2. What is Economics?
Economics is the branch of knowledge concerned with the
production, consumption and transfer of wealth.
It is the study of how scarce resources are allocated to fulfill the
infinite wants of consumers.
3. Adam Smith (1723 – 1790)
O Known as father of modern economics
O Wrote the first and most important books on the subject of
economics, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the
Wealth of Nations (1776)
O Smith believed in “free market”
(free market is one where consumers may buy what they like
and producers may produce what they like, with no
government interference)
Smith suggested that a laissez-faire (don’t interfere) approach should be
followed, leaving customers and producers to make their own
decisions
4. NEEDS: are the basic necessities that a person must have in order to
survive
e.g. food, water, warmth, shelter and clothing
WANTS: are the desire that people have
e.g. things that people would like to have, such as bigger homes,
iphones, etc.
5. The Economic Problem
Unlimited Wants
Scarce Resources –
Land, Labour, Capital
Resource Use
Choices
A wind farm. Copyright: iStock.com
6. The Economic Problem
O What goods and services should an economy produce? –
should the emphasis be on agriculture, manufacturing or
services, should it be on sport and leisure or housing?
O How should goods and services be produced? – labour
intensive, land intensive, capital intensive? Efficiency?
O Who should get the goods and services produced? –
even distribution? more for the rich? for those who work
hard?
7. SCARCITY
The excess of wants resulting from having limited
resources (land, labor, capital and entrepreneurs)
in satisfying the endless wants of people.
It is a universal problem for societies – it is not
limited to poor countries.
To the economist, all goods and services that have
a price are relatively scarce. This means that they
are scarce relative to people’s demand for them.
8. Factors of Production
Land
- natural resources available for production
- renewable resources: those that replenish
- non-renewable resources: cannot be replaced
Labor
- physical and mental effort of people used in production
Capital
- all non-natural (manufactured) resources that are used in the
creation and production of other products
Enterprise (Entrepreneurship)
- refers to the management, organization and planning of the other
three factors of production
9. Factors of Production
Land Labor Capital Enterprise
Rent ProfitInterestWages
INCOME
Payments
to factors
of
Productio
n
10. Opportunity Costs
All economic questions and problems arise from
scarcity. Economics assumes people do not
have the resources to satisfy all of their wants.
Therefore, we must make choices about how to
allocate those resources. We make decisions
about how to spend our money and use our
time.
11. Opportunity costs even come
into play in the pursuit of
happiness
Opportunity costs are all around us and they differ
from individual to individual. Take one look at
Steve Jobs and Bill Gates and think of the
opportunity costs if they had decided to forgo
their entrepreneurial pursuits and continue their
college education instead.
Things would be very different now.
Ultimately, opportunity costs apply to anything
which is of value to a person and being
conscious of how they apply to your situation
can help in making a satisfactory
choice/decision by considering the value or
benefit of the next best alternative.
Editor's Notes
This series of slides will introduce some key concepts to students – the economic problem, opportunity cost and production possibility frontiers.
Laissez faire - is an economic environment in which transactions between private parties are free from tariffs, government subsidies, and enforced monopolies, with only enough government regulations sufficient to protect property rights against theft and aggression. The phrase laissez-faire is French and literally means "let [them] do", but it broadly implies "let it be," "let them do as they will," or "leave it alone." Scholars generally believe a laissez-faire state or a completely free market has never existed. (Wikipedia)
Discussion can take place here about the key elements of the economic problem – the unlimited wants of humans against the scarce resources that exist to meet those wants. The notion of supply and demand can be introduced here and students can be involved by making a list of all the things they would like to buy if they had unlimited amounts of money! If then asked to trim that list down to meet a budget the more outrageous items disappear. This then introduces the notion of having to make choices – this issue can be discussed further using examples drawn from students own experiences about the choices they have had to make – possibly involving the choice of subjects they have had to make at college or school in relation to the time available, etc! How we use our scarce resources can also be linked into this discussion. The wind turbines highlight an issue raised in the In the News section (http://www.bized.ac.uk/cgi-bin/chron/chron.pl?id=1928) about the intention to build wind farms in areas of the UK and the controversies that it creates – useful to link theory and practice at an early stage.
This is the traditional three key questions any economic system has to answer. Many students would have difficulty defining what an ‘economy’ actually is! It is useful at this stage to clear this up – a system for the production and exchange of goods and services to satisfy the wants and needs of the population. This is open ended enough to be able to incorporate all manner of economic systems from a barter system that still exists in remote parts of the world to sophisticated economic systems such as the UK and US! The questions and the examples raised can be used for discussion – get the students to express their views at this stage and be as controversial as possible to stimulate discussion and involvement!