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JVM
Under The
Hood
What is Compilation?
What is Compilation?
Process of turning human readable text
into code understandable by machines
Types of Compilation
Types of Compilation
Interpretation
Types of Compilation
Interpretation
Static compilation
Does it means that Java
is interpreted or statically
compilled ?
Does it means that Java
is interpreted or statically
compilled ?
Yes, and no
Just-in-time
compilation
Just-in-time compilation
Just-in-time compilation
An attempt to mix pros of both static
compilation and interpretation
Just-in-time compilation
An attempt to mix pros of both static
compilation and interpretation
In most cases, operates on some sort
of an intermediate level code
Compilation in Java
Source
code
Compilation in Java
Source
code
javac
bytecode
javap -c ${classname}.class
Compilation in Java
Source
code
javac
???
bytecode
JVM
Tiered
compliation
Compilation in Java
Source
code
javac Tiered
compilation
bytecode
JVM
How many
compilers we
have in Java?
How many
compilers we
have in Java?
3
Compilers in Java
Compilers in Java
javac
Compilers in Java
javac
C1
javac
C1
C2
Compilers in Java
Why we have so many
compilers in Java?
Why we have so many
compilers in Java?
Well, because history
C1 & C2 background
C1 & C2 background
Long ago JDK was published in two
versions: client and server.
C1 & C2 background
Long ago JDK was published in two
versions: client and server.
C1 was dedicated for the optimization
of application startup time.
C1 & C2 background
Long ago JDK was published in two
versions: client and server.
C1 was dedicated for the optimization
of application startup time.
C2 was dedicated for a long-running
application with strict performance
limits.
C1
C1
Starts compilation earlier than C2
C1
Starts compilation earlier than C2
Does not perform costly performance
optimizations.
C2
C2
Focused at providing profile based
optimizations.
C2
Focused at providing profile based
optimizations.
C2 compiled code will be much
faster than C1.
C2
Focused at providing profile based
optimizations.
C2 compiled code will be much
faster than C1.
At this point no more major
enhancements for C2 compiler are
possible.
Why this differentiation
exists ?
Why this differentiation
exists ?
It does not, not longer
Tiered
compilation
Tiered Compilation
Tiered Compilation
It is a technique which combines
both C1 and C2 compilers.
Tiered Compilation - Pros
Tiered Compilation - Pros
Faster application startup
Tiered Compilation - Pros
Faster application startup
Better C2 optimizations
Tiered Compilation - Pros
Faster application startup
Better C2 optimizations
Reduced memory footprint of JVM
Tiered Compilation - Pros
Faster application startup
Better C2 optimizations
Reduced memory footprint of JVM
Adaptive optimization
Tier Code compilation level
Tiered Compilation - Tiers
Tier Code compilation level
0 bytecode
Tiered Compilation - Tiers
Tier Code compilation level
0 bytecode
1 Simple C1 code
Tiered Compilation - Tiers
Tier Code compilation level
0 bytecode
1 Simple C1 code
2 Limited C1 code
Tiered Compilation - Tiers
Tier Code compilation level
0 bytecode
1 Simple C1 code
2 Limited C1 code
3 Full C1 code
Tiered Compilation - Tiers
Tier Code compilation level
0 bytecode
1 Simple C1 code
2 Limited C1 code
3 Full C1 code
4 C2 compiled
Tiered Compilation - Tiers
1
Tiered Compilation - Flow
Bytecode execution
2
1
Tiered Compilation - Flow
Bytecode execution
Profiling
2
1 3
Tiered Compilation - Flow
Bytecode execution
Profiling
Compilation
2
1
4
3
Tiered Compilation - Flow
Bytecode execution
Profiling
Compilation
Deoptimization
When the code will be compiled
When the code will be compiled
When piece of code will reach a certain call
threshold.
When the code will be compiled
When piece of code will reach a certain call
threshold.
When loop Back Branching counter will reach
certain threshold.
When the code will be compiled
When piece of code will reach a certain call
threshold.
When loop Back Branching counter will reach
certain threshold.
Method execution time is also a factor.
What the word HotSpot
means in JVM context?
What the word HotSpot
means in JVM context?
Two things
HotSpot
HotSpot
It is a full name of JVM - Java HotSpot VM
HotSpot
It is a full name of JVM - Java HotSpot VM
The place in the code that is frequently
called
Tiered Compilation - Settings
TieredStopAtLevel
Tiered Compilation - Settings
TieredStopAtLevel
CompileThreshold
Tiered Compilation - Settings
TieredStopAtLevel
CompileThreshold
Tier2CompileThreshold
Tiered Compilation - Settings
TieredStopAtLevel
CompileThreshold
Tier2CompileThreshold
CICompilerCount
Tiered Compilation - Settings
TieredStopAtLevel
CompileThreshold
Tier2CompileThreshold
CICompilerCount
Tiered Compilation - Settings
Try this at home, not on PRODUCTION
Tiered Compilation - Threads
Cores C1 Threads C2 Threads
1 1 1
2 1 1
4 1 2
8 1 2
16 2 6
32 3 7
64 4 8
GraalVM
GraalVM
Polyglot
VM
GraalVM
C2
Level 4
Polyglot
VM
Native
Image
GraalVM
C2
Level 4
Polyglot
VM
Graal
Compiler
Native
Image
Graal Compiler
Graal Compiler
Written in Java.
Graal Compiler
Written in Java.
New communication interface - JVMCI
Graal Compiler
Written in Java.
New communication interface - JVMCI
Uses tiered compilation concept.
Graal Compiler
Written in Java.
New communication interface - JVMCI
Uses tiered compilation concept.
Includes 62 different optimizations.
Graal Compiler
Written in Java.
New communication interface - JVMCI
Uses tiered compilation concept.
Includes 62 different optimizations.
Better at optimizing "new" code.
Graal Compiler
Written in Java.
New communication interface - JVMCI
Uses tiered compilation concept.
Includes 62 different optimizations.
Better at optimizing "new" code.
Better profile-guided optimization.
https://github.com/oracle/graal/t
Recap
We have three types of compilation.
Recap
We have three types of compilation.
Java has three compilers.
Recap
We have three types of compilation.
Java has three compilers.
JVM uses Tiered Compilation.
Recap
We have three types of compilation.
Java has three compilers.
JVM uses Tiered Compilation.
HotSpot comes from the way how JVM
compiles code.
Recap
We have three types of compilation.
Java has three compilers.
JVM uses Tiered Compilation.
HotSpot comes from the way how JVM
compiles code.
Graal brought us a new version of C2
compiler.
Recap
Thank you!
Bartek Żyliński
@PaskSoftware
softwaremill.com

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JVM Under The Hood WDI.pdf