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HR 202 Chapter 02
1.
Compensation Chapter 02 Strategy: The
Totality of Decisions ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2.
©McGraw-Hill Education. Similarities and
Differences in Strategies Google, Nucor, and Merrill Lynch are all industry innovators. • All three have pay strategies that support their business strategies. Google positions itself as a feisty startup. Nucor emphasizes high productivity, high quality, and low cost. Merrill Lynch pay objectives are to attract, motivate, and retain the best talent.
3.
©McGraw-Hill Education. Different Strategies
within the Same Industry Google, Microsoft, and SAS focus on different components of employees’ compensation. Like Google, Microsoft offered generous stock options, except employees accepted less base pay. • More recently, Microsoft scaled back its stock awards, replacing that with cash but its benefits continue to lead the market. SAS Institute emphasizes work/life programs over cash compensation, provides limited bonuses and no stock options.
4.
©McGraw-Hill Education. Different Strategies
within the Same Company Sometimes units within the same corporation face different competitive conditions, adopt different strategies, and fit different compensation strategies. • SK Holdings have business units as diverse as a gasoline retailer, a cell phone manufacturer, and SK Construction. • Different compensation strategies align to each different unit. A “let the market decide” strategy does not work internationally. • In many nations, markets do not operate as in the U.S. or may not even exist. Strategic perspective on compensation is more complex than it first appears.
5.
©McGraw-Hill Education. Strategic Choices Strategy
– the fundamental directions an organization chooses. At the corporate level, the fundamental strategic choice is: • What business should we be in? At the business unit level, the choice shifts to: • How do we gain and sustain competitive advantage in this business? At the functional level the strategic choice is: • How should total compensation help this business gain and sustain competitive advantage? A strategic perspective focuses on compensation choices that help the organization gain and sustain competitive advantage.
6.
©McGraw-Hill Education. Exhibit 2.2 Strategic
Choices
7.
©McGraw-Hill Education. Support Business
Strategy The greater the alignment between a business strategy and the compensation system, the more effective the organization. • A supporting compensation strategy for an innovator, places more emphasis on incentives encouraging innovations. • Compensation in a cost cutter strategy encourages productivity increases. • The customer focused strategy uses customer satisfaction incentives in the compensation strategy. Compensation strategies can be based on generic strategy frameworks, such as Michael Porter’s strategy framework, or Miles and Snow’s framework.
8.
©McGraw-Hill Education. Matching Business
Strategy and Pay Strategy A firm must fashion its own unique way of adding value by matching its business strategy and pay strategy. • Companies may have a blend of strategies – innovator, customer focus, and cost cutter. If an organization changes it business strategy, the pay systems should change. • A redesigned IBM focuses on high-growth, high-value segments of IT. • To support the new business strategy, the compensation strategy: • Cut layers of management. • Redesigned jobs to build in flexibility. • Increased incentive pay to differentiate on performance. • Kept a constant eye on costs.
9.
©McGraw-Hill Education. Support HR
Strategy Researchers Boxall and Purcell found a commonly used performance theory they refer to as “AMO theory.” Performance (P) is a function (f) of three factors: ability (A), motivation (M), and opportunity (O). Compensation is key to attracting, retaining, and motivating employees with the abilities necessary to execute the business strategy. Compensation strategy and HR strategy are central to successful business strategy execution. O)M,(A,fP
10.
©McGraw-Hill Education. Exhibit 2.5:
Fit between HR Strategy and Compensation Strategy and Effectiveness
11.
©McGraw-Hill Education. The Pay
Model Guides Strategic Pay Decisions The five strategic compensation choices facing Whole Foods. • Objectives – increase shareholder value, satisfy and delight customers, and seek employees who will help the company make money. • Internal alignment – store is organized into self-managed teams, executive salaries capped at 19X average full-time employee pay, and all full-time employees qualify for stock options. • External competitiveness – offers a unique total compensation package compared to competitors. • Employee contributions – uses a shared fate technique and monthly performance affects team pay. • Management – uses a “no-secrets” management technique making salaries known to all and a “you decide” technique allowing employees to chose their health insurance.
12.
©McGraw-Hill Education. Stated versus
Unstated Strategies All organizations have a compensation strategy – some are shared with all employees. Some compensation strategies emerge from pay decisions. Managers in all organizations make the five strategic decisions – objectives, internal alignment, external competitiveness, employee contribution, and management. Some do so in a rational, deliberate way, while others do it more chaotically.
13.
©McGraw-Hill Education. Exhibit 2.6: Key
Steps in Formulating a Total Compensation Strategy
14.
©McGraw-Hill Education. Total Compensation
Strategy: Step One Step one is to assess total compensation implications. • Business strategy and competitive dynamics – understand the business. • HR strategy – pay as a supporting player or a catalyst for change? • Culture / Values – pay systems mirror image and reputation. • Social and political context affects compensation choices. • Employee preferences are easily overlooked. • Choice is good, up to a point. • Employees do not always choose well. • Unlimited choice is near impossible to design or manage and may conflict with IRS regulations. • Union preferences – adapt pay strategies to the union-management relationship.
15.
©McGraw-Hill Education. Total Compensation
Strategy: Step Two Step two is to map a total compensation strategy using the five elements of the pay model. • Assign descriptors to each element and rate from high to low the level of importance of each descriptor. The profile on the strategy map reflects a company’s “pay brand.” • At Microsoft, total compensation is prominent. • At SAS, total compensation supports a work / life balance. Strategic maps are a visual reference but do not tell which strategy is “best.” Decisions in the pay model work in concert and the totality of decisions form the compensation strategy.
16.
©McGraw-Hill Education. Steps 3
and 4: Implement and Reassess Step three is to implement the strategy through the design and execution of the compensation system. • The compensation system translates strategy into practice. Step four, reassess and realign, closes the loop. • This step recognizes that compensation strategy must change to fit changing conditions. • Periodic reassessment is needed to continuously learn, adapt, and improve.
17.
©McGraw-Hill Education. Source of
Competitive Advantage: Three Tests 1. Is it aligned? • Is it aligned with the business strategy? With external conditions? Internally with the overall HR system? 2. Does it differentiate? • How is the pay system managed? • Each strategy is woven into the company’s overall HR strategy. 3. Does it add value? • Calculate the return on (pay) investments (ROI).
18.
©McGraw-Hill Education. “Best Practices”
versus “Best Fit” In contrast to the notion of strategic fit, some believe that: • A set of best-pay practices exists and these practices can be universally applied across situations. Guidance from the evidence. • Both smaller and larger internal pay differences can be a “best practice.” • Paying higher than competitor’s average can affect results. • Performance-based pay can affect results. • Consider all dimensions of the pay strategy together. • Embedding compensation strategy into HR strategy affects results. A more useful question is: “What practices pay off best under what conditions?”
19.
©McGraw-Hill Education. Virtuous and
Vicious Circles One study reported that while pay levels differed among companies, they were not related to financial performance. • Conclusion: it is not only how much you pay but how you pay. Performance-based pay works best when there is shared success. • Shared success improves employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance when coupled with other “high performance” practices. • When organizational performance declines, performance-based pay plans do not pay off – with potentially negative effects. • Unless increased risks are offset by larger returns, the risk-return imbalance will reinforce declining employee attitudes and speed the downward spiral.
20.
©McGraw-Hill Education. Exhibit 2.9:
Virtuous and Vicious Circles
21.
Because learning changes
everything.® www.mheducation.com End of Chapter 02.
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