Nepal's National Genebank Secures Agricultural Biodiversity

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BK Joshi 2019. Genebank, NARC, Nepal
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Genebank: Concept and Milestones
in Nepal
Webinar on the occasion of World Food Day
IAAS LC GAASC, Baitadi (Gokuleshwor)
11.30 am, 16 Oct 2020
Agrobiodiversity for food to all
Genebank for securing everything
Bal Krishna Joshi, PhD
National Genebank
Kathmandu, Nepal
joshibalak@yahoo.com
National Genebank
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2.
6.
Agrobiodiversity Components
and Subcomponents
Joshi et al 2019

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Agricultural and total species in Nepal
6973
1710
1315
544
10004
3754
12437
11863
24300
996
30
510
180
300
17
35
250
232
3500
800
2833
3785
6618
Higher plant spp (angiosperms)
Lower plant spp (bryophytes, pteridophytes and…
Forage spp
Medicinal spp
Ornamental spp
Aquatic agricultural plant spp
Mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles
Aquatic animal spp (fish, mollusks, crustaceans and…
Fin fish spp
Insects (moths, butterfly, spiders, worms and others)
Microorganisms (fungi, lichens, algae, bacteria and…
Total flora
Total fauna
Grand total
Plantspecies
Animal
species.
Agricultural species
Total species
28%
Nepal: 49th position in
biodiversity in the world
and 10th in flowering plant
diversity in Asia, and 31st in
the world
Joshi et al 2020
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Native agrobiodiversity in Nepal
india
• Agrobiodiversity rich country but native genetic
resources never got priority in research, education and
development (items in Fields, Kitchens and Markets
from foreign countries)
• 85% of native agricultural genetic resources are NUS
• Always marketing of foreign germplasm by all sectors in
Nepal rather than global marketing of native genetic
resources
• 40% native agricultural genetic resources lost
• Earlier, location wise different tests, now same varieties
(Mansuli, Srijana tomato, G-9 banana, etc) across the
country

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Contribution of Crop Gene Pools:
Pedigree Analysis: Khumal-4
8 countries
1. USA
2. India
3. Indonesia
4. Taiwan
5. China
6. Pakistan
7. Thailand
8. Nepal
13 landraces
Origin
Origin
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Varieties in the Market/ Breeding Station: Landraces vs Modern
65
623
50
250
38
373
6 36
Crops Varieties Crops Varieties Crops Varieties Crops Varieties
Total RR Released Registered Denotified
▪ OPV
▪ Pure line/ Inbred
▪ Bulk/ Composite generations
▪ Hybrid
▪ Second, Third… Generations (Partial
Hybrid)
▪ Mutants
▪ Multilines
▪ Synthetic generation
▪ Polyploidy
▪ Engineered generation (GMO)
▪ OTO
Joshietal2017
Joshi et al 2017

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Diversity
Disease
Vulnerability
Diversity
Vulnerability
Disease
• Genetic uniformity of monocultures
leads to genetic vulnerability
• Increasing diversity reduce losses from
pests and diseases
monogenotyped
polygenotyped
Modern variety: Monogenotyped
and evolution arrested
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Introduced Goat Vs Native Goat
Khari Boar
Laamkaane

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Rainbow Trout vs Native Fish
Rainbow Trout
Aslaa
With variation
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Why Agrobiodiversity
▪ Most for food and nutrition security
▪ Is for food to all
▪ Most to advance agricultural sciences
▪ Most for any kinds of problems
▪ Most for growing any where, any time and by any one
But
• Genetic erosion rapidly increasing
• How we can assure the availability of existing
agrobiodiversity

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Understanding Genebank
▪ Conservation of all agricultural genetic resources (from
allele to agroecosystem)
▪ Ensuring availability of existing agrobiodiversity to all for
ever
▪ Accessioning, passport
▪ Tracing forward and backward
▪ Methods, approaches, practices, tools, and structures for
long term storage, continued evolution, distribution and
management of agricultural genetic resources
▪ Human managed diversity center for facilitated access to
total agrobiodiversity
▪ Conservation means
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Banking germplasm: Working Principle
▪ Access to all (free of cost), forever
▪ Available all types of agricultural genetic resources
▪ Making maximum interaction with biotic and abiotic stresses with
germplasm to accelerate the evolutionary process
▪ managed with the facility of tracing back and forward of any
accession.
▪ Anyone can deposit collections safely for a long period of time.
▪ Online search accessions
▪ A common understanding is to collect, conserve and maintain as
much diversity as possible in a minimum sample.
▪ Each diversity has a value and considers diversity at
agroecosystem, species, variety/breed/strain/biotype/race,
genotype and allele levels.
Joshi et al 2020

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Genebank around the world
▪ Global (international) genebank
▪ National genebank
▪ 1926: NI Vavilov, world’s exploration and collection
▪ Total genebank: 1,750 genebanks, holding a total of
around 7.4 million accessions of germplasm
▪ Medium-term ex-situ conservation established in 1986
in Nepal
▪ National genebank in 2010
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Understanding the seed storage behavior and planting materials
Agricultural Plant
Genetic Resources
Non-orthodox
Recalcitrant,
eg mango,
litchi, citrus
Vegetatively propagated,
eg banana, pineapple,
potato, sweet potato
Orthodox
Intermediate, eg
coffee, papaya
Non-oily
seeds, eg
rice, maize,
wheat
Oily seeds, eg
mustard, linseed,
rapeseed
Joshi 2019

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Conservation Strategies (4), Methods and Approaches (44)
Seed Bank
In-situ On-farm
Dynamic Static
Genebank
Ex-situ
Field
Genebank DNA
Bank
Pollen
Bank
Tissue
Bank
Aqua Pond
Genebank
Cryo
Bank
Long
Term
Storage
Medium
Term
Storage
Short
Term
Storage
Community
Genebank
Household Genebank
Household
Seed Bank
Household Field
Genebank
Community
Seed Bank
Community
Field
Genebank
School Field GenebankProtected
Area
Ramsar
Site
Heritage
Site
StrategyMethod
Genebank
Ex-situ
Botanical
Garden
Legal
Protection
Communi
ty Forest
Public
Orchard
Geographical
Indication
Village
Level Field
Genebank
Office Garden,
Agro Garden
Religious Place,
Temple Garden
Diversity Block
Repatriation
Breeding
Broad Genetic
Base
Landrace
Enhancement
Cultivar/
Breed Mixture
Evolutionary
Breeding
Site/ Trait/ Household
Specific
Community
River
Community Aqua
Pond GenebankLivestockFarm
Genebank
Insect Genebank &
Insect Field Genebank;
Microbial Genebank &
Microbial Field
GenebankAgroGene
Sanctuary
Religious&CulturalValues
Agro-biodiversity Conservation
City & Crop
Park
Seed Network
AgrobioTrail
Conservation
Village
Zoo
Joshi et al 2020
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Additional process, methods, actions and good practices
1. Accessioning and naming
system
2. Agro-plantation
3. Agrobiodiversity rich
farmers
4. Incentive and award
5. Black box and safety
duplication and backup
6. Pre breeding &
domestication
7. GIS + CAT
8. Restocking
9. Image bank
10. Seed and crop herbaria and
agro museum
11. Red zoning and red listing
12. Germplasm rescue
13. Agro haat bazaar
14. Site specific staple crop
15. Diversity fair/ seed fair
16. Food fair & Himalayan
super foods (PQTHN)
17. Local food shop
18. Diversity kit
19. Diversity rich solution
20. Enhancing ecological
services
21. Global and national gene
pools
22. Each household as shop
23. Participatory seed
exchange
24. Product diversification
25. Value addition
26. Multi- stakeholder and
disciplinary approaches
27. Agrobio education
28. Landraces catalog,
ownership
documentation, CBR and
registration
29. Local media for
community sensitization
30. On-farm agrobiodiversity
measurement
31. Diversity field school
32. Simplifying the
traditional tech
33. Home stay and market
linkage
34. Agrobio poetry and folk
song
35. Sharingshop, writeshop
and virtual workshop
36. Traveling seminar
Joshi et al 2020

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Conservation Components
Agrobiodiversity
Conservation
Components
Conservation
sensitization
Conservation
strategies,
methods/
approaches
Conservation
accelerators
Conservation
enabling
environment
Conservation
values
Joshi et al 2020
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Conservation Ladder
Household Genebank (Seed + Field GB), Community Genebank (Seed + Field GB),
Religious Sites (temple garden), Ritual Practices, Protection Rule, Community Forest,
Seed Network, Landrace Enhancement …
National Genebank, Field Genebank, Tissue Bank, DNA Bank,
Protected Areas, Ramsar Sites, World Heritage Sites, Farms of DoA
and NARC, Cryo bank, Office garden, Botanical Gardens/ Parks,
Aqua pond genebank, Livestock farm genebank, Insect and
Microbial bank…
CGIAR Banks, Global Seed Vault, World Seed
Vault
Local Level
National Level
International Level
National and
Global
genepool
Joshi et al 2016

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Stepwise activities for APGRs
management in NAGRC
Joshi et al 2017
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Milestones on Banking Genetic Resources
1. Seed Bank
Base Collection Room (-20oC)
Active Collection Room
▪ Black Box system available for
researchers
▪ ACR for 5-10 Years
▪ BCR for 50-100 Years
Himalayan Seed Bank
▪ Base Collection Room (-20oC)
▪ In deep fridge
▪ Medicinal plants
▪ NAST

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2. Tissue Bank
▪ Potato
▪ Sweet potato, banana
▪ Sugarcane
▪ Cardamom
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3. DNA Bank
• Rice
• Chayote
• Wheat
• Maize
• Buckwheat
DNA Bank

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4. Field Genebank
– NARC Stations: Khumaltar,
Malepatan, Tarahara, Jeetpur
– DoA/ NARC Farms (Hort + Veg)
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▪ Parwanipur Field Genebank: More than 20
species, some mango landraces from
Bhimsen ko aapko baghaicha, Gorkha
▪ Jitpur field genebank (Sugarcane park): 10
local landraces, wild sugarcane reported
from Nepal and has planned to collect
Agrobiodiversity Conservation in Parwanipur and Jitpur, NARC

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Why not APGR around Office, along road…
Agro plantation?
Road field genebank
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Components in Field Genebank
Horizontal and vertical space utilization

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5. School/ College Field Genebank
Student to collect, maintain and study
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6. Livestock Farm Genebank
Sakini, Pwakh Ulte, Laukaat (First time domesticated in
Parwanipur, started domestication 4 years ago)

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7. Aqua Pond Genebank
▪ Fish: Tengra, Singhin, Maghur, Bboti, Sauraha, Patewa. Tengra is far better than
rainbow trout in quality. Some of them are IUCN red list species.
▪ Aquatic vegetables and fruits: Still not started
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8. Community Genebank Bank
8A. Community Seed Bank
Jhapa-1
2010
Bardiya-2
2007/18
Lalitpur-3
1994/14/17
Tanahu-1
2010
Doti-1
2010
Kailali-4
2007/08/18
Sindhu-
palchowk-2
2009/18
Okhaldhunga-1
2010
Jumla-3
2009/10/17
Rasuwa-1
Dang-1
2010
144 CSBs in 33 DistrictsHumla-1
2017
Lamjung-2
2016/17
Active: 40
Passive: 6
Collapsed: 3
Transmuted: 95
Joshi et al 2018

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▪ Ghadariya, Kailali with 76 accessions of
mango, VDC provided 5.5 ha land
▪ Kachorwa
▪ Dalchowki
▪ Mango public orchards (Public,
community orchards)
8B. Community Field Genebank (CFGB)
• Village Level Field Genebank
• Community Aqua Pond
Genebank
• Community River
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CGB Standard: Components and Activities
Joshi et al 2018

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9. Household Genebank
9.1. Household Seed Bank
▪ Recognize diversity rich farmers
▪ Farmers’ Seed Network
▪ Incentives
9.2. Household Field Genebank
▪ Kitchen Garden, Orchard
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10. Agro Gene Sanctuary 2018
• After domestication, agri
crops never return to nature
• Kept in manmade
environment and do not get
chance to interact with
nature
• Evolutionary process arrested
• Selection for one directional
population
• Field with crop genetic resources growing
together and allowing them to complete their
life cycle in the same place over the time
• Source for new genes/ genotypes

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11. Religious Places/ Sacred Groves: Temple Garden
▪ Temples, Shrines, Monuments, Monasteries, Stupa, etc
▪ Culturally protected areas
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12. Agro Garden (Office Garden): विकासे मात्रै? Go for Local, Work on Local
Local genetic resources
Domesticated, Semi, WR,
WE
Herbarium (Seed/
plants), Museum
Diversity map
Field Genebank
Aqua pond/ Livestock
farm genebank/
Diversity block
Agro living fence
and hedge row,
nursery
Traditional knowledge,
tools, products
Planning?
Office Garden
• Nothing without label

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13. City & Crop Parks
▪ 5 city parks in different cities
▪ Potato park
▪ Sugarcane park
▪ Ginger park
▪ Mango park
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14. Cryo bank
▪ Semen of three livestock breeds (Lulu cattle, Achhami
cattle and Khari goat)
▪ Germplasm in liquid nitrogen (-196°C)

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15. Insect Genebank & Insect Field Genebank
▪ Isolated insect pathogens conserved as a means of pure culture
▪ Predators and parasitoids such as Coccinella septempunctata L, Chrysoperla
carnea Stephens, Trichogramma chilonis Ishii, Copidosoma koehleri Blanchard,
Orgilus lepidus Muesebeck, Neochetina bruchi Hustache, Neochetina
eichhorniae Warner, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister cultured (mass reared)
▪ Insect field genebank: Water hyacinth weevil, Neochetina bruchi Hustache,
Neochetina eichhorniae Warner
▪ Bees
▪ Hornet
▪ Lac insect
▪ Silk worm
▪ Insect park
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16. Microbial Genebank & Microbial Field Genebank
▪ Sixteen species of mushrooms
▪ 8 other microbial species conserved in microbial genebank
▪ Twenty Nepalese accessions of microbes in Japan

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17. Protected Areas: Steps in for in-situ conservation
National Park: 10
Conservation Area: 6
Wildlife Reserve: 3
Hunting Reserve: 1
Banke NP
BlackbuckCA
Api Nampa CA
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18. Ramsar (Wetland) Sites in Nepal (in-situ): 9
Rara Lake
Mugu
Phoksundo Lake
Dolpa
Koshi Tapu
Koshi
Mai Pokhari
Ilam
Gosaikunda & Associated Lakes
Rasuwa Gokyo & Associated Lakes
Sagarmatha
Beeshazar & Associated Lakes
Chitwan

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19. World Heritage Sites (UNESCO)
Natural World Heritage Sites
▪ Everest National Park (1148 sqkm)
▪ Royal Chitwan National Park (923 sqkm)
Cultural World Heritage Site
▪ Kathmandu Valley
– Swayambhu, Bouddha
– Bhaktapur
– Changunarayan, Pashupatinath
– Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square
▪ Lumbini
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20. Botanical Garden
▪ 11 botanical gardens
▪ National Botanical Garden
– Located in Godawari
– Established in 1962
– Area: 82 ha
– 1000 species

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21. Zoo
▪ Established in 1995, (converted a private zoo
established in 1932 by Rana Prime Minister, Juddha
Samsher)
▪ The Central Zoo, with an area of about 6 ha, provides
shelter to a total of 942 individual mammal, bird, fish
and reptile of 127 species
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22. Svalbard Global Seed Vault (Doomsday Vault), Norway
▪ Opened on Feb 2008
▪ Capacity: 1.5 million
▪ Storage in permafrost zone (-17°C)
▪ Black box safety duplication
▪ Total species: 3286
▪ Acc: 7,50,000 (2012)
▪ Country of origin: 204
Arctic Seed Vault

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23. World Seed Vault, Korea
▪ National Agrobiodiversity Center (World Safety Duplication Center ) in 2008
▪ Holding capacity: 5,00,000 accessions for medium and long-term storage
▪ Facility for black box system of safety duplication
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ICARDA: 1,32,793
Syria (570sp)
WARDA: 21,527
Cote d’ Ivoire
INIBAP-BI: 1207
Italy (1746sp?)
ILRI: 18763 (6sp)
ICRAF: 1,785 (6sp)
Kenya
IITA: 27,596
Nigeria (158sp)
IRRI: 109161
Italy (23sp)ICRISAT: 11,882
India (180sp)
CIMMYT: 1,73,571
Mexico (48sp)
CIP: 15,046
Peru (250sp)
CIAT: 1,64,446
Colombia (872sp)
AVRDC: 56,522
Taiwan (403sp)
Total
Acc: 7,41,319
Spp: 3446
24. CG Banks (11)

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Other methods
25. Religious and Cultural Values (Ritual practices of Hindu,
sacred crop species, Rudrakshya, Tulsi, Jau, etc)
26. Leasehold, community and private forests
27. Protection of some plant species
28. Landrace enhancement
29. Evolutionary plant breeding
30. Site specific variety/ breed
31. Geographical Indication
32. Cultivar mixture
Drought
tolerant finger
millet?
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Public mango orchard,
Lamjung. CFGB
School field
genebank, Lamjung
Village level field
genebank, Makawanpur
Household field
genebank, Sarlahi
Public field
genebank, Khumaltar
Taro park, Pokhara Religious place,
Muktinath
Tissue bank,
Khumaltar
Community Field Genebank
First in Ghadariya, KailaliCommunity Seed Bank
Religious place: For
CWR+Non-orthodox
Different types of Genebank

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cfkm|g} xf] eGg] k|df0f M aLp / clen]v
▪ lkm+u/ lk|+l6ª
▪ P]ltxfl;s 36gfs|d tyf ljsf;s|d, k'/ftTjdf cfwl/t k|df0f
▪ hflto laz];tf -leGg ?k, 7f+p, k|of]u / ;fd'bfo_
– 7f+p laz];
– hft laz];
– wd{ laz];
▪ hflto 8s'd]lG6| -ax'cfolds clen]v_
▪ u'0f cju'0f tyf cGo 5'6ofpg ;lsg] u'0fx?sf] clen]v
▪ klxrfg ug{ ;lsg] clen]v
▪ k'/fgf clen]vx?
• Archeological evidence
• Phenotypic data
• Genotypic data
• Distinct form developed site and
its maintenance and use by locals
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 13 14 15
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Determination of Conservation Status of Germplasm
1. Survey
2. Distribution and Population Size Analysis
Joshi et al 2017

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3. Trait Distribution Analysis
Joshi et al 2017
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4. Red Zoning Farming Areas
Joshi and Gauchan 2017
Old mango, Bhimsen Thapa

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Germplasm Rescue
▪ Endangered crop landraces
▪ First rescued germplasm: Bhate phaper from Dolpa in
2015
▪ Conservation status of species and landraces
कालो ककसे
भाते फापर
सेतो ककसे खोइत ?
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Agrobiodiversity Accessions Conserved in Nepal
10000
2000
50 153 15 35 5 34
1. Seed Bank
2. Tissue Bank
3. DNA Bank
4. Field genebank
5. Insect Bank
6. Microbial bank
7. Livestock farm
genebank
8. Cryo bank
9. Aqua pond
genebank
National Genepool: 12,292
NAGRC 2018
Safety duplication: 2000
Global Gene Pool: 614 accessions

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Nepalese Accessions around the World
850
3000 3510 4136
12489
??
Joshi et al 2016
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Global Potential Native Genetic Resources
Himalayan super food:
(PQTHN: Purity, quality, tasty,
healthy and nutritive (future
smart food)
▪ Akbare Khursaani
▪ Tite Paper
▪ Timur
▪ Fine aromatic rice
▪ Lapsi
▪ Ginger
▪ Jumli Bean
▪ Amaranth
▪ Citrus
▪ Chiuli
▪ Siplikaan
▪ Mushroom
▪ Kaaguno
▪ Moringaa
▪ Mudeko aalu
▪ Gahat
▪ Honey
▪ Buffalo
▪ Goat
▪ Local fish (better than
rainbow trout)
Chiuri
Akbare
Padke chyau
Vyakur
Kubinde farsi
Suntala

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गोलभेडा
को लागग
बैकल्पपक
• निबुवा
• कागती
• निबु कागती
• ज्यमिर
• बबमिरा
• चुक अमिलो
• बेलचि
• भककम्लो
• चरी अमिली
• अचचल
• तािा
• आप
• पपिंडालु
• तरुल
• स्कु सको जरा
• भ्याकु र
• गगठ्ठा
• अम्िारे
• इिली
• अिल्रा
• िैि काडा
• डाले चुक
• िकर काची
• लप्सी
• रुख टिाटर
• काभ्रो
• गुम्साएको
तरकारी/फल
• कफके फल, आदि
• ओल
• सि ् रुट
• बि तरुल
• सकु स
• फु ल तरुल
• मसिल तरुल
जहााँ गए पनि अनि जहहले पनि आलु र गोलभेंडा, अजै एकै जातको !
बैकल्पपकमा जाउ, विविगिकरण गरर जैविक विविगिताको महत्ि बुझौ !
आलुको
लागग
बैकल्पपक
अिुसन्िािगिुुपिे
Joshi 2020
60/62
What you can do
▪ Each Nepali has role on banking genetic resources
▪ Conservation through urban agriculture
▪ Where you go, start conserving, broadcast any seeds any where (like satbiu
chharne)
▪ Go for native, work on native, love and respect native, awarding system
▪ Prepare for chaurasi byanjan
▪ Adopt accessioning system to advance agricultural science
▪ Native germplasm and food to international market
▪ Local germplasm based menu in all shops, hotels, restaurants
▪ Each HH as shop (market and irrigation guarantee), haat bazaar
▪ Native technology and germplasm based education and research
▪ Try domesticating wild species
▪ Look for alternative to tomato, potato, rice, wheat, trout, cow, etc
▪ Agro plantation and native saplings/ seeds as gift to visitors

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For Further Reading (Available online)
ResearchGate:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bal_Joshi/research
Google Scholar:
https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=65DOKzMAAA
AJ&hl=en
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Agro-biodiversity is the basis of our life, Lets
respect and protect it

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Acknowledgements
Din N. Banjade

Nepal's National Genebank Secures Agricultural Biodiversity

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