Laboratory Report Guidance
or the presentation slides – it is expected that you will use these
sources!
GTA Comments – Formatting:
· Follow the template diligently!
· Ensure you have the proper axes in your graphs!
· Plot controlled variable on the x-axis, and resultant variable
on the y-axis.
· If a specific graph is requested (ie: Stress vs Strain curve), it
is specified in a ‘y-variable vs. x-variable’ manner.
Appendix A
If necessary, use one or more appendices to provide information
that may be useful to a reader but is not required in the body of
the report in order to understand the work performed. Raw
data, detailed derivations, and details of the experimental setup
and procedure, are examples of information that may be
presented in this section.
GTA Comments:
· Use this section for extra long data tables!
· Remember to reference in your report that data is included in
the Appendix.
1

(*change to your name*) UTA MAE 1106 Fall 2021
α +β =γ
a+b=g
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MAE 1106 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering
Spring 2022
Laboratory Report # 3 Guidance
Balloon Sizing

Adjunct Professor
[email protected]
GTAs:
001, 005 and 006 No GTA [email protected]
002, 003 and 004 Medina, Jose Antonio [email protected]
2
This document provides guidance for the preparation of the
third lab report.
Please use the provided Lab Report Template and address each
of the topics below
within the specified section.
Ensure that the answers to the specified questions are easily
identifiable in your lab
report, and in the order in which the questions are specified in
this document.

Show all necessary equations and sample calculations to support
your answer.
As a reminder, please keep in mind that the Lab Report
document needs to follow
the structure and formatting provided in the Lab Report
Template document
provided. To emphasize the importance of these aspects in the
formal
communication process, 20 points out of a total of 100 are
assigned for
document structure and formatting.
The number of points assigned to each question out of a total of
100 is indicated
below.
1. Balloon Sizing
Let s be you class section number, and m be the number formed
by the last four
digits of your UTA student ID. The value of the altitude A, in
m, to be used below
is given by A =3,000 + 1,000s + m.
You have been given the assignment to size a He balloon for
float condition at an
altitude A for given the real atmospheric conditions in the
weather sounding data
for the FWD station on the day of your MAE 1106 class section
lab meeting at
12Z.
The balloon is assumed spherical, with a radius R to be
determined, and with a hull
envelope made of Mylar film with a thickness of 0.001 in. The

He inside the
balloon at float is assumed to have an overpressure of 2 in H2O
compared to
ambient pressure, and the same temperature as ambient air.
The mass of the payload to be supported by the balloon is 1 kg.
Assume that the acceleration of gravity is 9.80446 m/s2.
a. (5p) Under “Balloon Mission Assignment” clearly and
completely state the
balloon mission assignment for which you are performing
balloon sizing.
b. (5p) Under “Atmospheric Data” provide a clear and concise
description of
the atmospheric data (time, location) you have used and the
source of the data,
and the corresponding p, T, air density, and wind
conditions at altitude A. Use
consistently SI units.
c. (40p) Under “Balloon Sizing Exercise
Results” provide the process and the
equations used, the values of material properties
used and the sources for
3
the information, and the resulting balloon radius,
balloon volume, balloon

envelope area, and balloon envelope weight. Please
also determine the
weight of the lifting gas, the pressure of the
lifting gas and its density.
d. (10p) What would happen if the balloon
is forced to an altitude 500 m
lower? Would the balloon still be overinflated?
Would the balloon system
still be in equilibrium?
e. (10p) What would happen if the balloon
is forced to an altitude 500 m
higher? Would the balloon still be overinflated?
Would the balloon system
still be in equilibrium?
f. (10p) Conclusions.
MAE 1106 Lab Report #3 Grading Summary
Formatting: 20/100
1. Balloon Sizing
a. Balloon Mission Assignment 5/100
b. Atmospheric Data 5/100
c. Balloon Sizing Exercise Results 40/100
d. Balloon Descent 10/100
e. Balloon Climb 10/100
f. Conclusions 10/100

Overall Lab Report Grade: 100/100
he other one, the one called Borges, is the one things
happen to. I walk through the streets of Buenos Aires
and stop for a moment, perhaps mechanically now, to
look at the arch of an entrance hall and the grillwork on
the gate; I know of Borges from the mail and see his name
on a list of professors or in a biographical dictionary. I
like hourglasses, maps, eighteenth-century typography,
the taste of coffee and the prose of Stevenson; he shares
these preferences, but in a vain way that turns them into
the attributes of an actor. It would be an exaggeration to
say that ours is a hostile relationship; I live, let myself go
on living, so that Borges may contrive his literature, and
this literature justifies me. It is no effort for me to confess
that he has achieved some valid pages, but those pages
cannot save me, perhaps because what is good belongs to
no one, not even to him, but rather to the language and
to tradition. Besides, I am destined to perish, definitively,
and only some instant of myself can survive in him. Little
by little, I am giving over everything to him, though I am
quite aware of his perverse custom of falsifying and mag-
nifying things.
Spinoza knew that all things long to persist in their
being; the stone eternally wants to be a stone and the
tiger a tiger. I shall remain in Borges, not in myself (if it is
true that I am someone), but I recognize myself less in his
books than in many others or in the laborious strumming
of a guitar. Years ago I tried to free myself from him and
went from the mythologies of the suburbs to the games
with time and infinity, but those games belong to Borges

now and I shall have to imagine other things. Thus my
life is a flight and I lose everything and everything belongs
to oblivion, or to him.
I do not know which of us has written this page.
T
“Borges and I” by Jorge Luis Borges,
translated by James E. Irby, in
Labyrinths, copyright © 1962, 1964
by New Directions Publishing
Corp. Used by permission of New
Directions Publishing Corp.
Borges and I
Jorge Luis Borges

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