Basic first aid steps for industrial exposure

1. FIRST AID
DR. BALESH TANDLE
FACTORY MEDICAL OFFICER
SEQUENT SCIENTIFIC LTD. MAHAD

2. INTRODUCTION
FIRST AID IS THE PROVISION OF IMMEDIATE CARE TO PERSON WITH INJURY OR
ILLNESS, USUALLY EFFECTED BY A LAY PERSON, AND PERFORMED WITHIN
LIMITED SKILL RANGE
FIRST AID IS AN EMERGENCY AID/TREATMENT GIVEN TO SOMEONE
INJURED/ILLNESS BEFORE REGULAR MEDICAL SERVICES ARRIVE
A PERSON DOES NOT NEED A CERTIFICATE TO PERFORM FIRST AID

3. OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID
PREVENT FURTHER INJURY
PRESERVE LIFE
PROMOTE RECOVERY

4. GOLDEN RULES OF FIRST AID
• DO FIRST THINGS FIRST QUICKLY, QUIETLY AND WITHOUT PANIC
• REASSURE THE CASUALTY AND THOSE AROUND TO REDUCE ANXIETY
• STOP ANY BLEEDING
• GIVE ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION IF BREATHING HAS STOPPED
• DO NOT ATTEMPT TOO MUCH, DO THE BARE MINIMUM THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO
SAVE LIFE AND PREVENT THE CONDITION FROM WORSENING

5. PHILOSOPHY OF FIRST AID
KEY CONTRIBUTORS FOR SURVIVAL OF RECOVERY FROM
ILLNESS/INJURY ARE PROMPT AND EFFECTIVE
MAINTENANCE OF BODY’S PRIMARY FUNCTIONS
 AIRWAY
 BREATHING
 CIRCULATION
 BLEEDING CONTROL

6. VITALS
 PULSE RATE – 60 TO 100 BPM
 RESPIRATORY RATE – 10 TO 20 BREATHS PRE MINUTE
 BLOOD PRESSURE – 90/60 TO 140/90 MM OF MERCURY
 TEMPERATURE - 37˚C
 SPO2 – 96 TO 100% OF OXYGEN

7. FIRST AID IN EMERGENCIES

8. ASPHYXIA
DEFINITION – ASPHYXIA MEANS RESPIRATORY CONDITION WHERE LUNGS DO
NOT GET SUFFICIENT SUPPLY OF AIR FROM BREATHING
SIGN/SYMPTOMS
 BLUE DISCOLORATION OF FACE, TONGUES, LIPS, FINGERS
 GASPING FOR AIR
 INABILITY TO SPEAK
UNCONSCIOUSNESS

9. ASPHYXIA BY POISONOUS
GASES
CARBON MONOXIDE
THIS GAS IS PRESENT IS CAR EXHAUST, FUMES, IN
HOUSEHOLD COAL BURNING, DURING INCOMPLETE
COMBUSTION
COLOURLESS AND ODOURLESS
HIGH AFFINITY WITH BLOOD(200 TIMES MORE THAN
OXYGEN)
ALSO KNOWN AS THE SILENT KILLER

10. ASPHYXIA BY POISONOUS GASES
CARBON DIOXIDE
• THIS GAS IS HEAVIER THAN AIR, FOUND IN COAL MINES, DEEP UNUSED WELLS,
SEWERS.
• COLOURLESS AND ODOURLESS
• IT HAS LESS AFFINITY WITH BLOOD THAN OXYGEN
HYDROGEN SULPHIDE
• THIS GAS HIGHLY FLAMMABLE AND EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS
• IT HAS ROTTEN EGG LIKE SMELL
• IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS SEWER GAS, SWAMP GAS, SWAMP GAS, MANURE GAS
• IT OCCURS NATURALLY IN PETROLEUM, NATURAL GAS AND HOT SPRINGS

11. MANAGEMENT OF GAS POISONING
 REMOVE PERSON FROM THE AREA
LOOSEN CLOTHES AT NECK, CHEST AND WAIST
GIVE ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION AND GIVE PURE OXYGEN, IF AVAILABLE
ENSURE CIRCULATION OF FRESH AIR BEFORE ENTERING THE ROOM
WHEREVER VENTILATION IS NOT POSSIBLE AND DEADLY POISONOUS GAS IS
SUSPECTED, USE A GAS MASK TO PROTECT YOURSELF

12. SHOCK
SHOCK IS POOR CIRCULATION TO VITAL ORGANS
IT IS VERY SERIOUS AND LIFE THREATENING SITUATION
CAUSES
 SEVERE DEHYDRATION
 BLEEDING
 DILATED BLOOD VESSELS
 SEVERE EMOTIONAL TRAUMA
ALL THESE CAUSES SUDDEN FALL IN BLOOD PRESSURE
CAUSING REDUCED BLOOD SUPPLY TO VITAL ORGANS OF
BODY SUCH AS HEART, BRAIN, KIDNEY

13. SHOCK
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS
RAPID BREATHING
 WEAK PULSE
 FEELING SEVERE THIRST
 BLUISH DISCOLORATION OF SKIN
 COLD AND CLAMMY PALMS AND SOLES
 DIZZINESS / UNCONSCIOUSNESS
PALPITATIONS

14. MANAGEMENT OF SHOCK
 MAKE THE PERSON SIT DOWN OR LIE STILL UNDER FAN
 IF THE PERSON IS THIRSTY, GIVE THEM FLUIDS TO
DRINK
 LOOSEN TIGHT CLOTHING
 ELEVATE PATIENT’S LEG TO RESTORE BLOOD FLOW TO
BRAIN
 SHIFT THE PATIENT TO NEARBY HEALTHCARE FACILITY
FOR FURTHER TREATMENT

15. HAEMORRHAGE/BLEEDING
EXTERNAL BLEEDING – BLOOD VESSELS AND SKIN ARE CUT
AND BLOOD IS ESCAPING THE BODY
MANAGEMENT
 IN CASE OF MINOR BLEED, WASH WITH SOAP WATER,
APPLY CLEAN DRESSING AND MONITOR FOR SIGNS OF
INFECTIONS
 IN CASE OF MAJOR BLEED MAKE SURE PATIENT IS
RESTING TO LOWER HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE
TO REDUCE BLEEDING
 ELEVATE INJURED LIMB ABOVE HEART LEVEL TO
REDUCE BLEEDING
 APPLY DIRECT PRESSURE OVER THE WOUND TO
CONTROL BLEEDING

16. HAEMORRHAGE/BLEEDING
INTERNAL BLEEDING – BLOOD VESSELS ARE BROKEN BUT THE SKIN IS INTACT SO
THE PERSON IS BLEEDING UNDER THE SKIN, INJURED ORGANS RESULT IN INTERNAL
BLEEDING
MANAGEMENT
 IN CASE OF MINOR BRUISE ON LIMB, APPLY ICE PACK
 IN CASE OF SEVERE INTERNAL BLEEDING IN CORE OF THE BODY, THEN CALL
AMBULANCE AND SHIFT THE PATIENT ASAP, MAKE SURE PATIENT IS RESTING,
TREAT FOR SHOCK
 INTERNAL BLEED IS NOT ALWAYS OBVIOUS, BUT CAN BE LIFE THREATENING
 WATCH OUT FOR WARNING SIGNS SUCH AS NON HEALING WOUND, INCREASE IN
WOUND SIZE, DISCOLORATION, FLUID DISCHARGE, INCREASED PAIN

17. FRACTURES
BREAK OR CRACK IN THE BONE IS CALLED A FRACTURE
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS
 SWELLING
 LIMB LOOKS SHORTER, TWISTED OR BENT
 MOVEMENT IN UNNATURAL DIRECTION
 DIFFICULTY DURING MOVEMENT
 A GRATING NOISE OR FEELING

18. MANAGEMENT OF FRACTURE
APPLY RICE PRINCIPLE
 REST
 ICE/IMMOBILIZE
 COMPRESSIONS
 ELEVATE THE INJURED BODY PART
 DO NOT RUB OR MOVE INJURED LIMB
 IF THERE IS PROTRUDING BONE THEN BLEEDING NEEDS
TO BE TAKEN CARE OF BY APPLYING PRESSURE
 DO NOT ATTEMPT TO STRAIGHTEN OR REALIGN
FRACTURED BONE

19. HEAT STROKE
• IT IS CAUSED BY BODY OVERHEATING, AS A RESULT OF PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO OR
PHYSICAL EXERTION IN HIGH TEMPERATURE
• HEAT STROKE CAN OCCUR IF BODY TEMPERATURE RISES ABOVE 40˚ OR 104 F
SIGNS / SYMPTOMS
 ELEVATED BODY TEMPERATURE
 SEVERE HEADACHE
 RED HOT DRY SKIN
 RAPID BREATHING
 REDUCED VITALS
 SWEATING MAY STOP
 FEELING TIRED/ WEAKNESS
 DISORIENTATION
 UNCONSCIOUSNESS
 SEIZURE

20. MANAGEMENT OF HEAT
STROKE
 LOWER BODY TEMPERATURE QUICKLY WHILE WAITING FOR
EMERGENCY SERVICES TO ARRIVE
 GET THE PATIENT TO INTO AIR CONDITIONING OR OUT OF THE
SUN ASAP
 SPRAY THE PATIENT WITH COOL WATER OR APPLY COLD WET
CLOTHES OR ICE PACKS TO THE ARMPITS AND GROIN
 FAN AIR ACROSS THE PATIENT TO INCREASE COOLING
 IF PATIENT EXPERIENCES SEIZURES, KEEP HIM SAFE FROM
INJURY
 DO NOT GIVE FLUIDS VIA MOUTH AS IT MAY INDUCE VOMITING
 IF THE PATIENT VOMITS, TURN HIM ON HIS SIDE TO KEEP
AIRWAY OPEN

21. BURNS
BURN IS DAMAGE TO THE SKIN OR UNDERLYING TISSUE
CAUSED BY HEAT
THERE ARE 3 LEVELS OF SEVERITY IN BURNS
1. 1ST DEGREE BURNS (SUPERFICIAL BURNS)
2. 2ND DEGREE BURNS (PARTIAL THICKNESS BURNS)
3. 3RD DEGREE BURNS (FULL THICKNESS BURNS)

22. MANAGEMENT OF BURNS
FOR ALL BURNS
 PUT OUT FIRE OR STOP PATIENTS CONTACT WITH HOT LIQUID, STEAM
 REMOVE SMOULDERING MATERIAL FROM THE PERSON
 REMOVE HOT OR BURNED CLOTHS, IF CLOTHING STICKS TO SKIN, CUT OR TEAR
IT AROUND
 TAKE OF JEWELLERY, BELTS, TIGHT CLOTHING AS BURNS CAN SWELL UP RAPIDLY

23. MANAGEMENT OF 1ST DEGREE BURN
COOL BURN
 HOLD BURNED SKIN UNDER COOL (NOT COLD) RUNNING
WATER OR IMMERSE IN COOL WATER UNTIL PAIN SUBSIDES
 USE COLD COMPRESSIONS IF RUNNING WATER ISN’T
AVAILABLE
PROTECT BURN
 COVER WITH STERILE, NON ADHESIVE BANDAGE OR CLEAN
CLOTH
 DO NOT APPLY BUTTER OR OINTMENTS WHICH CAN CAUSE
INFECTION
TREAT PAIN
 GIVE PAIN KILLERS SUCH AS IBUPROFEN

24. MANAGEMENT OF 2ND DEGREE BURN
COOL BURN
 HOLD BURNED SKIN UNDER COOL (NOT COLD) RUNNING
WATER OR IMMERSE IN COOL WATER UNTIL PAIN SUBSIDES
 USE COLD COMPRESSIONS IF RUNNING WATER ISN’T
AVAILABLE
 DON’T APPLY ICE , IT CAN LOWER BODY TEMPERATURE
AND CAUSE FURTHER DAMAGE
 DON’T BREAK BLISTERS OR APPLY BUTTER OR OINTMENTS
WHICH CAN CAUSE INFECTION
PROTECT BURN
 COVER LOOSELY WITH STERILE , NON ADHESIVE BANDAGE
AND SECURE IS PLACE WITH GAUZE/ TAPE
PREVENT SHOCK
 LAY PERSON FLAT WITH FEET RAISED ABOUT 12 INCHES
 ELEVATE BURN AREA ABOVE HEART LEVEL AND COVER
PERSON WITH BLANKET

25. MANAGEMENT OF 3RD
DEGREE BURN
PROTECT BURN
 COVER LOOSELY WITH STERILE, NON ADHESIVE
BANDAGE, FOR LARGE AREAS, A SHEET THAT WON’T
STICK TO THE WOUND
 SEPARATE BURNED TOES & FINGERS WITH DRY, STERILE
DRESSING
 DO NOT SOAK BURN IN WATER OR APPLY ANY BUTTER
OR OINTMENTS WHICH CAN CAUSE INFECTION
PREVENT SHOCK
 LAY PERSON FLAT WITH FEET RAISED ABOUT 12 INCHES
 ELEVATE BURN AREA ABOVE HEART LEVEL AND COVER
PERSON WITH BLANKET
 FOR AN AIRWAY BURN, DON’T PLACE PILLOW UNDER
PATIENT’S HEAD
 IN CASE OF FACIAL BURN , HAVE THE PATIENT TO SIT
UP

26. EYE INJURY
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE
 DON’T RUB EYES
 IMMEDIATELY GIVE EYE WASH FOR 15 – 20 MIN
 DON’T BANDAGE THE EYE

27. EYE INJURY
FOR A BLUNT INJURY/ BLOW TO EYE
 APPLY COLD COMPRESSION, BUT DON’T PUT PRESSURE
ON THE EYE
 TAKE PAIN KILLERS TO RELIEVE PAIN
 IF THERE IS BRUISING, BLEEDING, CHANGE IN VISION,
OR PAIN DURING EYE MOVEMENT CONSULT A DOCTOR
IMMEDIATELY

28. EYE INJURY
FOR A FOREIGN BODY IN EYE
 DON’T RUB THE EYE
 PULL THE UPPER LID DOWN & BLINK REPEATEDLY
 IF FOREIGN BODY IS STILL THERE , GIVE EYEWASH
 IF EYE WASH DOESN’T HELP, CLOSE THE EYE, LOOSELY
BANDAGE IT AND CONSULT A DOCTOR

29. ELECTRIC SHOCK
 ELECTRIC SHOCK ALWAYS NEEDS EMERGENCY
MEDICAL ATTENTION EVEN IF PERSON SEEMS TO BE
FINE
 SEPARATE THE PERSON FROM ELECTRIC SOURCE BY
TURNING OFF THE POWER
 IF YOU CAN’T TURN OFF THE POWER THEN STAND
ON SOMETHING DRY AND NON CONDUCTIVE, AND TRY
TO SEPARATE THE PERSON FROM POWER SOURCE
USING NON CONDUCTIVE MATERIAL SUCH AS WOODEN
OR PLASTIC BROOM HANDLE, CHAIR, RUBBER
 IF HIGH VOLTAGE LINES ARE INVOLVED THEN LOCAL
POWER COMPANY MUST SHUT THEM OFF
 CHECK FOR OTHER INJURIES
 GIVE CPR IF NECESSARY

30. HEART ATTACK
WHEN THERE IS SOMETHING WRONG WITH HEART’S
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM, OR BLOOD VESSELS IN HEART RUPTURES,
OR BLOCKED AND HEART IS NO LONGER ABLE TO CIRCULATE
BLOOD EFFECTIVELY, EVEN TO ITS OWN TISSUES, CAUSE HEART
TO STOP WORKING
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS
 PAIN/TIGHTNESS/NUMBNESS IN SHOULDERS, NECK, ARMS,
BACK AND CHEST
 RAPID BUT WEAK PULSE
 NAUSEA AND VOMITING
 SHALLOW RAPID BREATHING
 UNCONSCIOUSNESS
 PROFUSE SWEATING
THESE WARNING SIGNS MAY COME AND GO, MAY BE MILD OR
SEVERE, EVEN IF THEY GOES AWAY PERSON MAY STILL BE
HAVING A HEART ATTACK AND NEED MEDICAL ATTENTION

31. MANAGEMENT OF HEART ATTACK
 HELP THE PERSON TO GET IN COMFORTABLE POSITION, REASSURE AND ADVICE TO
REST
 CALL AN AMBULANCE IMMEDIATELY
 DO NOT GIVE ANYTHING TO EAT OR DRINK
 LOOSEN TIGHT CLOTHING AT CHEST, NECK AND WAIST
 ASK THE PERSON IF HE IS ARE ON ANY HEART MEDICATION
 IF AVAILABLE, GIVE ASPIRIN/ NITRO-GLYCERINE
 IF HEART STOPS BEATING, START CPR, HOWEVER IF HEART IS STILL BEATING AND
PERSON IS BREATHING CPR IS NOT NECESSARY

32. CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
AIRWAY
 LIE THE PERSON ON THEIR BACK FLAT
 LOOSEN THE CLOTHES AROUND NECK AND MAKE
SURE NOTHING IS BLOCKING MOUTH OR THROAT
 OPEN AIRWAY BY TILTING THEIR HEAD BACK AND
LIFTING CHIN UPWARDS, IT PUSHES TONGUE AWAY FROM
BLOCKING AIRWAY
BREATHING
 CHECK FOR BREATHING, IF BREATHING THEN
MONITOR THEM UNTIL PARAMEDICS ARRIVE
 IF NOT BREATHING THEN GIVE 2 BREATHES, ALLOWING
AIR TO COME OUT IN BETWEEN

33. CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
CIRCULATION
 PLACE THE HEEL OF HAND ON CENTRE OF CHEST, PLACE
HEEL OF 2ND HAND ON TOP OF 1ST HAND, INTERLACE
FINGERS TOGETHER
 START CPR, 30 COMPRESSIONS TO 2 BREATHES (30:2),
COMPRESS AT LEAST 100 TIMES PER MINUTE, CONTINUE
UNTIL PARAMEDICS ARRIVE
 FOR ADULTS USE BOTH HANDS AND COMPRESS 2 INCHES
DEEP
 FOR CHILD USE ONE HAND AND COMPRESS HALF WAY
DOWN
 FOR INFANT USE 2 FINGERS AND COMPRESS HALF WAY
DOWN

34. STOP CPR ONLY IF….
 THE PERSON STARTS BREATHING
 A TRAINED PERSON OR PARAMEDIC TAKES
OVER
 YOU TOO EXHAUSTED TO CONTINUE
 THERE IS AND AUTOMATED ELECTRICAL
DEFIBRILLATOR TO USE

35. CHOKING
CHOCKING IS ASPHYXIA DUE TO OBSTRUCTION IN WIN
WIND PIPE
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS
 DIFFICULTY IN BREATHING, TALKING, AND
SWALLOWING
 CLUTCHING AT THROAT
 PALE OR BLUISH COLOURING OF FACE
MANAGEMENT
 IF THE PERSON IS CONSCIOUS BUT NOT ABLE TO
BREATHE OR TALK, GIVE BACK BLOWS BETWEEN
SHOULDER BLADES,
 IF PERSON STILL CHOKING GIVE ABDOMINAL THRUST
(HEIMLICH MANEUVER)

36. HEIMLICH
MANEUVER
 STAND BEHIND THE PERSON AND WRAP YOUR
ARMS AROUND THE WAIST
 PLACE YOUR CLENCHED FIST JUST ABOVE THE
PERSON’S NAVEL & GRAB YOUR FIST WITH OTHER
HAND
 QUICKLY PULL INWARD AND UPWARD
 CONTINUE CYCLES OF 5 BACK BLOWS & 5
ABDOMINAL THRUSTS UNTIL THE OBJECT IS
COUGHED UP OR THE PERSON STARTS TO
BREATHE OR COUGH

37. SNAKE BITE
NOT ALL SNAKES ARE VENOMOUS, BUT IF YOU GET
BITTEN BY A VENOMOUS SNAKE, IMMEDIATE MEDICAL
ATTENTION IS NEEDED
MANAGEMENT
 STAY CALM, REASSURE THE PERSON, & KEEP BITTEN
AREA IMMOBILE & BELOW THE HEART LEVEL
 REMOVE JEWELLERY OR TIGHT CLOTHING
 WASH THE BITE WITH SOAP AND WATER
 RUSH THE PATIENT TO NEAREST HOSPITAL THAT CAN
PROVIDE EMERGENCY CARE

38. WHAT ARE THE DON’TS IN
SNAKE BITE
 DON’T TRY TO CUT THE BITE SITE OR SUCK THE
VENOM OUT
 DON’T TRY TO CATCH THE SNAKE, INSTEAD NOTICE
ITS APPEARANCE, IF POSSIBLE
 DON’T TIE A TORNIQUET TO STOP THE VENOM FROM
SPREADING, INSTEAD IT MAY CAUSE DEATH OF THE
LIMB DUE TO LACK OF BLOOD FLOW
 DON’T BURN THE WOUND
 DON’T APPLY HERBAL PASTES OVER THE WOUND
 DON’T TAKE PATIENT TO A TANTRIK/MANTRIK OR
SNAKE CHARMER FOR TREATMENT

39. MANAGEMENT OF SEIZURE
SEIZURES ARE NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS WHERE THE
SIGNALS IN THE BRAIN GET MIXED UP
 KEEP CALM, LET THE SEIZURE TAKE ITS COURSE
 PROTECT PERSON FURTHER INJURY BY MOVING
HARD/SHARP OBJECTS AWAY
 PLACE SOMETHING SOFT AND SMALL, UNDER THEIR
HEAD AND LOOSEN TIGHT CLOTHING AROUND THE NECK
 DO NOT FORCE ANYTHING IN THE PATIENT’S MOUTH,
IT COULD CAUSE DAMAGE TO TEETH , JAW, OR CHOKING
 ROLL THE PATIENT ON ONE SIDE (RECOVERY POSITION)
, TO ALLOW OR OTHER FLUIDS TO DRAIN AWAY, HELPING
TO CLEAR THE AIRWAY

40. THANK YOU