Applied reading skills

Prepared by: BAI SAGUIRA M. ABDULAH-MALIK
Developmental Reading 1

• 1. Identifying the components of
a word
a. Stems – part of a word to which
inflectional ending is added or in
which inflectional phonetic change
is made.
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• Examples of stem
• Learn- learning; unlearn; relearn
• Point – appointment; pointed;
pinpoint
• Commend – recommend,
commendable, commendation

• B. Affixes – maybe a prefix or
suffix added to a root word or
base in order to vary function,
modify meaning or form a new
word.

• Prefix – is a syllable or a group of
syllables added to the beginning
of a word.
• Suffix – is joined to the end of a
word.

2. Putting two words together
Compound – two words that put
together

• Compounds written as one
-boyfriend
- boardroom
- standby
- saleslady
- firsthand

• Compounds written with a hyphen
un-American
re-creation
ex-wife
left-handed
mother-in-law

• Compounds written as a two
separate words
first aid
best man
bank card
ice plant
egg roll

• Two-word verbs
backbite
cablecast
backfire
foreclose
fieldstrip
overlook

• 3. Forming links between words
- Leads to comprehension
- Word may be linked to another
by its opposite, similarity, origin,
characteristic, initial sound,
action, complement, classification
and rank.

• Examples:
Obstinate – submissive (opposite)
Querulous – irritable (similarity)
Eccentric – eccentricity (origin)
Translator – accurate (characteristic)
Waist – waste (initial sound)
Chameleon – move, change color (action)

• Cork – corkscrew (complement)
• Chrysanthemum – flowers (classification)
• Bread – croissant (inferior rank)
• Pawpaw – tamarind, star apple (equal
rank)

4. Classifying words according to
sounds and spelling
-homonyms
aide-aid air-heir
bale-bail by-buy
bear-bare break-brake
scene-seen waist-waste

-homograph
august – eight month of the year ; imposing
bald – plain ; lacking hair
band – group of people ; thin flat strip
blue – color ; sad
course – direction ; a series of lessons
blossom – flower ; to flourish

5. Understanding idioms and figures of
speech
Examples of idiomatic expression
Above par – better than average or normal
Call the shot – to make a decision
Burn the midnight oil – to stay up working
late at night
Bark up the wrong tree – to ask the wrong
person
Drop in the ocean – just a little bit

Figures of speech
Simile – an explicit comparison between two
different things. It uses the words as and
like to show their similarity.
Examples
1. The stillness in the room was like the
stillness in the air between the heaves of
storm.
2. The willow’s music is like a soprano,
delicate and thin

• Metaphor - is an implicit comparison
between two unlike things. It does not
use as and like to show that the two
things compared have something in
common.
Examples:
1. The sky is an army blanket
2. Morning is a sheet of paper for you to
write on

• Personification - object or idea is given
human qualities. It helps readers see
vividly the image in the text and
understand the feelings of the writer.
• Examples
1. Some words move with grace
2. The trees are undressing and fling in
many places

• Hyperbole – is an exaggerated
statement. It is used to call attention
to the important point in the text
Examples
• The whole sky feel down on her
• I haven’t seen you for ages.

6. Using Context Clues
a. Grammatical context
Its position tells the reader that the word is a noun,
a verb an adjective or adverb.
Examples:
1. The two girls in front were so loquacious that I
could not hear the teacher’s questions.
(The position of loquacious tells the reader that it is
an adjective as it comes after the linking verb and
adverb so. Knowing that it is an adjective, the
reader gets the clue that it is a descriptive of the
two girls)

2. The girls did not seem to be in hurry for they
exchanged jokes with one another while they
sauntered along the corridor.
(The reader learns that sauntered in a verb, an
action word, as it is found after the subject of
the clause).
3. He expressed acrimony over the
involvement of his brother in the crime.
(The reader knows that acrimony is a noun as
it comes after a transitive verb which is always
followed by a direct object

b. Semantic Clues
You may also obtain the meaning of
unfamiliar word from its synonyms and
antonyms and the examination of the
meanings of the other words or the semantic
clues in the sentence or group of sentences

• Types of Context Clue
 Definitions
Example: He suggested a referendum, a method
of giving the public a voice in political decisions.
Restatement
Example: The essay he wrote was banal, or
ordinary
Example
Example: She avoids people with Type A
personalities, such as the uptight, compulsive,
aggressive, sometimes hostile, insecure
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Comparison
Example: Like a thief, procrastinate steals not
money but time
Contrast
Example: She looked frantic, unlike her friend who
appeared steady.

A. Skimming for the topic sentence
- Examine the title and headings, read the first
paragraph and last paragraph of the text to find
out its main idea. Or you can also read the whole
first paragraph and the first sentences of each of
the succeeding paragraphs

B. Scanning for important information
- Direct your reading to specific paragraph
where you can locate the answers to your
questions or those which your teacher asks.
Read quickly.
C. Noting details
- Read the text slowly, remember items in it, relate
them to the topic sentences of each paragraph
or differentiate them from the main ideas the
passage conveys.

D. Getting the main idea
-to get the main idea of passage, look for the
most important thing the author says or find the
central thought of the passage
E. Inferring
- Read between the lines or look for information
that is not stated in the text by relying on clues
given by the author

F. Sensing cause and effect relationship
- look for signal words, such as for, thus as, since,
therefore, as a result, consequently, in order that, so
that, and because.
A cause indicates reason for something
An effect shows the result of some action or cause
G. Recognizing fact and opinion
-find out if the statement can be proved true or
false and if it expresses attitudes, evaluations,
judgment, or even predicts the future respectively

H. Predicting outcomes
- Analyze the events and study their relationships.
Then decide what happens next or make a guess
about what you think may happen as a result of
several events.

A. Taking notes
-Develop a format that separates the main ideas
from the supporting details or illustrates the
organization of the organizations of the material.
You may use phrases.

B. Outlining
-Lead to good organization. It is consists of the
main ideas and their subordinate thoughts.
-Co-ordinate ideas and thoughts are expressed in
parallel form.
-Roman numerals mark the most important ideas
-Capital letters and Arabic numerals mark the
minor details

C. Summarizing
Guidelines in writing a summary:
Use your own words
Follow the original sequence of ideas
Reduce the original idea into one-third of one-
fourth
Refrain from the use of unnecessary words and
repetitions
Exclude examples
Ensure that you do not include your own
opinions

D. Using Graphic Organizers
-it depict the relationships between facts,
concepts or ideas. They may be concept map,
story map, series-of-events chain, flow chart, T-
chart, Venn diagram and discussion web.

Concept map
• Shows relationships associated with the
concept you are studying
Character
of a short
story
It produces one
impression
It depicts the
action in the
shortest possible
time without
sacrificing the
highest effect
It shows little or no
change of scene
It includes only
those characters
necessary for the
most artistic
results necessary
for the most
artistic result

Story map
• May summarize the beginning, middle and end
of the story. It may also focus on the setting,
character, plot, problem, events and outcomes
Master Hauchecome
picked up a piece of
string at the square at
Gradesville
BeginningPrincipal
Character
Setting
Problem
Action

Series-of-events chain
• Shows the arrangement in chronological order.
Final event
Initiating event

Flow chart
• Displays the steps or stages in a process
Topic
Taking specific aspect of the
topic
Deciding on the introduction
of the topic
Developing the topic
Giving the conclusion

T-Chart and Venn Diagram
• Shows the similarities and difference between
two things, people, events, or ideas
Venn Diagram
Similarities Differences
T-Chart

Discussion web
• Allows you to give meaning of what you read.
• It privileges you to polish your own interpretation
against another.
n
No Yes

Applied reading skills

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